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Gulati A, Lopez CG. Viscosity of Polyelectrolytes: Influence of Counterion and Solvent Type. ACS Macro Lett 2024; 13:1079-1083. [PMID: 39102351 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.4c00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
We study the viscosity of polystyrenesulfonate with sodium and tetrabutylammonium counterions in aqueous and organic solvent media. We find that at low concentrations the Fuoss law (ηsp ∼ c1/2) is approximately obeyed, but at higher concentrations, an exponential dependence on the polymer volume fraction sets in. These findings are discussed in terms of Fujita's free volume theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anish Gulati
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
| | - Carlos G Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, 52056, Germany
- Material Science and Engineering Department, The Pennsylvania State University, 1 Pollock Road, State College, Pennsylvania 16801, United States
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Bergstrom HK, Fong KD, Halat DM, Karouta CA, Celik HC, Reimer JA, McCloskey BD. Ion correlation and negative lithium transference in polyelectrolyte solutions. Chem Sci 2023; 14:6546-6557. [PMID: 37350831 PMCID: PMC10283486 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc01224g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte solutions (PESs) recently have been proposed as high conductivity, high lithium transference number (t+) electrolytes where the majority of the ionic current is carried by the electrochemically active Li-ion. While PESs are intuitively appealing because anchoring the anion to a polymer backbone selectively slows down anionic motion and therefore increases t+, increasing the anion charge will act as a competing effect, decreasing t+. In this work we directly measure ion mobilities in a model non-aqueous polyelectrolyte solution using electrophoretic Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (eNMR) to probe these competing effects. While previous studies that rely on ideal assumptions predict that PESs will have higher t+ than monomeric solutions, we demonstrate that below the entanglement limit, both conductivity and t+ decrease with increasing degree of polymerization. For polyanions of 10 or more repeat units, at 0.5 m Li+ we directly observe Li+ move in the "wrong direction" in an electric field, evidence of a negative transference number due to correlated motion through ion clustering. This is the first experimental observation of negative transference in a non-aqueous polyelectrolyte solution. We also demonstrate that t+ increases with increasing Li+ concentration. Using Onsager transport coefficients calculated from experimental data, and insights from previously published molecular dynamics studies we demonstrate that despite selectively slowing anion motion using polyanions, distinct anion-anion correlation through the polymer backbone and cation-anion correlation through ion aggregates reduce the t+ in non-entangled PESs. This leads us to conclude that short-chained polyelectrolyte solutions are not viable high transference number electrolytes. These results emphasize the importance of understanding the effects of ion-correlations when designing new concentrated electrolytes for improved battery performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helen K Bergstrom
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Kara D Fong
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - David M Halat
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Carl A Karouta
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Hasan C Celik
- College of Chemistry NMR Facility, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Jeffrey A Reimer
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Materials Sciences Division, Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Bryan D McCloskey
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley CA 94720 USA
- Energy Storage and Distributed Resources Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
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Xiong Q, Huang G, Yu Y, Li CL, Li JC, Yan JM, Zhang XB. Soluble and Perfluorinated Polyelectrolyte for Safe and High-Performance Li-O 2 Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202116635. [PMID: 35274415 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202116635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The severe performance degradation of high-capacity Li-O2 batteries induced by Li dendrite growth and concentration polarization from the low Li+ transfer number of conventional electrolytes hinder their practical applications. Herein, lithiated Nafion (LN) with the sulfonic group immobilized on the perfluorinated backbone has been designed as a soluble lithium salt for preparing a less flammable polyelectrolyte solution, which not only simultaneously achieves a high Li+ transfer number (0.84) and conductivity (2.5 mS cm-1 ), but also the perfluorinated anion of LN produces a LiF-rich SEI for protecting the Li anode from dendrite growth. Thus, the Li-O2 battery with a LN-based electrolyte achieves an all-round performance improvement, like low charge overpotential (0.18 V), large discharge capacity (9508 mAh g-1 ), and excellent cycling performance (225 cycles). Besides, the fabricated pouch-type Li-air cells exhibit promising applications to power electronic equipment with satisfactory safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
| | - Chao-Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jian-Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Jun-Min Yan
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials, Ministry of Education, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China
| | - Xin-Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, 130022, P. R. China.,University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, P. R. China
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Lytle TK, Yethiraj A. The effect of explicit counterion binding on the transference number of polyelectrolyte solutions. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:104901. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0083414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyelectrolyte solutions have been proposed as a method to improve the efficiency of lithium-ion batteries by increasing the cation transference number because the polymer self-diffusion coefficient is much lower than that of the counterion. However, this is not necessarily true for the polymer mobility. In some cases, negative transference numbers have been reported, which implies that the lithium ions are transporting to the same electrode as the anion, behavior that is often attributed to a binding of counterions to the polyion. We use a simple model where we bind some counterions to the polymer via harmonic springs to investigate this phenomenon. We find that both the number of bound counterions and the strength of their binding alter the transference number, and, in some cases, the transference number is negative. We also investigate how the transference number depends on the Manning parameter, the ratio of the Bjerrum length to charge separation along the chain. By altering the Manning parameter, the transference number can almost be doubled, which suggests that charge spacing could be a way to increase the transference number of polyelectrolyte solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- T. K. Lytle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
| | - A. Yethiraj
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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Xiong Q, Huang G, Yu Y, Li C, Li J, Yan J, Zhang X. Soluble and Perfluorinated Polyelectrolyte for Safe and High‐Performance Li−O
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Batteries. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202116635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qi Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Yue Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
| | - Chao‐Le Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jian‐Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Jun‐Min Yan
- Key Laboratory of Automobile Materials Ministry of Education Department of Materials Science and Engineering Jilin University Changchun 130022 P. R. China
| | - Xin‐Bo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Rare Earth Resource Utilization Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun 130022 P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei 230026 P. R. China
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Lopez CG, Linders J, Mayer C, Richtering W. Diffusion and Viscosity of Unentangled Polyelectrolytes. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c01169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlos G. Lopez
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Linders
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Christian Mayer
- Physical Chemistry and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CeNIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen, 45117 Essen, Germany
| | - Walter Richtering
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, RWTH Aachen University, Landoltweg 2, 52056 Aachen, Germany
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Fong KD, Self J, McCloskey BD, Persson KA. Onsager Transport Coefficients and Transference Numbers in Polyelectrolyte Solutions and Polymerized Ionic Liquids. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c02001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kara D. Fong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Julian Self
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
| | - Bryan D. McCloskey
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Kristin A. Persson
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720-1900, United States
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