1
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Huo X, Xie Y, Wang X, Zhang L, Yang M. Reduction reactions at the interface between CdS quantum dot and Z-type ligands driven by electron injection in the electroluminescent processes. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:024304. [PMID: 38984958 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 06/24/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024] Open
Abstract
The efficient and stable electroluminescence of quantum dots (QDs) is of great importance in their applications in new display technologies. The short service life of blue QDs, however, hinders their development and commercialization. Different mechanisms have been proposed for the destabilization of QDs in electroluminescent processes. Based on real-time time-dependent density functional theory studies on the QD models covered by Z-type ligands (XAc2, X = Cd, Zn, Mg), the structural evolution is simulated to reveal the mechanism of the reduction reactions induced by electron injection. Our simulations reproduce the experimental observations that the reduction reactions occur at the QD-ligand interface, and the reduced Cd atom is almost in a zero valence state. However, different sites are predicted for the reactions in which the surface metal atom of the QD instead of the metal atom in the ligands is reduced. As a result, one of the arms of the chelate ligand leaves the QD, which tends to cause damage to its electroluminescent performance. Our findings contribute to a mechanistic understanding of the reduction reactions that occurred at the QD-ligand interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyu Huo
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yujuan Xie
- School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou 310030, China
| | - Xian Wang
- School of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, Nanyang Technological University, 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Li Zhang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Mingli Yang
- Institute of Atomic and Molecular Physics, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
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2
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Llusar J, du Fossé I, Hens Z, Houtepen A, Infante I. Surface Reconstructions in II-VI Quantum Dots. ACS NANO 2024; 18:1563-1572. [PMID: 38169474 PMCID: PMC10795476 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c09265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 12/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Although density functional theory (DFT) calculations have been crucial in our understanding of colloidal quantum dots (QDs), simulations are commonly carried out on QD models that are significantly smaller than those generally found experimentally. While smaller models allow for efficient study of local surface configurations, increasing the size of the QD model will increase the size or number of facets, which can in turn influence the energetics and characteristics of trap formation. Moreover, core-shell structures can only be studied with QD models that are large enough to accommodate the different layers with the correct thickness. Here, we use DFT calculations to study the electronic properties of QDs as a function of size, up to a diameter of ∼4.5 nm. We show that increasing the size of QD models traditionally used in DFT studies leads to a disappearance of the band gap and localization of the HOMO and LUMO levels on facet-specific regions of the QD surface. We attribute this to the lateral coupling of surface orbitals and the formation of surface bands. The introduction of surface vacancies and their a posteriori refilling with Z-type ligands leads to surface reconstructions that widen the band gap and delocalize both the HOMO and LUMO. These results show that the surface geometry of the facets plays a pivotal role in defining the electronic properties of the QD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Llusar
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain
| | - Indy du Fossé
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Optoelectronic Materials, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Zeger Hens
- Physics
and Chemistry of Nanostructures, Department of Chemistry, and Center
of Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Arjan Houtepen
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Optoelectronic Materials, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ivan Infante
- BCMaterials,
Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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3
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Stam M, du Fossé I, Infante I, Houtepen AJ. Guilty as Charged: The Role of Undercoordinated Indium in Electron-Charged Indium Phosphide Quantum Dots. ACS NANO 2023; 17:18576-18583. [PMID: 37712414 PMCID: PMC10540256 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c07029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
Quantum dots (QDs) are known for their size-dependent optical properties, narrow emission bands, and high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY), which make them interesting candidates for optoelectronic applications. In particular, InP QDs are receiving a lot of attention since they are less toxic than other QD materials and are hence suitable for consumer applications. Most of these applications, such as LEDs, photovoltaics, and lasing, involve charging QDs with electrons and/or holes. However, charging of QDs is not easy nor innocent, and the effect of charging on the composition and properties of InP QDs is not yet well understood. This work provides theoretical insight into electron charging of the InP core and InP/ZnSe QDs. Density functional theory calculations are used to show that charging of InP-based QDs with electrons leads to the formation of trap states if the QD contains In atoms that are undercoordinated and thus have less than four bonds to neighboring atoms. InP core-only QDs have such atoms at the surface, which are responsible for the formation of trap states upon charging with electrons. We show that InP/ZnSe core-shell models with all In atoms fully coordinated can be charged with electrons without the formation of trap states. These results show that undercoordinated In atoms should be avoided at all times for QDs to be stably charged with electrons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Stam
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Indy du Fossé
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
| | - Ivan Infante
- BC
Materials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications, and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa 48940, Spain
- Ikerbasque,
Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The
Netherlands
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4
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Fenoll D, Sodupe M, Solans-Monfort X. Influence of Capping Ligands, Solvent, and Thermal Effects on CdSe Quantum Dot Optical Properties by DFT Calculations. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:11467-11478. [PMID: 37008094 PMCID: PMC10061629 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c00324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium selenide nanomaterials are very important materials in photonics, catalysis, and biomedical applications due to their optical properties that can be tuned through size, shape, and surface passivation. In this report, static and ab initio molecular dynamics density functional theory (DFT) simulations are used to characterize the effect of ligand adsorption on the electronic properties of the (110) surface of zinc blende and wurtzite CdSe and a (CdSe)33 nanoparticle. Adsorption energies depend on ligand surface coverage and result from a balance between chemical affinity and ligand-surface and ligand-ligand dispersive interactions. In addition, while little structural reorganization occurs upon slab formation, Cd···Cd distances become shorter and the Se-Cd-Se angles become smaller in the bare nanoparticle model. This originates mid-gap states that strongly influence the absorption optical spectra of nonpassivated (CdSe)33. Ligand passivation on both zinc blende and wurtzite surfaces does not induce a surface reorganization, and thus, the band gap remains nonaffected with respect to bare surfaces. In contrast, structural reconstruction is more apparent for the nanoparticle, which significantly increases its highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO)-lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) gap upon passivation. Solvent effects decrease the band gap difference between the passivated and nonpassivated nanoparticles, the maximum of the absorption spectra being blue-shifted around 20 nm by the effect of the ligands. Overall, calculations show that flexible surface cadmium sites are responsible for the appearance of mid-gap states that are partially localized on the most reconstructed regions of the nanoparticle that can be controlled through appropriate ligand adsorption.
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5
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Geuchies JJ, Dijkhuizen R, Koel M, Grimaldi G, du Fossé I, Evers WH, Hens Z, Houtepen AJ. Zero-Threshold Optical Gain in Electrochemically Doped Nanoplatelets and the Physics Behind It. ACS NANO 2022; 16:18777-18788. [PMID: 36256901 PMCID: PMC9706803 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c07519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal nanoplatelets (NPLs) are promising materials for lasing applications. The properties are usually discussed in the framework of 2D materials, where strong excitonic effects dominate the optical properties near the band edge. At the same time, NPLs have finite lateral dimensions such that NPLs are not true extended 2D structures. Here we study the photophysics and gain properties of CdSe/CdS/ZnS core-shell-shell NPLs upon electrochemical n doping and optical excitation. Steady-state absorption and PL spectroscopy show that excitonic effects are weaker in core-shell-shell nanoplatelets due to the decreased exciton binding energy. Transient absorption studies reveal a gain threshold of only one excitation per nanoplatelet. Using electrochemical n doping, we observe the complete bleaching of the band edge exciton transitions. Combining electrochemical doping with transient absorption spectroscopy, we demonstrate that the gain threshold is fully removed over a broad spectral range and gain coefficients of several thousand cm-1 are obtained. These doped NPLs are the best performing colloidal nanomaterial gain medium reported to date, with the lowest gain threshold and broadest gain spectrum and gain coefficients that are 4 times higher than in n-doped colloidal quantum dots. The low exciton binding energy due to the CdS and ZnS shells, in combination with the relatively small lateral size of the NPLs, results in excited states that are effectively delocalized over the entire platelet. Core-shell NPLs are thus on the border between strong confinement in QDs and dominant Coulombic effects in 2D materials. We demonstrate that this limit is in effect ideal for optical gain and that it results in an optimal lateral size of the platelets where the gain threshold per nm2 is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaco J. Geuchies
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Dijkhuizen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Marijn Koel
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Gianluca Grimaldi
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Indy du Fossé
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Wiel H. Evers
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
| | - Zeger Hens
- Department
of Chemistry and Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, 9000Ghent, Belgium
| | - Arjan J. Houtepen
- Optoelectronic
Materials Section, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2926 HZDelft, The Netherlands
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6
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An in-depth analysis of nucleation and growth mechanism of CdS thin film synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. Sci Rep 2022; 12:15295. [PMID: 36096904 PMCID: PMC9468032 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-19340-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study is to acquire a deeper understanding of the response mechanism that is associated with the formation of CdS thin films. We presented an effective and new hybrid sensitisation technique, which involved the 1-step linker between the related chemical bath deposition (CBD) process and the traditional doping method during CBD for synthesising high-quality, CdS thin films. The mechanism for the combined synthesis of the films is also describes. CdS films were electrostatically bonded to soda-lime glass, causing the formation of the intermediate complexes [Cd(NH3)4]2+, which aided in the collision of these complexes with a soda-lime glass slide. In the one-step fabrication technique, 3-Mercaptopropionic Acid (MPA) was employed as a second source of sulphur ions and a linker molecule. Optical studies showed that the bandgap ranged between (2.26–2.52) eV. CdS + MPA films exhibited a uniform distribution of spherical molecules based on their morphological properties. After annealing, this approach significantly altered the electrical characteristics of CdS films. The CdS + MPA films displayed the highest carrier concentration whereas the CdS + Ag + MPA films exhibited the lowest resistivity, with a jump of 3 orders of magnitude.
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7
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Widness JK, Enny DG, McFarlane-Connelly KS, Miedenbauer MT, Krauss TD, Weix DJ. CdS Quantum Dots as Potent Photoreductants for Organic Chemistry Enabled by Auger Processes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:12229-12246. [PMID: 35772053 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c03235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Strong reducing agents (<-2.0 V vs saturated calomel electrode (SCE)) enable a wide array of useful organic chemistry, but suffer from a variety of limitations. Stoichiometric metallic reductants such as alkali metals and SmI2 are commonly employed for these reactions; however, considerations including expense, ease of use, safety, and waste generation limit the practicality of these methods. Recent approaches utilizing energy from multiple photons or electron-primed photoredox catalysis have accessed reduction potentials equivalent to Li0 and shown how this enables selective transformations of aryl chlorides via aryl radicals. However, in some cases, low stability of catalytic intermediates can limit turnover numbers. Herein, we report the ability of CdS nanocrystal quantum dots (QDs) to function as strong photoreductants and present evidence that a highly reducing electron is generated from two consecutive photoexcitations of CdS QDs with intermediate reductive quenching. Mechanistic experiments suggest that Auger recombination, a photophysical phenomenon known to occur in photoexcited anionic QDs, generates transient thermally excited electrons to enable the observed reductions. Using blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) and sacrificial amine reductants, aryl chlorides and phosphate esters with reduction potentials up to -3.4 V vs SCE are photoreductively cleaved to afford hydrodefunctionalized or functionalized products. In contrast to small-molecule catalysts, QDs are stable under these conditions and turnover numbers up to 47 500 have been achieved. These conditions can also effect other challenging reductions, such as tosylate protecting group removal from amines, debenzylation of benzyl-protected alcohols, and reductive ring opening of cyclopropane carboxylic acid derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas K Widness
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Daniel G Enny
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Mahilet T Miedenbauer
- Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Todd D Krauss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Materials Science Program, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States.,Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Daniel J Weix
- Department of Chemistry, UW─Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Ballabio M, Cánovas E. Electron Transfer at Quantum Dot–Metal Oxide Interfaces for Solar Energy Conversion. ACS NANOSCIENCE AU 2022; 2:367-395. [PMID: 36281255 PMCID: PMC9585894 DOI: 10.1021/acsnanoscienceau.2c00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Electron transfer
at a donor–acceptor quantum dot–metal
oxide interface is a process fundamentally relevant to solar energy
conversion architectures as, e.g., sensitized solar cells and solar
fuels schemes. As kinetic competition at these technologically relevant
interfaces largely determines device performance, this Review surveys
several aspects linking electron transfer dynamics and device efficiency;
this correlation is done for systems aiming for efficiencies up to
and above the ∼33% efficiency limit set by Shockley and Queisser
for single gap devices. Furthermore, we critically comment on common
pitfalls associated with the interpretation of kinetic data obtained
from current methodologies and experimental approaches, and finally,
we highlight works that, to our judgment, have contributed to a better
understanding of the fundamentals governing electron transfer at quantum
dot–metal oxide interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Ballabio
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Cánovas
- Instituto Madrileño de Estudios Avanzados en Nanociencia (IMDEA Nanociencia), 28049 Madrid, Spain
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9
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Brett MW, Gordon CK, Hardy J, Davis NJLK. The Rise and Future of Discrete Organic-Inorganic Hybrid Nanomaterials. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2022; 2:364-387. [PMID: 36855686 PMCID: PMC9955269 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.2c00018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Hybrid nanomaterials (HNs), the combination of organic semiconductor ligands attached to nanocrystal semiconductor quantum dots, have applications that span a range of practical fields, including biology, chemistry, medical imaging, and optoelectronics. Specifically, HNs operate as discrete, tunable systems that can perform prompt fluorescence, energy transfer, singlet fission, upconversion, and/or thermally activated delayed fluorescence. Interest in HNs has naturally grown over the years due to their tunability and broad spectrum of applications. This Review presents a brief introduction to the components of HNs, before expanding on the characterization and applications of HNs. Finally, the future of HN applications is discussed.
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Wahl J, Haizmann P, Kirsch C, Frecot R, Mukharamova N, Assalauova D, Kim YY, Zaluzhnyy I, Chassé T, Vartanyants IA, Peisert H, Scheele M. Mitigating the photodegradation of all-inorganic mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals by ligand exchange. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:10944-10951. [PMID: 35466339 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00546h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We show that the decomposition of caesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals under continuous X-ray illumination depends on the surface ligand. For oleic acid/oleylamine, we observe a fast decay accompanied by the formation of elemental lead and halogen. Upon surface functionalization with a metal porphyrin derivative, the decay is markedly slower and involves the disproportionation of lead to Pb0 and Pb3+. In both cases, the decomposition is preceded by a contraction of the atomic lattice, which appears to initiate the decay. We find that the metal porphyrin derivative induces a strong surface dipole on the nanocrystals, which we hold responsible for the altered and slower decomposition pathway. These results are important for application of lead halide perovskite nanocrystals in X-ray scintillators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Wahl
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Philipp Haizmann
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Christopher Kirsch
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Rene Frecot
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | - Dameli Assalauova
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Young Yong Kim
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ivan Zaluzhnyy
- Institut für Angewandte Physik, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Thomas Chassé
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. .,Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ivan A Vartanyants
- Deutsches Elektronen-Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 22607 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Heiko Peisert
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Marcus Scheele
- Institut für physikalische und theoretische Chemie, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany. .,Center for Light-Matter Interaction, Sensors & Analytics LISA+, Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 15, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
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