1
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Krappmann D, Hirsch A. Synthesis, Characterization and Interconversion of p-Tolylsulfone-Functionalized Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Couples. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202401391. [PMID: 38984830 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202401391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2024] [Revised: 06/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/11/2024]
Abstract
We report the synthesis and characterization of library of new 2,3-disubstituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane couples. For the first time, the para-tolylsulfone moiety was employed as electron-withdrawing substituent in combination with a variety of different electron donors as counterparts. Comprehensive characterization was conducted for every interconversion couple. By comparison with structurally related molecules published before we established the tosyl moiety as suitable alternative to previously investigated ester functionalities by providing similar photophysical properties. The photo-induced interconversion behavior was investigated via UV/Vis- and NMR-spectroscopy. The UV/Vis experiments were carried out exclusively in acetonitrile, whereas several solvents were investigated in the NMR studies. A detailed description and comparison of the isomerization behavior is provided, while examining relevant optical properties like λmax and λonset. Thereby, an enhanced red-shift up to λmax=394 nm combined with an λonset value of 469 nm could be generated which is necessary for potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Krappmann
- Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Department Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Nikolaus-Fiebiger Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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2
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Kadiyam RK, Sangolkar AA, Faizan M, Pawar R. Bispericyclic Ambimodal Dimerization of Pentafulvene: The Origin of Asynchronicity and Kinetic Selectivity of the Endo Transition State. J Org Chem 2024; 89:6813-6825. [PMID: 38661667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.4c00186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The propensity of fulvenes to undergo dimerization has long been known, although the in-depth mechanism and electronic behavior during dimerization are still elusive. Herein, we made an attempt to gain insights into the reactivity of pentafulvene for Diels-Alder (DA) and [6 + 4]-cycloadditions via conventional and ambimodal routes. The result emphasizes that pentafulvene dimerization preferentially proceeds through a unique bifurcation mechanism where two DA pathways merge together to produce two degenerate [4 + 2]-cycloadducts from a single TS. Despite the [6 + 4]-cycloadduct being thermodynamically preferred, [4 + 2]-cycloaddition reactions are kinetically driven. Singlet biradicaloid is involved in through-space 6e- delocalization as a secondary orbital interaction that originates asynchronicity and stabilizes the bispericyclic transition state (TS). The transformation of various actively participating intrinsic bonding orbitals (IBOs) unambiguously forecasts the formation of multiple products from a single TS and rationalizes the mechanism of ambimodal reactions that are rather difficult to probe with other analyses. The changes in active IBOs clearly distinguish the conventional reactions from bifurcation reactions and can be employed to characterize and confirm the ambimodal mechanism. This report gains a crucial theoretical insight into the mechanism of bifurcation, the origin of asynchronicity, and electronic behavior in ambimodal TS, which will certainly be of enormous value for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rama Krishna Kadiyam
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Akanksha Ashok Sangolkar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Mohmmad Faizan
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana 506004, India
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3
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Sangolkar AA, Kadiyam RK, Pawar R. Novel route to enhance the thermo-optical performance of bicyclic diene photoswitches for solar thermal batteries. Beilstein J Org Chem 2024; 20:1053-1068. [PMID: 38774273 PMCID: PMC11106670 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.20.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Harnessing solar energy by employing chemical photoswitches in molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems is a topic of appealing research interest. However, incorporating all the features desired for an ideal MOST system in a single photoswitching couple is challenging. Inspired by experimental synthesis, herein we report our attempt to enhance both the thermochemical and photophysical properties in a single-bridged bicyclic diene (BBD)-based photoswitch by elongating the unsaturated bridge with different heteroatomic units. To elucidate the best elongation unit, the energy storage capacity and the TBR barriers were accounted using the DLPNO-CCSD(T) and (8,8)-CASPT2 methods, respectively. The photophysical properties including the absorption onset, excitation wavelengths, and the absorption intensities were extensively investigated with the time-dependent calculations. The result provides information on the most versatile solvent to exhibit the best photoswitching behaviour which is beneficial for real-life energy storage applications. Additionally, the stability and reversibility of the photoswitching system with elongated unsaturated bridges have also been assessed. By means of the studied modification, the storage energy of 158.57 kJ/mol, energy storage density of 1.48 MJ/kg, TBR barrier of 136.36 kJ/mol, and the absorption onset of 305.00 nm is achieved in acetonitrile. These values are substantially higher when compared with the storage energy (96.06 kJ/mol), energy storage density (1.04 MJ/kg), and TBR barrier (121.76 kJ/mol) of prototype NBD/QC in the gas phase. The outcomes render useful insights into the stability and properties of bicyclic diene-based photoswitches having elongated unsaturated bridges and indeed paves the way for the rational design of practical MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akanksha Ashok Sangolkar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Rama Krishna Kadiyam
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
| | - Ravinder Pawar
- Laboratory of Advanced Computation and Theory for Materials and Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, National Institute of Technology Warangal (NITW), Warangal, Telangana-506004, India
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4
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Hemauer F, Steinrück HP, Papp C. The Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Pair as Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage System: Surface Science Investigations. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300806. [PMID: 38375756 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
For the transition to renewable energy sources, novel energy storage materials are more important than ever. This review addresses so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which appear very promising since they combine light harvesting and energy storing in one-photon one-molecule processes. The focus is on norbornadiene (NBD), a particularly interesting candidate, which is converted to the strained valence isomer quadricyclane (QC) upon irradiation. The stored energy can be released on demand. The energy-releasing cycloreversion from QC to NBD can be initiated by a thermal, catalytic, or electrochemical trigger. The reversibility of the energy storage and release cycles determines the general practicality of a MOST system. In the search for derivatives, which enable large-scale applications, fundamental surface science studies help to assess the feasibility of potential substituted NBD/QC couples. We include investigations under well-defined ultra-high vacuum (UHV) conditions as well as experiments in liquid phase. Next to the influence of the catalytically active surfaces on the isomerization between the two valence isomers, information on adsorption geometries, thermal stability limits, and reaction pathways of the respective molecules are discussed. Moreover, laboratory-scaled test devices demonstrate the proof of concept in various areas of application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Hemauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Arnimallee 22, 14195, Berlin, Germany
- Erlangen Center for Interface Research and Catalysis (ECRC), Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
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5
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Gimenez-Gomez A, Rollins B, Steele A, Hölzel H, Baggi N, Moth-Poulsen K, Funes-Ardoiz I, Sampedro D. Unveiling the Potential of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Molecular Solar Thermal Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303230. [PMID: 37947164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy utilization has gained considerable attention due to its abundance and renewability. However, its intermittent nature presents a challenge in harnessing its full potential. The development of energy storing compounds capable of capturing and releasing solar energy on demand has emerged as a potential solution. These compounds undergo a photochemical transformation that results in a high-energy metastable photoisomer, which stores solar energy in the form of chemical bonds and can release it as heat when required. Such systems are referred to as MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST)-systems. Although the photoisomerization of MOST systems has been vastly studied, its back-conversion, particularly using heterogeneous catalysts, is still underexplored and the development of effective catalysts for releasing stored energy is crucial. Herein we compare the performance of 27 heterogeneous catalysts releasing the stored energy in an efficient Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (NBD/QC) MOST system. We report the first benchmarking of heterogeneous catalysts for a MOST system using a robust comparison method of the catalysts' activity and monitoring the conversion using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Our findings provide insights into the development of effective catalysts for MOST systems. We anticipate that our assay will reveal the necessity of further investigation on heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Benjamin Rollins
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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6
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Elholm JL, Obel OB, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Searching the Chemical Space of Bicyclic Dienes for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309543. [PMID: 37489860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches are molecular systems that are chemically transformed subsequent to interaction with light and they find potential application in many new technologies. The design and discovery of photoswitch candidates require intricate molecular engineering of a range of properties to optimize a candidate to a specific applications, a task which can be tackled efficiently using quantum chemical screening procedures. In this paper, we perform a large scale screening of approximately half a million bicyclic diene photoswitches in the context of molecular solar thermal energy storage using ab initio quantum chemical methods. We further device an efficient strategy for scoring the systems based on their predicted solar energy conversion efficiency and elucidate potential pitfalls of this approach. Our search through the chemical space of bicyclic dienes reveals systems with unprecedented solar energy conversion efficiencies and storage densities that show promising design guidelines for next generation molecular solar thermal energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Berlin Obel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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7
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Schulte R, Afflerbach S, Paululat T, Ihmels H. Bis- and Tris-norbornadienes with High Energy Densities for Efficient Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309544. [PMID: 37504899 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems can convert, store and release solar energy in chemical bonds, i.e., as chemical energy. In this work, phenyl- and naphthyl-linked bis- and tris-norbornadienes are presented as promising MOST systems with very high energy densities. The substrates were synthesized by Suzuki-Miyaura coupling reactions and their absorption properties and characteristic parameters for MOST applications were investigated. The norbornadiene derivatives showed absorption onsets of up to 386 nm and photoisomerization quantum yields of 56 % per photoisomerization event. The resulting quadricyclane products have half-lifes up to 14 d and very high energy densities of up to 734 kJ/kg. Overall, these norbornadienes fulfill necessary criteria for an optimal MOST system and are, therefore, a highly promising basis for the development of materials for efficient solar energy conversion and storage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Schulte
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Sandra Afflerbach
- Chair of Thermal and Thermochemical Energy Storage, Technische Universität Berlin, KT2, Marchstrasse 18, 10587, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Paululat
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
| | - Heiko Ihmels
- Department of Chemistry-Biology, Center of Micro- and Nanochemistry and (Bio-)Technology (Cμ), University of Siegen, Adolf-Reichwein-Str. 2, 57068, Siegen, Germany
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8
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Kjeldsen ILH, Høvring JF, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Mikkelsen KV. The Effects of Solvent Dynamics on the Back Reaction of Solar-Thermal Energy Storage Systems. J Phys Chem A 2023; 127:7058-7069. [PMID: 37607346 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.3c02294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated dynamic solvent effects on molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems using models describing the effects of frequency dependent viscosities and dielectric constants on chemical reaction rates. We have utilized the generalized Langevin model for understanding how the reactions are affected by the frequency dependent viscosities and dielectric constants. Our results show that the rate constants of the molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems depend strongly on the dielectric electric solvent properties and the frequency dependent viscosities of the solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Lützen Hoff Kjeldsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Julie Franck Høvring
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Erbs Hillers-Bendtsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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9
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Hernández F, Cox JM, Li J, Crespo-Otero R, Lopez SA. Multiconfigurational Calculations and Photodynamics Describe Norbornadiene Photochemistry. J Org Chem 2023; 88:5311-5320. [PMID: 37022327 PMCID: PMC10629221 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c02758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 04/07/2023]
Abstract
Storing solar energy is a vital component of using renewable energy sources to meet the growing demands of the global energy economy. Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage is a promising means to store solar energy with on-demand energy release. The light-induced isomerization reaction of norbornadiene (NBD) to quadricyclane (QC) is of great interest because of the generally high energy storage density (0.97 MJ kg-1) and long thermal reversion lifetime (t1/2,300K = 8346 years). However, the mechanistic details of the ultrafast excited-state [2 + 2]-cycloaddition are largely unknown due to the limitations of experimental techniques in resolving accurate excited-state molecular structures. We now present a full computational study on the excited-state deactivation mechanism of NBD and its dimethyl dicyano derivative (DMDCNBD) in the gas phase. Our multiconfigurational calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations have enumerated the possible pathways with 557 S2 trajectories of NBD for 500 fs and 492 S1 trajectories of DMDCNBD for 800 fs. The simulations predicted the S2 and S1 lifetimes of NBD (62 and 221 fs, respectively) and the S1 lifetime of DMDCNBD (190 fs). The predicted quantum yields of QC and DCQC are 10 and 43%, respectively. Our simulations also show the mechanisms of forming other possible reaction products and their quantum yields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico
J. Hernández
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Jordan M. Cox
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Jingbai Li
- Hoffmann
Institute of Advanced Materials, Shenzhen
Polytechnic, 7098 Liuxian Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, People’s
Republic of China
| | - Rachel Crespo-Otero
- School
of Physical and Chemical Sciences, Queen
Mary University of London, Mile End Road, London E1 4NS, U.K.
| | - Steven A. Lopez
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern
University, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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10
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Coppola F, Nucci M, Marazzi M, Rocca D, Pastore M. Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane System in the Spotlight: The Role of Rydberg States and Dynamic Electronic Correlation in a Solar‐Thermal Building Block. CHEMPHOTOCHEM 2023. [DOI: 10.1002/cptc.202200214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Coppola
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT) Université de Lorraine & CNRS, UMR 7019 54000 Nancy France
| | - Martina Nucci
- Universidad de Alcalá Departamento de Química Analítica Química Física e Ingeniería Química Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL) Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Marco Marazzi
- Universidad de Alcalá Departamento de Química Analítica Química Física e Ingeniería Química Grupo de Reactividad y Estructura Molecular (RESMOL) Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
- Universidad de Alcalá Instituto de Investigación Química ‘‘Andrés M. del Río'' (IQAR) Alcalá de Henares Madrid Spain
| | - Dario Rocca
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT) Université de Lorraine & CNRS, UMR 7019 54000 Nancy France
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT) Université de Lorraine & CNRS, UMR 7019 54000 Nancy France
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11
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Franz E, Krappmann D, Fromm L, Luchs T, Görling A, Hirsch A, Brummel O, Libuda J. Electrocatalytic Energy Release of Norbornadiene-Based Molecular Solar Thermal Systems: Tuning the Electrochemical Stability by Molecular Design. CHEMSUSCHEM 2022; 15:e202201483. [PMID: 36213958 PMCID: PMC10099746 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, such as the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in a simple one-photon one-molecule process. Triggering the energy release electrochemically enables high control of the process, high selectivity, and reversibility. In this work, the influence of the molecular design of the MOST couple on the electrochemically triggered back-conversion reaction was addressed for the first time. The MOST systems phenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD1/QC1) and p-methoxyphenyl-ethyl ester-NBD/QC (NBD2/QC2) were investigated by in-situ photoelectrochemical infrared spectroscopy, voltammetry, and density functional theory modelling. For QC1, partial decomposition (40 %) was observed upon back-conversion and along with a voltammetric peak at 0.6 Vfc , which was assigned primarily to decomposition. The back-conversion of QC2, however, occurred without detectable side products, and the corresponding peak at 0.45 Vfc was weaker by a factor of 10. It was concluded that the electrochemical stability of a NBD/QC couple is easy tunable by simple structural changes. Furthermore, the charge input and, therefore, the current for the electrochemically triggered energy release is very low, which ensures a high overall efficiency of the MOST system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Daniel Krappmann
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Tobias Luchs
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische ChemieFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Chair of Organic Chemistry IIFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergNikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 1091058ErlangenGermany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and CatalysisErlangen Center for Interface Research and CatalysisFriedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-NürnbergEgerlandstraße 391058ErlangenGermany
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12
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Zhang B, Feng Y, Feng W. Azobenzene-Based Solar Thermal Fuels: A Review. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:138. [PMID: 35767090 PMCID: PMC9243213 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00876-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The energy storage mechanism of azobenzene is based on the transformation of molecular cis and trans isomerization, while NBD/QC, DHA/VHF, and fulvalene dimetal complexes realize the energy storage function by changing the molecular structure. Acting as "molecular batteries," they can exhibit excellent charging and discharging behavior by converting between trans and cis isomers or changing molecular structure upon absorption of ultraviolet light. Key properties determining the performance of STFs are stored energy, energy density, half-life, and solar energy conversion efficiency. This review is aiming to provide a comprehensive and authoritative overview on the recent advancements of azobenzene molecular photoswitch system in STFs fields, including derivatives and carbon nano-templates, which is emphasized for its attractive performance. Although the energy storage performance of Azo-STFs has already reached the level of commercial lithium batteries, the cycling capability and controllable release of energy still need to be further explored. For this, some potential solutions to the cycle performance are proposed, and the methods of azobenzene controllable energy release are summarized. Moreover, energy stored by STFs can be released in the form of mechanical energy, which in turn can also promote the release of thermal energy from STFs, implying that there could be a relationship between mechanical and thermal energy in Azo-STFs, providing a potential direction for further research on Azo-STFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiyu Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Feng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, Tianjin, 300350, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Materials Processing and Mold, Ministry of Education, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450002, People's Republic of China.
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13
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Poland KN, Yang W, Fortenberry RC, Davis SR. The thermal isomerization of benzvalyne to benzyne. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:14573-14578. [PMID: 35666233 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp00794k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The isomerization of the highly strained benzvalyne structure to o-benzyne has been investigated using MCSCF and CCSD(T) levels of theory. Two reaction channels were modeled: the disrotatory one which leads directly to the benzyne product, and the conrotatory one which leads to an intermediate which can subsequently lead to the benzyne product. Energies at the MRMP2 level give 22.9 kcal mol-1 for the disrotatory channel and 21.7 and 1.4 kcal mol-1 for the two steps in the conrotatory one. However, the CCSD(T) energies give 19.3 and 14.2 kcal mol-1 for the two conrotatory steps. The first step of the conrotatory channel is significantly higher than the second so is rate determining for this channel. Comparison of the two separate channels shows that the conrotatory has just a slight energetic edge of 1.2 kcal mol-1 at the MRMP2 level. We did not compute the disrotatory channel at the CCSD(T) level due to the significant biradical nature of the wavefunction with natural orbital occupation numbers of 1.2 and 0.8 in the active space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley N Poland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
| | - Weiwei Yang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
| | - Ryan C Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
| | - Steven R Davis
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi, USA.
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14
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Iuel Lunøe Dünweber PG, Olsen LH, Mikkelsen KV. Prospects of Improving Molecular Solar Energy Storage of the Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane System through Bridgehead Modifications. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2670-2676. [PMID: 35467862 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have investigated novel bicyclic diene molecular solar thermal energy storage systems that presently are the ones with the highest predicted energy density. Using a variety of different ab initio quantum chemical methods, we report storage energies, absorption spectra, and reaction barriers for the release of stored energy for a series of bicyclic dienes. The bicyclic dienes are all constructed by modifying the bridgehead of the well-known norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) system. In conclusion, we find it promising that it is possible to significantly amplify the storage energy of the NBD/QC system without seriously compromising other crucial properties by introducing simple modifications to the bridgehead.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Lars Henrik Olsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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15
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Quant M, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Ghasemi S, Erdelyi M, Wang Z, Muhammad LM, Kann N, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis, characterization and computational evaluation of bicyclooctadienes towards molecular solar thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:834-841. [PMID: 35173948 PMCID: PMC8768882 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal energy storage (MOST) systems are based on photoswitches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this context, bicyclooctadienes (BODs) undergo a photoinduced transformation to the corresponding higher energy tetracyclooctanes (TCOs), but the photoswitch system has not until now been evaluated for MOST application, due to the short half-life of the TCO form and limited available synthetic methods. The BOD system degrades at higher temperature via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which complicates the synthesis of the compounds. We here report a cross-coupling reaction strategy that enables an efficient synthesis of a series of 4 new BOD compounds. We show that the BODs were able to switch to the corresponding tetracyclooctanes (TCOs) in a reversible way and can be cycled 645 times with only 0.01% degradation. Half-lives of the TCOs were measured, and we illustrate how the half-life could be engineered from seconds to minutes by molecular structure design. A density functional theory (DFT) based modelling framework was developed to access absorption spectra, thermal half-lives, and storage energies which were calculated to be 143-153 kJ mol-1 (0.47-0.51 MJ kg-1), up to 76% higher than for the corresponding norbornadiene. The combined computational and experimental findings provide a reliable way of designing future BOD/TCO systems with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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16
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Quant M, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of [2.2.2]-Bicyclooctadiene Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10330-10339. [PMID: 34809434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches can under certain conditions be used to store solar energy in the so-called molecular solar thermal storage systems, which is an interesting technology for renewable energy solutions. The current investigations focus on the performance of seven different density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, M06-2X, ωB97X-D, B2PLYP, and PBE0DH) when predicting geometries and thermochemical properties of the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctadiene (BOD) photoswitch. We find that all of the investigated DFT methods provide geometries that are in good agreement with those obtained using coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) calculations. The dependence on the employed basis set is not large when predicting geometries. With respect to the thermochemical properties, we find that the M06-2X, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, and ωB97X-D functionals all predict thermochemical properties that are in good agreement with the results of the CCSD, the CCSD including perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and the explicitly correlated CCSD-F12 and CCSD(T)-F12 models. Lastly, for energy calculations, we tested the newly developed fourth-order cluster perturbation theory singles and doubles CPS(D-4) model, which in this study provides energy differences that are of CCSD and sometimes also CCSD(T) quality at a relatively low cost. We find that the CPS(D-4) model is an excellent choice for further investigation of BOD derivatives because accurate energies can be obtained routinely using this methodology. From the results, we also note that the predicted storage energies and storage energy densities for the BOD photoswitch are very large compared to other molecular solar thermal storage systems and that these systems could be candidates for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.,The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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17
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Telgerafchi AE, Mehranpour M, Nazockdast H. Fabrication of polymeric solar thermal fuel composite for solar energy storage applications. POLYM ENG SCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.25790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Milad Mehranpour
- Polymer Engineering Department, Science & Research Branch Islamic Azad University Tehran Iran
| | - Hossein Nazockdast
- Polymer Engineering Department Amirkabir University of Technology Tehran Iran
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18
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Ree N, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmark study on the optical and thermochemical properties of the norbornadiene-quadricyclane photoswitch. Chem Phys Lett 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2021.138665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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19
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Drøhse Kilde M, Broløs L, Mansø M, Mogensen J, Gregers Tortzen C, Brøndsted Nielsen M. Orthogonal Photoswitching with Norbornadiene. Chemistry 2020; 26:13429-13435. [PMID: 32432796 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Orthogonal photoswitching is a convenient but challenging way of controlling multiple functions in a system by selective photoisomerization of one unit before the other in any arbitrarily chosen sequence. Here, we present this concept for the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) photo/thermo-switch in the presence or absence of a coordinated metal ion. Thus, introducing two pyridyl ligands via ethyne-1,2-diyl bridges provides a system that by chelation of metal ions, such as PdII , has altered optical and switching properties. Mixing the PdII complex with its free ligand furnishes a four-state system where NBD-to-QC photoisomerizations for complexed and uncomplexed species are controlled by the irradiation wavelength and can occur orthogonally, that is, the sequence of photoisomerizations can be swapped. Studies on AgI and PbII complexes, being less stable than the PdII complex, are also presented; these exhibit like the PdII complex significantly red-shifted NBD absorptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Line Broløs
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Josefine Mogensen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Christian Gregers Tortzen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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20
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Jacovella U, Carrascosa E, Buntine JT, Ree N, Mikkelsen KV, Jevric M, Moth-Poulsen K, Bieske EJ. Photo- and Collision-Induced Isomerization of a Charge-Tagged Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane System. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6045-6050. [PMID: 32539402 PMCID: PMC7416310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches based on the norbornadiene-quadricylane (NBD-QC) couple have been proposed as key elements of molecular solar thermal energy storage schemes. To characterize the intrinsic properties of such systems, reversible isomerization of a charge-tagged NBD-QC carboxylate couple is investigated in a tandem ion mobility mass spectrometer, using light to induce intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of NBD carboxylate to form the QC carboxylate and driving the back reaction with molecular collisions. The NBD carboxylate photoisomerization action spectrum recorded by monitoring the QC carboxylate photoisomer extends from 290 to 360 nm with a maximum at 315 nm, and in the longer wavelength region resembles the NBD carboxylate absorption spectrum recorded in solution. Key structural and photochemical properties of the NBD-QC carboxylate system, including the gas-phase absorption spectrum and the energy storage capacity, are determined through computational studies using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Jacovella
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jack T. Buntine
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Evan J. Bieske
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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21
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Li HB, Tebikachew BE, Wiberg C, Moth‐Poulsen K, Hihath J. A Memristive Element Based on an Electrically Controlled Single‐Molecule Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202002300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng B. Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Behabitu E. Tebikachew
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Cedrik Wiberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
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22
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Li HB, Tebikachew BE, Wiberg C, Moth‐Poulsen K, Hihath J. A Memristive Element Based on an Electrically Controlled Single‐Molecule Reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:11641-11646. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202002300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Haipeng B. Li
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
| | - Behabitu E. Tebikachew
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Cedrik Wiberg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth‐Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Joshua Hihath
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering University of California Davis Davis CA 95616 USA
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23
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Mansø M, Petersen AU, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Establishing linear-free-energy relationships for the quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2113-2119. [PMID: 32119025 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the thermal quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene (QC-to-NBD) isomerization reaction was studied for a large selection of derivatives where the one NBD double bond contains a cyano and aryl substituent of either electron-withdrawing or -donating character. While the kinetics data did not satisfy a linear-free-energy-relationship for all the derivatives based on Hammett σ values, we found individual linear relationships for derivatives containing either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating para substituents on the aryl group; with the most electron-witdrawing substituent in the one series and with the most electron-donating substituent in the other providing the fastest reaction (corresponding to opposite slopes of the Hammett plots). All data were well described, however, by a linear relationship when using Creary radical values; the correlation could be slightly improved by using a combination of σ and values (used in ratio of 0.104 : 1). The results imply a combination of polar and free radical effects for the isomerization reaction of this specific class of derivatives, with the latter playing the most significant role. The NBD derivatives were prepared by Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions between cyclopentadiene and 3-arylpropiolonitriles, and in the case of bromophenyl derivatives further cyanation and Sonogashira coupling reactions were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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24
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Kilde MD, Mansø M, Ree N, Petersen AU, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV, Nielsen MB. Norbornadiene-dihydroazulene conjugates. Org Biomol Chem 2019; 17:7735-7746. [PMID: 31386755 DOI: 10.1039/c9ob01545k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of various photochromic units into the same molecule is an attractive approach for the development of novel molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems. Here, we present the synthesis and characterisation of a series of covalently linked norbornadiene/dihydroazulene (NBD/DHA) conjugates, using the Sonogashira coupling as the key synthetic step. Generation of the fully photoisomerized quadricyclane/vinylheptafulvene (QC/VHF) isomer was found to depend strongly on how the two units are connected - by linear conjugation (a para-phenylene bridge) or cross-conjugation (a meta-phenylene bridge) or by linking to the five- or seven-membered ring of DHA - as well as on the electronic character of another substituent group on the NBD unit. When the QC-VHF system could be reached, the QC-to-NBD back-reaction occurred faster than the VHF-to-DHA back-reaction, while the latter could be promoted simply by the addition of Cu(i) ions. The absence or presence of Cu(i) can thus be used to control whether heat releases should occur on different or identical time scales. The experimental findings were rationalized in a computational study by comparing natural transition orbitals (NTOs). Moreover, the calculations revealed an energy storage capacity of 106-110 kJ mol-1 of the QC-VHF isomers, which is higher than the sum of the capacities of the individual, separate units. The major contribution to the energy storage relates to the energetic QC form, while the major contribution to the absorption of visible light originates from the DHA photochrome; some of the NBD-DHA conjugates had absorption onsets at 450 nm or beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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25
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Bauer U, Fromm L, Weiß C, Späth F, Bachmann P, Düll F, Steinhauer J, Matysik S, Pominov A, Görling A, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface chemistry of 2,3-dibromosubstituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane as molecular solar thermal energy storage system on Ni(111). J Chem Phys 2019. [PMID: 31091921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.8b03746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Dwindling fossil fuels force humanity to search for new energy production routes. Besides energy generation, its storage is a crucial aspect. One promising approach is to store energy from the sun chemically in strained organic molecules, so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which can release the stored energy catalytically. A prototypical MOST system is norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) whose energy release and surface chemistry need to be understood. Besides important key parameters such as molecular weight, endergonic reaction profiles, and sufficient quantum yields, the position of the absorption onset of NBD is crucial to cover preferably a large range of sunlight's spectrum. For this purpose, one typically derivatizes NBD with electron-donating and/or electron-accepting substituents. To keep the model system simple enough to be investigated with photoemission techniques, we introduced bromine atoms at the 2,3-position of both compounds. We study the adsorption behavior, energy release, and surface chemistry on Ni(111) using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both Br2-NBD and Br2-QC partially dissociate on the surface at ∼120 K, with Br2-QC being more stable. Several stable adsorption geometries for intact and dissociated species were calculated, and the most stable structures are determined for both molecules. By temperature-programmed HR-XPS, we were able to observe the conversion of Br2-QC to Br2-NBD in situ at 170 K. The decomposition of Br2-NBD starts at 190 K when C-Br bond cleavage occurs and benzene and methylidene are formed. For Br2-QC, the cleavage already occurs at 130 K when cycloreversion to Br2-NBD sets in.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Weiß
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Späth
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Düll
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Steinhauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Matysik
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Pominov
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H-P Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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26
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Bauer U, Fromm L, Weiß C, Späth F, Bachmann P, Düll F, Steinhauer J, Matysik S, Pominov A, Görling A, Hirsch A, Steinrück HP, Papp C. Surface chemistry of 2,3-dibromosubstituted norbornadiene/quadricyclane as molecular solar thermal energy storage system on Ni(111). J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184706. [PMID: 31091921 DOI: 10.1063/1.5095583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Dwindling fossil fuels force humanity to search for new energy production routes. Besides energy generation, its storage is a crucial aspect. One promising approach is to store energy from the sun chemically in strained organic molecules, so-called molecular solar thermal (MOST) systems, which can release the stored energy catalytically. A prototypical MOST system is norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) whose energy release and surface chemistry need to be understood. Besides important key parameters such as molecular weight, endergonic reaction profiles, and sufficient quantum yields, the position of the absorption onset of NBD is crucial to cover preferably a large range of sunlight's spectrum. For this purpose, one typically derivatizes NBD with electron-donating and/or electron-accepting substituents. To keep the model system simple enough to be investigated with photoemission techniques, we introduced bromine atoms at the 2,3-position of both compounds. We study the adsorption behavior, energy release, and surface chemistry on Ni(111) using high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy, and density functional theory calculations. Both Br2-NBD and Br2-QC partially dissociate on the surface at ∼120 K, with Br2-QC being more stable. Several stable adsorption geometries for intact and dissociated species were calculated, and the most stable structures are determined for both molecules. By temperature-programmed HR-XPS, we were able to observe the conversion of Br2-QC to Br2-NBD in situ at 170 K. The decomposition of Br2-NBD starts at 190 K when C-Br bond cleavage occurs and benzene and methylidene are formed. For Br2-QC, the cleavage already occurs at 130 K when cycloreversion to Br2-NBD sets in.
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Affiliation(s)
- U Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - L Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Weiß
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Späth
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - P Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - F Düll
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - J Steinhauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - S Matysik
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Pominov
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - A Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Henkestr. 42, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - H-P Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - C Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstr. 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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27
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai‐Li Sun
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Chenxu Wang
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
| | - Roman Boulatov
- Department of ChemistryUniversity of Liverpool Liverpool L69 7ZD United Kingdom
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28
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Mansø M, Kilde MD, Singh SK, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Dithiafulvene derivatized donor-acceptor norbornadienes with redshifted absorption. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:3092-3097. [PMID: 30672939 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp07744d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Photoisomerization of norbornadiene (N) to its metastable isomer quadricyclane (Q) has attracted interest as a strategy for harvesting and storing solar energy. For this strategy to mature the absorption maximum of N has to be moved from the UV to the visible region. Here we show that functionalization of the system with dithiafulvene (DTF) electron donors causes remarkable redshifts of various N derivatives. Thus, some derivatives were found to absorb light with an absorption onset up to 556 nm. The incorporation of DTF units comes, however, with a drawback with regard to achieving reversible N-to-Q and Q-to-N isomerizations. For some derivatives, the photoisomerization was completely quenched. The compounds were subjected to a computational study to shed light on the underlying reason for this reluctance to undergo photoisomerization. The computational study revealed that in these systems, the first excited state (S1) is positioned close to or lower than the transition state for photoconversion, effectively blocking a possible conversion to Q, thus revealing a practical challenge for the future design of N-Q energy storage systems with an improved solar spectrum match.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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29
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Schwarz M, Schuschke C, Silva TN, Mohr S, Waidhas F, Brummel O, Libuda J. A simple high-intensity UV-photon source for photochemical studies in UHV: Application to the photoconversion of norbornadiene to quadricyclane. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2019; 90:024105. [PMID: 30831747 DOI: 10.1063/1.5079320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Photochemical in situ studies in a well-controlled surface science environment can help to understand photochemical reactions in organic thin films in more detail. To perform such studies without external focusing or light guiding systems, we designed a high-intensity UV-photon source, which is compatible with an ultra-high vacuum (UHV) environment. The UV source is based on a high power light-emitting diode (LED), soldered onto a copper heat reservoir to avoid overheating. The LED can be placed in close vicinity in front of a single crystal, providing flux densities of 2 × 1018 photons s-1 cm-2 at a wavelength of 365 nm. Thus, the device provides light intensities one order of magnitude higher as compared to conventional continuous wave arc lamps, at only a small variation of the flux of less than ±20% over a sample surface of 10 × 8 mm2. The UV source is mounted in a UHV infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy system and triggered by using the IR spectrometer. This allows fully automatized in situ IR studies of photochemical reactions at interfaces and thin films. We prove the functionality of the device by studying the photochemical conversion of norbornadiene (NBD) to quadricyclane (QC) mediated by the photosensitizer 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone, MK). NBD and MK were grown by physical vapor deposition in the form of thin films on Pt(111) at 120 K. Even at prolonged UV irradiation (>100 s), the temperature of the sample increased by less than 10 K. We report first successful conversion of NBD to QC under UHV conditions and follow the conversion behavior as a function of the photon dose and NBD/MK ratio. Initial quantum yields of up to 23% and selectivity for a QC of 70% are obtained at NBD/MK of 7.4:1, indicating good electronic coupling between NBD and MK even in a frozen multilayer. For both very small and very large NBD loadings, the conversion efficiency decreases, which is attributed to the effect of the metallic substrate and phase separation in thick multilayers, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Schwarz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Thais Nascimento Silva
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Susanne Mohr
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, D-91058 Erlangen, Germany
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30
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Flid VR, Gringolts ML, Shamsiev RS, Finkelshtein ES. Norbornene, norbornadiene and their derivatives: promising semi-products for organic synthesis and production of polymeric materials. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2018. [DOI: 10.1070/rcr4834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The methods for synthesis of promising norbornene monomers from norbornadiene and quadricyclane are summarized. A strategy for their synthesis is discussed, combining theoretical and experimental approaches to the selection of catalysts and the conditions for carrying out stereoselective reactions. The mechanisms of catalytic reactions of synthesis of norbornene monomers, as well as the progress in the macromolecular design of functional polymeric materials based on them, are considered. The data on industrial processes of production of polynorbornenes and areas of their use are presented.
The bibliography includes 297 references.
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31
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Dreos A, Wang Z, Tebikachew BE, Moth-Poulsen K, Andréasson J. Three-Input Molecular Keypad Lock Based on a Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane Photoswitch. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:6174-6178. [PMID: 30296093 PMCID: PMC6218103 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.8b02567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Accepted: 10/08/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The photo- and acidochromic properties of a new generation norbornadiene derivative have been harnessed for the realization of a three-input keypad lock, where a specific sequence of inputs induces a unique output. Reversible quadricyclane/norbornadiene photoisomerization is reported, and this rare feature allows the first example of a norbornadiene-based molecular logic system. The function of this system is clearly rationalized in terms of the interconversion scheme and the absorption spectra of the involved species.
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32
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Dong L, Feng Y, Wang L, Feng W. Azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels: design, properties, and applications. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:7339-7368. [PMID: 30168543 DOI: 10.1039/c8cs00470f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Development of renewable energy technologies has been a significant area of research amongst scientists with the aim of attaining a sustainable world society. Solar thermal fuels that can capture, convert, store, and release solar energy in the form of heat through reversible photoisomerization of molecular photoswitches such as azobenzene derivatives are currently in the limelight of research. Herein, we provide a state-of-the-art account on the recent advancements in solar thermal fuels based on azobenzene photoswitches. We begin with an overview on the importance of azobenzene-based solar thermal fuels and their fundamentals. Then, we highlight the recent advances in diverse azobenzene materials for solar thermal fuels such as pure azobenzene derivatives, nanocarbon-templated azobenzene, and polymer-templated azobenzene. The basic design concepts of these advanced solar energy storage materials are discussed, and their promising applications are highlighted. We then introduce the recent endeavors in the molecular design of azobenzene derivatives toward efficient solar thermal fuels, and conclude with new perspectives on the future scope, opportunities and challenges. It is expected that continuous pioneering research involving scientists and engineers from diverse technological backgrounds could trigger the rapid advancement of this important interdisciplinary field, which embraces chemistry, physics, engineering, nanoscience, nanotechnology, materials science, polymer science, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liqi Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, P. R. China.
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33
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Jevric M, Petersen AU, Mansø M, Kumar Singh S, Wang Z, Dreos A, Sumby C, Nielsen MB, Börjesson K, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K. Norbornadiene-Based Photoswitches with Exceptional Combination of Solar Spectrum Match and Long-Term Energy Storage. Chemistry 2018; 24:12767-12772. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201802932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anne U. Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Sandeep Kumar Singh
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Sumby
- Department of Chemistry; School of Physical Sciences; The University of Adelaide; SA 5005 Australia
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry; University of Copenhagen; Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Ø Denmark
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology; University of Gothenburg; 41296 Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Chalmers University of Technology; 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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34
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Mansø M, Petersen AU, Wang Z, Erhart P, Nielsen MB, Moth-Poulsen K. Molecular solar thermal energy storage in photoswitch oligomers increases energy densities and storage times. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1945. [PMID: 29769524 PMCID: PMC5956078 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04230-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches can be used for solar thermal energy storage by photoisomerization into high-energy, meta-stable isomers; we present a molecular design strategy leading to photoswitches with high energy densities and long storage times. High measured energy densities of up to 559 kJ kg−1 (155 Wh kg−1), long storage lifetimes up to 48.5 days, and high quantum yields of conversion of up to 94% per subunit are demonstrated in norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) photo-/thermoswitch couples incorporated into dimeric and trimeric structures. By changing the linker unit between the NBD units, we can at the same time fine-tune light-harvesting and energy densities of the dimers and trimers so that they exceed those of their monomeric analogs. These new oligomers thereby meet several of the criteria to be met for an optimum molecule to ultimately enter actual devices being able to undergo closed cycles of solar light-harvesting, energy storage, and heat release. Molecular solar thermal systems are promising for storing solar energy but achieving high energy storage densities and absorption characteristics matching the solar spectrum is challenging. Here the authors present a design strategy for electronically coupled photoswitches which allow for high energy density storage for solar energy storage applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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35
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Ganguly G, Sultana M, Paul A. Designing Efficient Solar-Thermal Fuels with [n.n](9,10)Anthracene Cyclophanes: A Theoretical Perspective. J Phys Chem Lett 2018; 9:328-334. [PMID: 29256618 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b03170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal storage (MOST) systems have been largely limited to three classes of molecular motifs: azo-benzene, norbornadiene, and transition metal based fulvalene-tetracarbonyl systems. Photodimerization of anthracene has been known for a century; however, this photoprocess has not been successfully exploited for MOST purposes due to its poor energy storage. Using well-calibrated theoretical methods on a series of [n.n](9,10)bis-anthracene cyclophanes, we have exposed that they can store solar energy into chemical bonds and can release in the form of heat energy on demand under mild conditions. The storage is mainly attributed to the strain in the rings formed by the alkyl linkers upon photoexcitation. Our results demonstrate that the gravimetric energy storage density for longer alkyl-chain linkers (n > 3) are comparable to those for the best-known candidates; however, it lacks some of the deleterious attributes of known systems, thus making the proposed molecules desirable targets for MOST applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaurab Ganguly
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Munia Sultana
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Ankan Paul
- Raman Center for Atomic, Molecular and Optical Science, Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science , 2A & 2B Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
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36
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Lennartson A, Moth-Poulsen K. Molecular Solar-Thermal Energy Storage: Molecular Design and Functional Devices. GREEN CHEMISTRY AND SUSTAINABLE TECHNOLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-5924-7_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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37
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Brummel O, Waidhas F, Bauer U, Wu Y, Bochmann S, Steinrück HP, Papp C, Bachmann J, Libuda J. Photochemical Energy Storage and Electrochemically Triggered Energy Release in the Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane System: UV Photochemistry and IR Spectroelectrochemistry in a Combined Experiment. J Phys Chem Lett 2017; 8:2819-2825. [PMID: 28565910 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.7b00995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The two valence isomers norbornadiene (NBD) and quadricyclane (QC) enable solar energy storage in a single molecule system. We present a new photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (PEC-IRRAS) experiment, which allows monitoring of the complete energy storage and release cycle by in situ vibrational spectroscopy. Both processes were investigated, the photochemical conversion from NBD to QC using the photosensitizer 4,4'-bis(dimethylamino)benzophenone (Michler's ketone, MK) and the electrochemically triggered cycloreversion from QC to NBD. Photochemical conversion was obtained with characteristic conversion times on the order of 500 ms. All experiments were performed under full potential control in a thin-layer configuration with a Pt(111) working electrode. The vibrational spectra of NBD, QC, and MK were analyzed in the fingerprint region, permitting quantitative analysis of the spectroscopic data. We determined selectivities for both the photochemical conversion and the electrochemical cycloreversion and identified the critical steps that limit the reversibility of the storage cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Udo Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Bochmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058 Erlangen, Deutschland
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38
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Koerstz M, Elm J, Mikkelsen KV. Benchmark Study of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of a Dihydroazulene/Vinylheptafulvene Photoswitch. J Phys Chem A 2017; 121:3148-3154. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.7b01207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mads Koerstz
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonas Elm
- Department
of Physics, University of Helsinki, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, H. C. Ørsted Institute, University of Copenhagen, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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39
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Cho EN, Zhitomirsky D, Han GGD, Liu Y, Grossman JC. Molecularly Engineered Azobenzene Derivatives for High Energy Density Solid-State Solar Thermal Fuels. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:8679-8687. [PMID: 28234453 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b15018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Solar thermal fuels (STFs) harvest and store solar energy in a closed cycle system through conformational change of molecules and can release the energy in the form of heat on demand. With the aim of developing tunable and optimized STFs for solid-state applications, we designed three azobenzene derivatives functionalized with bulky aromatic groups (phenyl, biphenyl, and tert-butyl phenyl groups). In contrast to pristine azobenzene, which crystallizes and makes nonuniform films, the bulky azobenzene derivatives formed uniform amorphous films that can be charged and discharged with light and heat for many cycles. Thermal stability of the films, a critical metric for thermally triggerable STFs, was greatly increased by the bulky functionalization (up to 180 °C), and we were able to achieve record high energy density of 135 J/g for solid-state STFs, over a 30% improvement compared to previous solid-state reports. Furthermore, the chargeability in the solid state was improved, up to 80% charged from 40% charged in previous solid-state reports. Our results point toward molecular engineering as an effective method to increase energy storage in STFs, improve chargeability, and improve the thermal stability of the thin film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene N Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - David Zhitomirsky
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Grace G D Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey C Grossman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology , Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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40
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Grabarz AM, Jędrzejewska B, Zakrzewska A, Zaleśny R, Laurent AD, Jacquemin D, Ośmiałowski B. Photophysical Properties of Phenacylphenantridine Difluoroboranyls: Effect of Substituent and Double Benzannulation. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1529-1537. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Grabarz
- Department
of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Beata Jędrzejewska
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Anna Zakrzewska
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Robert Zaleśny
- Department
of Physical and Quantum Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wyb. Wyspiańskiego 27, PL-50370 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Adèle D. Laurent
- Laboratoire
CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la
Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Denis Jacquemin
- Laboratoire
CEISAM, UMR CNRS 6230, Université de Nantes, 2 Rue de la
Houssinière, BP92208, 44322 Cedex 3 Nantes, France
| | - Borys Ośmiałowski
- Faculty
of Chemical Technology and Engineering, UTP University of Science and Technology, Seminaryjna 3, PL-85326 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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41
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Spivack KJ, Walker JV, Sanford MJ, Rupert BR, Ehle AR, Tocyloski JM, Jahn AN, Shaak LM, Obianyo O, Usher KM, Goodson FE. Substituted Diarylnorbornadienes and Quadricyclanes: Synthesis, Photochemical Properties, and Effect of Substituent on the Kinetic Stability of Quadricyclanes. J Org Chem 2017; 82:1301-1315. [PMID: 28075129 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.6b02025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J. Spivack
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Jesse V. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Maria J. Sanford
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Benjamin R. Rupert
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Andrew R. Ehle
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - James M. Tocyloski
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Aaron N. Jahn
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Lyndsey M. Shaak
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Obiamaka Obianyo
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Karyn M. Usher
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
| | - Felix E. Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, West Chester University of Pennsylvania, West Chester, Pennsylvania 19383, United States
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42
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Bauer U, Mohr S, Döpper T, Bachmann P, Späth F, Düll F, Schwarz M, Brummel O, Fromm L, Pinkert U, Görling A, Hirsch A, Bachmann J, Steinrück HP, Libuda J, Papp C. Catalytically Triggered Energy Release from Strained Organic Molecules: The Surface Chemistry of Quadricyclane and Norbornadiene on Pt(111). Chemistry 2016; 23:1613-1622. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201604443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Udo Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Susanne Mohr
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Tibor Döpper
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Philipp Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Florian Späth
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Fabian Düll
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Matthias Schwarz
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Ute Pinkert
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Andreas Hirsch
- Lehrstuhl für Organische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Henkestrasse 42 91054 Erlangen Germany
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 1 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC); Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II; Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg; Egerlandstrasse 3 91058 Erlangen Germany
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43
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Quant M, Lennartson A, Dreos A, Kuisma M, Erhart P, Börjesson K, Moth-Poulsen K. Low Molecular Weight Norbornadiene Derivatives for Molecular Solar-Thermal Energy Storage. Chemistry 2016; 22:13265-74. [PMID: 27492997 PMCID: PMC5096010 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201602530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems are based on molecular switches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. Herein, we report the synthesis, characterization, and computational evaluation of a series of low molecular weight (193-260 g mol(-1) ) norbornadiene-quadricyclane systems. The molecules feature cyano acceptor and ethynyl-substituted aromatic donor groups, leading to a good match with solar irradiation, quantitative photo-thermal conversion between the norbornadiene and quadricyclane, as well as high energy storage densities (396-629 kJ kg(-1) ). The spectroscopic properties and energy storage capability have been further evaluated through density functional theory calculations, which indicate that the ethynyl moiety plays a critical role in obtaining the high oscillator strengths seen for these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Lennartson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigården 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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44
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Kuisma M, Lundin A, Moth-Poulsen K, Hyldgaard P, Erhart P. Optimization of Norbornadiene Compounds for Solar Thermal Storage by First-Principles Calculations. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1786-1794. [PMID: 27254282 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 04/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches capable of storing solar energy are interesting candidates for future renewable energy applications. Here, using quantum mechanical calculations, we carry out a systematic screening of crucial optical (solar spectrum match) and thermal (storage energy density) properties of 64 such compounds based on the norbornadiene-quadricyclane system. Whereas a substantial number of these molecules reach the theoretical maximum solar power conversion efficiency, this requires a strong red-shift of the absorption spectrum, which causes undesirable absorption by the photoisomer as well as reduced thermal stability. These compounds typically also have a large molecular mass, leading to low storage densities. By contrast, single-substituted systems achieve a good compromise between efficiency and storage density, while avoiding competing absorption by the photo-isomer. This establishes guiding principles for the future development of molecular solar thermal storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Kuisma
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Angelica Lundin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Per Hyldgaard
- Department of Microtechnology and Nano Science, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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45
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Brummel O, Besold D, Döpper T, Wu Y, Bochmann S, Lazzari F, Waidhas F, Bauer U, Bachmann P, Papp C, Steinrück HP, Görling A, Libuda J, Bachmann J. Energy Storage in Strained Organic Molecules: (Spectro)Electrochemical Characterization of Norbornadiene and Quadricyclane. CHEMSUSCHEM 2016; 9:1424-1432. [PMID: 27094340 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201600127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
We have investigated the electrochemically triggered cycloreversion of quadricyclane (QC) to norbornadiene (NBD), a system that holds the potential to combine both energy storage and conversion in a single molecule. Unambiguous voltammetric traces are obtained for pure NBD and pure QC, the latter a strained polycyclic isomer of the former. The difference in redox potentials is smaller than the energy difference between the neutral molecules. This is owing to a significant energy difference between the corresponding radical cations, as demonstrated by density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The vibrational modes of each pure compound are characterized experimentally in the fingerprint region and identified by DFT methods. Thermal and electrochemical transformations of NBD and QC are monitored in situ by IR spectroelectrochemical methods. The kinetics of the cycloreversion of QC to NBD, which is catalyzed by oxidizing equivalents, can be controlled by an applied electrode potential, which implies the ability to adjust in real time the release of thermal power stored in QC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olaf Brummel
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Daniel Besold
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Tibor Döpper
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Yanlin Wu
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bochmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Federica Lazzari
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Udo Bauer
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Philipp Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Papp
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Steinrück
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Lehrstuhl für Physikalische Chemie II, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 3, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
- Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
| | - Julien Bachmann
- Lehrstuhl für Anorganische und Allgemeine Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstrasse 1, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.
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