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Schatz GC, Wodtke AM, Yang X. Spiers Memorial Lecture: New directions in molecular scattering. Faraday Discuss 2024. [PMID: 38764350 DOI: 10.1039/d4fd00015c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2024]
Abstract
The field of molecular scattering is reviewed as it pertains to gas-gas as well as gas-surface chemical reaction dynamics. We emphasize the importance of collaboration of experiment and theory, from which new directions of research are being pursued on increasingly complex problems. We review both experimental and theoretical advances that provide the modern toolbox available to molecular-scattering studies. We distinguish between two classes of work. The first involves simple systems and uses experiment to validate theory so that from the validated theory, one may learn far more than could ever be measured in the laboratory. The second class involves problems of great complexity that would be difficult or impossible to understand without a partnership of experiment and theory. Key topics covered in this review include crossed-beams reactive scattering and scattering at extremely low energies, where quantum effects dominate. They also include scattering from surfaces, reactive scattering and kinetics at surfaces, and scattering work done at liquid surfaces. The review closes with thoughts on future promising directions of research.
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Affiliation(s)
- George C Schatz
- Dept of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, USA
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
- Max Planck Institute for Multidisciplinary Natural Sciences, Goettingen, Germany.
- International Center for the Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg August University, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xueming Yang
- Dalian Institute for Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, China
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
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2
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Li C, Li Y, Jiang B. First-principles surface reaction rates by ring polymer molecular dynamics and neural network potential: role of anharmonicity and lattice motion. Chem Sci 2023; 14:5087-5098. [PMID: 37206404 PMCID: PMC10189860 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06559b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Elementary gas-surface processes are essential steps in heterogeneous catalysis. A predictive understanding of catalytic mechanisms remains challenging due largely to difficulties in accurately characterizing the kinetics of such steps. Experimentally, thermal rates for elementary surface reactions can now be measured using a novel velocity imaging technique, providing a stringent testing ground for ab initio rate theories. Here, we propose to combine ring polymer molecular dynamics (RPMD) rate theory with state-of-the-art first-principles-determined neural network potential to calculate surface reaction rates. Taking NO desorption from Pd(111) as an example, we show that the harmonic approximation and the neglect of lattice motion in the commonly-used transition state theory overestimates and underestimates the entropy change during the desorption process, respectively, leading to opposite errors in rate coefficient predictions and artificial error cancellations. Including anharmonicity and lattice motion, our results reveal a generally neglected surface entropy change due to significant local structural change during desorption and obtain the right answer for the right reasons. Although quantum effects are found to be less important in this system, the proposed approach establishes a more reliable theoretical benchmark for accurately predicting the kinetics of elementary gas-surface processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Yongle Li
- Department of Physics, International Center of Quantum and Molecular Structures, Shanghai Key Laboratory of High Temperature Superconductors, Shanghai University Shanghai 200444 China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, Department of Chemical Physics, Key Laboratory of Surface and Interface Chemistry and Energy Catalysis of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
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3
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Fingerhut J, Lecroart L, Borodin D, Schwarzer M, Hörandl S, Kandratsenka A, Auerbach DJ, Wodtke AM, Kitsopoulos TN. Binding Energy and Diffusion Barrier of Formic Acid on Pd(111). J Phys Chem A 2022; 127:142-152. [PMID: 36583672 PMCID: PMC9841570 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c07414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Velocity-resolved kinetics is used to measure the thermal rate of formic acid desorption from Pd(111) between 228 and 273 K for four isotopologues: HCOOH, HCOOD, DCOOH, DCOOD. Upon molecular adsorption, formic acid undergoes decomposition to CO2 and H2 and thermal desorption. To disentangle the contributions of individual processes, we implement a mass-balance-based calibration procedure from which the branching ratio between desorption and decomposition for formic acid is determined. From experimentally derived elementary desorption rate constants, we obtain the binding energy 639 ± 8 meV and the diffusion barrier 370 ± 130 meV using the detailed balance rate model (DBRM). The DBRM explains the observed kinetic isotope effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fingerhut
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Loïc Lecroart
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany,Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen 37077, Germany,Email
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Stefan Hörandl
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Daniel J. Auerbach
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany,Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen 37077, Germany,International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Theofanis N. Kitsopoulos
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
of Goettingen, Goettingen 37077, Germany,Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Goettingen 37077, Germany,Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 715 00, Greece,Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser − FORTH, Heraklion 70013, Greece,Email
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4
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Schmid M, Parkinson GS, Diebold U. Analysis of Temperature-Programmed Desorption via Equilibrium Thermodynamics. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 3:44-62. [PMID: 36718262 PMCID: PMC9881163 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) experiments in surface science are usually analyzed using the Polanyi-Wigner equation and/or transition-state theory. These methods are far from straightforward, and the determination of the pre-exponential factor is often problematic. We present a different method based on equilibrium thermodynamics, which builds on an approach previously used for TPD by Kreuzer et al. (Surf. Sci. 1988). Equations for the desorption rate are presented for three different types of surface-adsorbate interactions: (i) a 2D ideal hard-sphere gas with a negligible diffusion barrier, (ii) an ideal lattice gas, that is, fixed adsorption sites without interaction between the adsorbates, and (iii) a lattice gas with a distribution of (site-dependent) adsorption energies. We show that the coverage dependence of the sticking coefficient for adsorption at the desorption temperature determines whether the desorption process can be described by first- or second-order kinetics. The sticking coefficient at the desorption temperature must also be known for a quantitative determination of the adsorption energy, but it has a rather weak influence (like the pre-exponential factor in a traditional TPD analysis). Quantitative analysis is also influenced by the vibrational contributions to the energy and entropy. For the case of a single adsorption energy, we provide equations to directly convert peak temperatures into adsorption energies. These equations also provide an approximation of the desorption energy in cases that cannot be described by a fixed pre-exponential factor. For the case of a distribution of adsorption energies, the desorption spectra cannot be considered a superposition of desorption spectra corresponding to the different energies. Nevertheless, we present a method to extract the distribution of adsorption energies from TPD spectra, and we rationalize the energy resolution of TPD experiments. The analytical results are complemented by a program for simulation and analysis of TPD data.
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5
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Schwarzer M, Hertl N, Nitz F, Borodin D, Fingerhut J, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Adsorption and Absorption Energies of Hydrogen with Palladium. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:14500-14508. [PMID: 36081903 PMCID: PMC9442642 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermal recombinative desorption rates of HD on Pd(111) and Pd(332) are reported from transient kinetic experiments performed between 523 and 1023 K. A detailed kinetic model accurately describes the competition between recombination of surface-adsorbed hydrogen and deuterium atoms and their diffusion into the bulk. By fitting the model to observed rates, we derive the dissociative adsorption energies (E 0, ads H2 = 0.98 eV; E 0, ads D2 = 1.00 eV; E 0, ads HD = 0.99 eV) as well as the classical dissociative binding energy ϵads = 1.02 ± 0.03 eV, which provides a benchmark for electronic structure theory. In a similar way, we obtain the classical energy required to move an H or D atom from the surface to the bulk (ϵsb = 0.46 ± 0.01 eV) and the isotope specific energies, E 0, sb H = 0.41 eV and E 0, sb D = 0.43 eV. Detailed insights into the process of transient bulk diffusion are obtained from kinetic Monte Carlo simulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Schwarzer
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Nils Hertl
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Florian Nitz
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Jan Fingerhut
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
| | - Theofanis N. Kitsopoulos
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Crete, Heraklion 71003, Greece
- Institute
of Electronic Structure and Laser − FORTH, Heraklion 71110, Greece
| | - Alec M. Wodtke
- Institute
for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University
Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- Department
of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute
for Multidisciplinary Sciences, Am Fassberg 11, Goettingen 37077, Germany
- International
Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, Goettingen 37077, Germany
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6
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Borodin D, Rahinov I, Galparsoro O, Fingerhut J, Schwarzer M, Golibrzuch K, Skoulatakis G, Auerbach DJ, Kandratsenka A, Schwarzer D, Kitsopoulos TN, Wodtke AM. Kinetics of NH 3 Desorption and Diffusion on Pt: Implications for the Ostwald Process. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:18305-18316. [PMID: 34672570 PMCID: PMC8569812 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We report accurate time-resolved measurements of NH3 desorption from Pt(111) and Pt(332) and use these results to determine elementary rate constants for desorption from steps, from (111) terrace sites and for diffusion on (111) terraces. Modeling the extracted rate constants with transition state theory, we find that conventional models for partition functions, which rely on uncoupled degrees of freedom (DOFs), are not able to reproduce the experimental observations. The results can be reproduced using a more sophisticated partition function, which couples DOFs that are most sensitive to NH3 translation parallel to the surface; this approach yields accurate values for the NH3 binding energy to Pt(111) (1.13 ± 0.02 eV) and the diffusion barrier (0.71 ± 0.04 eV). In addition, we determine NH3's binding energy preference for steps over terraces on Pt (0.23 ± 0.03 eV). The ratio of the diffusion barrier to desorption energy is ∼0.65, in violation of the so-called 12% rule. Using our derived diffusion/desorption rates, we explain why established rate models of the Ostwald process incorrectly predict low selectivity and yields of NO under typical reactor operating conditions. Our results suggest that mean-field kinetics models have limited applicability for modeling the Ostwald process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitriy Borodin
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Igor Rahinov
- Department of Natural Sciences, The Open University of Israel, 4353701 Raanana, Israel
| | - Oihana Galparsoro
- Donostia International Physics Center (DIPC), Paseo Manuel de Lardizabal 4, 20018 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain.,Kimika Fakultatea, Euskal Herriko Unibertsitatea UPV/EHU, P.K. 1072 Donostia-San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Jan Fingerhut
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Michael Schwarzer
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Kai Golibrzuch
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Georgios Skoulatakis
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Daniel J Auerbach
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Alexander Kandratsenka
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk Schwarzer
- Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
| | - Theofanis N Kitsopoulos
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.,Institute of Electronic Structure and Laser - FORTH, 71110 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Alec M Wodtke
- Institute for Physical Chemistry, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Dynamics at Surfaces, Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Am Fassberg 11, 37077 Goettingen, Germany.,International Center for Advanced Studies of Energy Conversion, Georg-August University of Goettingen, Tammannstraße 6, 37077 Goettingen, Germany
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