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Ma G, Al-Mahayni H, Jiang N, Song D, Qiao B, Xu Z, Seifitokaldani A, Zhao S, Liang Z. Electrokinetic Analyses Uncover the Rate-Determining Step of Biomass-Derived Monosaccharide Electroreduction on Copper. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202401602. [PMID: 38345598 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202401602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemical biomass conversion holds promise to upcycle carbon sources and produce valuable products while reducing greenhouse gas emissions. To this end, deep insight into the interfacial mechanism is essential for the rational design of an efficient electrocatalytic route, which is still an area of active research and development. Herein, we report the reduction of dihydroxyacetone (DHA)-the simplest monosaccharide derived from glycerol feedstock-to acetol, the vital chemical intermediate in industries, with faradaic efficiency of 85±5 % on a polycrystalline Cu electrode. DHA reduction follows preceding dehydration by coordination with the carbonyl and hydroxyl groups and the subsequent hydrogenation. The electrokinetic profile indicates that the rate-determining step (RDS) includes a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) to the dehydrated intermediate, revealed by coverage-dependent Tafel slope and isotopic labeling experiments. An approximate zero-order dependence of H+ suggests that water acts as the proton donor for the interfacial PCET process. Leveraging these insights, we formulate microkinetic models to illustrate its origin that Eley-Rideal (E-R) dominates over Langmuir-Hinshelwood (L-H) in governing Cu-mediated DHA reduction, offering rational guidance that increasing the concentration of the adsorbed reactant alone would be sufficient to promote the activity in designing practical catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoquan Ma
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Hasan Al-Mahayni
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Na Jiang
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Dandan Song
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Bo Qiao
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zheng Xu
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Ali Seifitokaldani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, McGill University Wong Building, 3610 University Street, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 0C5, Canada
| | - Suling Zhao
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
| | - Zhiqin Liang
- School of Physics Science and Engineering, Beijing Jiaotong University, Shangyuancun 3, Haidian District, Beijing, 100044, China
- Tangshan Research Institute of Beijing Jiaotong University, Xinhua Xi Street 46, Tangshan city, Hebei, 063000, China
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Bricotte L, Chougrani K, Alard V, Ladmiral V, Caillol S. Dihydroxyacetone: A User Guide for a Challenging Bio-Based Synthon. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28062724. [PMID: 36985712 PMCID: PMC10052986 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28062724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2023] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/22/2023] Open
Abstract
1,3-dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is an underrated bio-based synthon, with a broad range of reactivities. It is produced for the revalorization of glycerol, a major side-product of the growing biodiesel industry. The overwhelming majority of DHA produced worldwide is intended for application as a self-tanning agent in cosmetic formulations. This review provides an overview of the discovery, physical and chemical properties of DHA, and of its industrial production routes from glycerol. Microbial fermentation is the only industrial-scaled route but advances in electrooxidation and aerobic oxidation are also reported. This review focuses on the plurality of reactivities of DHA to help chemists interested in bio-based building blocks see the potential of DHA for this application. The handling of DHA is delicate as it can undergo dimerization as well as isomerization reactions in aqueous solutions at room temperature. DHA can also be involved in further side-reactions, yielding original side-products, as well as compounds of interest. If this peculiar reactivity was harnessed, DHA could help address current sustainability challenges encountered in the synthesis of speciality polymers, ranging from biocompatible polymers to innovative polymers with cutting-edge properties and improved biodegradability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Léo Bricotte
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- LVMH Recherche, Département Innovation Matériaux, 45800 Saint Jean de Braye, France
| | - Kamel Chougrani
- LVMH Recherche, Département Innovation Matériaux, 45800 Saint Jean de Braye, France
| | - Valérie Alard
- LVMH Recherche, Département Innovation Matériaux, 45800 Saint Jean de Braye, France
| | - Vincent Ladmiral
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
| | - Sylvain Caillol
- ICGM, Université de Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Montpellier, France
- Correspondence:
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3
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Belfleur L, Sonavane M, Hernandez A, Gassman NR, Migaud ME. Solution Chemistry of Dihydroxyacetone and Synthesis of Monomeric Dihydroxyacetone. Chem Res Toxicol 2022; 35:616-625. [PMID: 35324152 PMCID: PMC9020455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.1c00403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Dihydroxyacetone (DHA) is a major byproduct of e-cigarette combustion and is the active ingredient in sunless tanning products. Mounting evidence points to its damaging effects on cellular functions. While developing a simple synthetic route to monomeric [13C3]DHA for flux metabolic studies that compared DHA and glyceraldehyde (GA) metabolism, we uncovered that solid DHA ages upon storage and differences in the relative abundance of each of its isomer occur when reconstituted in an aqueous solution. While all three of the dimeric forms of DHA ultimately resolve to the ketone and hydrated forms of monomeric DHA once in water at room temperature, these species require hours rather than minutes to reach an equilibrium favoring the monomeric species. Consequently, when used in bolus or flux experiments, the relative abundance of each isomer and its effects at the time of application is dependent on the initial DHA isomeric composition and concentration, and time of equilibration in solution before use. Here, we make recommendations for the more consistent handling of DHA as we report conditions that ensure that DHA is present in its monomeric form while in solutions, conditions used in an isotopic tracing study that specifically compared monomeric DHA and GA metabolism in cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luxene Belfleur
- Department
of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
| | - Manoj Sonavane
- Department
of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Arlet Hernandez
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Natalie R. Gassman
- Department
of Pharmacology and Toxicology, the University
of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue S, Birmingham, Alabama 35294, United
States
| | - Marie E. Migaud
- Department
of Pharmacology, Mitchell Cancer Institute, University of South Alabama, Mobile, Alabama 36604, United States
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Wang J, Dai X, Wang H, Liu H, Rabeah J, Brückner A, Shi F, Gong M, Yang X. Dihydroxyacetone valorization with high atom efficiency via controlling radical oxidation pathways over natural mineral-inspired catalyst. Nat Commun 2021; 12:6840. [PMID: 34824262 PMCID: PMC8617048 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-27240-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Diminishing fossil fuel resources and calls for sustainability are driving the urgent need for efficient valorization of renewable resources with high atom efficiency. Inspired from the natural goethite mineral with Mn paragenesis, we develop cost-effective MnO2/goethite catalysts for the efficient valorization of dihydroxyacetone, an important biomass-based platform molecule, into value-added glycolic acid and formic acid with 83.2% and 93.4% yields. The DHA substrates first undergo C-C cleavage to selectively form glycolic acid and hydroxymethyl (·CH2OH) radicals, which are further oxidized into formic acid. The kinetic and isotopic labeling experiments reveal that the catalase-like activity of MnO2 turns the oxidative radicals into oxygen, which then switches towards a hydroxymethyl peroxide (HMOO) pathway for formic acid generation and prevents formic acid over-oxidation. This nature-inspired catalyst design not only significantly improves the carbon efficiency to 86.6%, but also enhances the oxygen atom utilization efficiency from 11.2% to 46.6%, indicating a promising biomass valorization process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinling Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, 200237, China
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ECUST, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xingchao Dai
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), 18059, Rostock, Germany
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Hualin Wang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Honglai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, ECUST, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Jabor Rabeah
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - Angelika Brückner
- Leibniz-Institut für Katalyse e.V. an der Universität Rostock (LIKAT), 18059, Rostock, Germany.
| | - Feng Shi
- State Key Laboratory for Oxo Synthesis and Selective Oxidation, Lanzhou Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Ming Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200438, China
| | - Xuejing Yang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Industrial Wastewater Treatment, East China University of Science and Technology (ECUST), Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Mak JYW, Liu L, Fairlie DP. Chemical Modulators of Mucosal Associated Invariant T Cells. Acc Chem Res 2021; 54:3462-3475. [PMID: 34415738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decade, we have contributed to the chemistry of microbial natural products and synthetic ligands, related to riboflavin and uracils, that modulate immune cells called mucosal associated invariant T cells (MAIT cells). These highly abundant T lymphocytes were only discovered in 2003 and have become recognized for their importance in mammalian immunology. Unlike other T cells, MAIT cells are not activated by peptide or lipid antigens. In collaboration with immunology and structural biology research groups, we discovered that they are instead activated by unstable nitrogen-containing heterocycles synthesized by bacteria. The most potent naturally occurring activating compound (antigen) is 5-(2-oxopropylideneamino)-d-ribitylaminouracil (5-OP-RU). This compound is an imine (Schiff base) formed through condensation between an intermediate in the biosynthesis of riboflavin (vitamin B2) and a metabolic byproduct of mammalian and microbial glycolysis. Although it is very unstable in water due to intramolecular ring closure or hydrolysis, we were able to develop a non-enzymatic synthesis that yields a pure kinetically stable compound in a nonaqueous solvent. This compound has revolutionized the study of MAIT cell immunology due to its potent activation (EC50 = 2 pM) of MAIT cells and its development into immunological reagents for detecting and characterizing MAIT cells in tissues. MAIT cells are now linked to key physiological processes and disease, including antibacterial defense, tissue repair, regulation of graft-vs-host disease, gastritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and cancer. 5-OP-RU activates MAIT cells and, like a vaccine, has been shown to protect mice from bacterial infections and cancers. Mechanistic studies on the binding of 5-OP-RU to its dual protein targets, the major histocompatibility complex class I related protein (MR1) and the MAIT cell receptor (MAIT TCR), have involved synthetic chemistry, 2D 1H NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, computer modeling and molecular dynamics simulations, biochemical, cellular, and immunological assays, and protein structural biology. These combined studies have revealed structural influences for 5-OP-RU in solution on protein binding and antigen presentation and potency; informed the development of potent (EC50 = 2 nM) and water stable analogues; led to fluorescent analogues for detecting and tracking binding proteins in and on cells; and enabled discovery of drugs and drug-like molecules that bind MR1 and modulate MAIT cell function. MAIT cells offer new opportunities for chemical synthesis to enhance the stability, potency, selectivity, and bioavailability of small molecule ligands for MR1 or MAIT TCR proteins, and to contribute to the understanding of T cell immunity and the development of prospective new immunomodulating medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y. W. Mak
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Ligong Liu
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - David P. Fairlie
- Division of Chemistry and Structural Biology, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Australian Research Council Centre of Excellence in Advanced Molecular Imaging, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- Centre for Inflammation and Disease Research, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of QueenslandBrisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
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6
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Liang Z, Villalba MA, Marcandalli G, Ojha K, Shih AJ, Koper MTM. Electrochemical Reduction of the Simplest Monosaccharides: Dihydroxyacetone and Glyceraldehyde. ACS Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.0c04131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiqin Liang
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Matias A. Villalba
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Giulia Marcandalli
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Kasinath Ojha
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Arthur J. Shih
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
| | - Marc T. M. Koper
- Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, P.O.
Box 9502, RA Leiden 2300, the Netherlands
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