1
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Magson L, Hölzel H, Aslam AS, Henninger S, Munz G, Moth-Poulsen K, Knaebbeler-Buss M, Funes-Ardoiz I, Sampedro D. Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon-Based Heterogeneous Catalysts for Energy Release of Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2024; 16:7211-7218. [PMID: 38301237 PMCID: PMC10875640 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c16855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/03/2024]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems are rapidly becoming a feasible alternative to energy storage and net-zero carbon emission heating. MOST systems involve a single photoisomerization pair that incorporates light absorption, storage, and heat release processes in one recurring cycle. Despite significant recent advancements in the field, the catalytic back-reaction from MOST systems remains relatively unexplored. A wide range of applications is possible, contingent on the energy densities of the specific photoisomers. Here, we report platinum-, copper-, and nickel-based heterogeneous catalysts screened in batch conditions for the back-conversion reaction on the cyano-3-(4-methoxyphenyl)-norbornadiene/quadricyclane pair. Catalyst reactivities are investigated using structural characterization, imaging techniques, and spectroscopic analysis. Finally, the thermal stability is also explored for our best-performing catalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucien Magson
- Instituto
de Investigación en Química de la Universidad de La
Rioja (IQUR), C/Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26004, La Rioja
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivagen 4, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Adil S. Aslam
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivagen 4, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Stefan Henninger
- Heating
and Cooling Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute
for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstr. 2, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Gunther Munz
- Heating
and Cooling Technologies, Fraunhofer Institute
for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstr. 2, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Kemivagen 4, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10-14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Llúıs Companys
23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
| | - Markus Knaebbeler-Buss
- Hydrogen
Technologies and Electrical Energy Storage, Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems (ISE), Heidenhofstr. 2, Freiburg 79110, Germany
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Instituto
de Investigación en Química de la Universidad de La
Rioja (IQUR), C/Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26004, La Rioja
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Instituto
de Investigación en Química de la Universidad de La
Rioja (IQUR), C/Madre de Dios 53, Logroño 26004, La Rioja
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2
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Salthouse RJ, Moth-Poulsen K. Multichromophoric photoswitches for solar energy storage: from azobenzene to norbornadiene, and MOST things in between. J Mater Chem A Mater 2024; 12:3180-3208. [PMID: 38327567 PMCID: PMC10846599 DOI: 10.1039/d3ta05972c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The ever-increasing global demands for energy supply and storage have led to numerous research efforts into finding and developing renewable energy technologies. Molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) systems utilise molecular photoswitches that can be isomerized to a metastable high-energy state upon solar irradiation. These high-energy isomers can then be thermally or catalytically converted back to their original state, releasing the stored energy as heat on-demand, offering a means of emission-free energy storage from a closed system, often from only organic materials. In this context, multichromophoric systems which incorporate two or more photochromic units may offer additional functionality over monosubstituted analogues, due to their potential to access multiple states as well as having more attractive physical properties. The extended conjugation offered by these systems can lead to a red shift in the absorption profile and hence a better overlap with the solar spectrum. Additionally, the multichromophoric design may lead to increased energy storage densities due to some of the molecular weight being 'shared' across several energy storage units. This review provides an overview and analysis of multichromophoric photoswitches incorporating the norbornadiene/quadricyclane (NBD/QC) couple, azobenzene (AZB), dihydroazulene (DHA) and diarylethene (DAE) systems, in the context of energy storage applications. Mixed systems, where two or more different chromophores are linked together in one molecule, are also discussed, as well as limitations such as the loss of photochromism due to inner filter effects or self-quenching, and how these challenges may be overcome in future designs of multichromophoric systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca J Salthouse
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 16 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Llu'ıs Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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3
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Baggi N, Hölzel H, Schomaker H, Moreno K, Moth-Poulsen K. Flow-Integrated Preparation of Norbornadiene Precursors for Solar Thermal Energy Storage. ChemSusChem 2024; 17:e202301184. [PMID: 37747153 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202301184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems are getting increased attention related to renewable energy storage applications. Particularly, 2,3-difunctionalized norbornadiene-quadricyclane (NBD-QC) switches bearing a nitrile (CN) group as one of the two substituents are investigated as promising MOST candidates thanks to their high energy storage densities and their red-shifted absorbance. Moreover, such NBD systems can be prepared in large quantities (a requirement for MOST-device applications) in flow through Diels-Alder reaction between cyclopentadiene and appropriately functionalized propynenitriles. However, these acetylene precursors are traditionally prepared in batch from their corresponding acetophenones using reactive chemicals potentially leading to health and physical hazards, especially when working on a several-grams scale. Here, we develop a multistep flow-chemistry route to enhance the production of these crucial precursors. Furthermore, we assess the atom economy (AE) and the E-factor showing improved green metrics compared to classical batch methods. Our results pave the way for a complete flow synthesis of NBDs with a positive impact on green chemistry aspects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hannes Schomaker
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- AutoSyn AB, Plockerotegatan 207, SE-422 57, Hisings Backa, Sweden
| | - Kevin Moreno
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
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4
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Gimenez-Gomez A, Rollins B, Steele A, Hölzel H, Baggi N, Moth-Poulsen K, Funes-Ardoiz I, Sampedro D. Unveiling the Potential of Heterogeneous Catalysts for Molecular Solar Thermal Systems. Chemistry 2024; 30:e202303230. [PMID: 37947164 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy utilization has gained considerable attention due to its abundance and renewability. However, its intermittent nature presents a challenge in harnessing its full potential. The development of energy storing compounds capable of capturing and releasing solar energy on demand has emerged as a potential solution. These compounds undergo a photochemical transformation that results in a high-energy metastable photoisomer, which stores solar energy in the form of chemical bonds and can release it as heat when required. Such systems are referred to as MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST)-systems. Although the photoisomerization of MOST systems has been vastly studied, its back-conversion, particularly using heterogeneous catalysts, is still underexplored and the development of effective catalysts for releasing stored energy is crucial. Herein we compare the performance of 27 heterogeneous catalysts releasing the stored energy in an efficient Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane (NBD/QC) MOST system. We report the first benchmarking of heterogeneous catalysts for a MOST system using a robust comparison method of the catalysts' activity and monitoring the conversion using UV-Visible (UV-Vis) spectroscopy. Our findings provide insights into the development of effective catalysts for MOST systems. We anticipate that our assay will reveal the necessity of further investigation on heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Gimenez-Gomez
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Benjamin Rollins
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Andrew Steele
- Johnson Matthey Technology Centre, Blounts Court Road, Sonning Common, RG4 9NH, Reading, UK
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Nicolò Baggi
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ignacio Funes-Ardoiz
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Diego Sampedro
- Department of Chemistry, Instituto de Investigación Química de la Universidad de La Rioja (IQUR), Universidad de La Rioja, Madre de Dios 53, 26006, Logroño, Spain
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5
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Naimovičius L, Radiunas E, Dapkevičius M, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K, Kazlauskas K. The statistical probability factor in triplet mediated photon upconversion: a case study with perylene. J Mater Chem C Mater 2023; 11:14826-14832. [PMID: 38013844 PMCID: PMC10621484 DOI: 10.1039/d3tc03158f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process where two low-energy photons are converted into one higher-energy photon. A crucial component for an efficient upconversion process is the statistical probability factor (f), defined as the probability of the formation of a high-energy singlet state upon coupling of two low-energy triplet states. Theoretically, f depends on the energy level distribution, molecular orientation, inter-triplet exchange coupling of triplet dyads, and spin-mixing of resulting spin states (singlet, triplet, and quintet). However, experimental values of f for acene-based annihilators have been subject to large variations due to many factors that have resulted in the reporting of different f values for the same molecule. In this work, we discuss these factors by studying perylene as a case study annihilator, for which by far the largest variation in f = 16 to 100% has been reported. We systematically investigated the TTA-UC of PdTPBP:perylene, as a sensitizer-annihilator pair and obtained the experimental f = 17.9 ± 2.1% for perylene in THF solution. This limits the maximum TTA-UC quantum yield to 9.0% (out of 50%) for this annihilator. We found that such a low f value for perylene is largely governed by the energy-gap law where higher non-radiative losses due to the small energy gap between 2 × T1 and T2 affect the probability of singlet formation. Interestingly, we found this observation true for other acene-based annihilators whose emission ranges from the UV to the yellow region, thus providing a blueprint for future design of efficient TTA-UC systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Radiunas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Manvydas Dapkevičius
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio Av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
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6
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Olesund A, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Bulky Substituents Promote Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Over Triplet Excimer Formation in Naphthalene Derivatives. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22168-22175. [PMID: 37766514 PMCID: PMC10571077 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c08115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) triplet-triplet annihilation photochemical upconversion (TTA-UC) has gained a lot of attention recently due to its potential for driving demanding high-energy photoreactions using low-intensity visible light. The efficiency of this process has rapidly improved in the past few years, in part thanks to the recently discovered annihilator compound 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene (N-2TIPS). Despite its beneficial TTA-UC characteristics, the success of N-2TIPS in this context is not yet fully understood. In this work, we seek to elucidate what role the specific type and number of substituents in naphthalene annihilator compounds play to achieve the characteristics sought after for TTA-UC. We show that the type of substituent attached to the naphthalene core is crucial for its performance as an annihilator. More specifically, we argue that the choice of substituent dictates to what degree the sensitized triplets form excimer complexes with ground state annihilators of the same type, which is a process competing with that of TTA. The addition of more bulky substituents positively impacts the upconverting ability by impeding excimer formation on the triplet surface, an effect that is enhanced with the number of substituents. The presence of triplet excimers is confirmed from transient absorption measurements, and the excimer formation rate is quantified, showing several orders of magnitude differences between different derivatives. These insights will aid in the further development of annihilator compounds for solar energy applications for which the behavior at low incident powers is of particular significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10−14, Barcelona 08019, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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7
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Tassignon B, Wang Z, Galanti A, De Winter J, Samorì P, Cornil J, Moth-Poulsen K, Gerbaux P. Site Selectivity of Peptoids as Azobenzene Scaffold for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Chemistry 2023:e202303168. [PMID: 37796081 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202303168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
Storing solar energy is a key challenge in modern science. MOlecular Solar Thermal (MOST) systems, in particular those based on azobenzene switches, have received great interest in the last decades. The energy storage properties of azobenzene (t1/2 <4 days; ΔH~270 kJ/kg) must be improved for future applications. Herein, we introduce peptoids as programmable supramolecular scaffolds to improve the energy storage properties of azobenzene-based MOST systems. We demonstrate with 3-unit peptoids bearing a single azobenzene chromophore that dynamics of the MOST systems can be tuned depending on the anchoring position of the photochromic unit on the macromolecular backbone. We measured a remarkable increase of the half-life of the metastable form up to 14 days at 20 °C for a specific anchoring site, significantly higher than the isolated azobenzene moiety, thus opening new perspectives for MOST development. We also highlight that liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry does not only enable to monitor the different stereoisomers during the photoisomerization process as traditionally done, but also allows to determine the thermal back-isomerization kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Tassignon
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), Chemistry Department, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Chemistry Department, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigârden, 4, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, 27 Charles Babbage Rd, Cambridge, CB3 0FS, UK
| | - Agostino Galanti
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Julien De Winter
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), Chemistry Department, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Paolo Samorì
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS, ISIS UMR 7006, 8 Allée Gaspard Monge, F-67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Jérôme Cornil
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, Chemistry Department, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemigârden, 4, 41296, Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pascal Gerbaux
- Organic Synthesis and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory (S2MOs), Chemistry Department, Materials Research Institute, University of Mons, Place du Parc 23, 7000, Mons, Belgium
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Elholm JL, Obel OB, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Searching the Chemical Space of Bicyclic Dienes for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Candidates. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202309543. [PMID: 37489860 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202309543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches are molecular systems that are chemically transformed subsequent to interaction with light and they find potential application in many new technologies. The design and discovery of photoswitch candidates require intricate molecular engineering of a range of properties to optimize a candidate to a specific applications, a task which can be tackled efficiently using quantum chemical screening procedures. In this paper, we perform a large scale screening of approximately half a million bicyclic diene photoswitches in the context of molecular solar thermal energy storage using ab initio quantum chemical methods. We further device an efficient strategy for scoring the systems based on their predicted solar energy conversion efficiency and elucidate potential pitfalls of this approach. Our search through the chemical space of bicyclic dienes reveals systems with unprecedented solar energy conversion efficiencies and storage densities that show promising design guidelines for next generation molecular solar thermal energy storage systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Oscar Berlin Obel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019, Barcelona, Spain
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100, Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
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9
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Martin-Drumel MA, Spaniol JT, Hölzel H, Agúndez M, Cernicharo J, Moth-Poulsen K, Jacovella U. Searches for bridged bicyclic molecules in space-norbornadiene and its cyano derivatives. Faraday Discuss 2023; 245:284-297. [PMID: 37305958 PMCID: PMC10510035 DOI: 10.1039/d3fd00016h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
The norbornadiene (NBD) molecule, C7H8, owes its fame to its remarkable photoswitching properties that are promising for molecular solar-thermal energy storage systems. Besides this photochemical interest, NBD is a rather unreactive species within astrophysical conditions and it should exhibit high photostability, properties that might also position this molecule as an important constituent of the interstellar medium (ISM)-especially in environments that are well shielded from short-wavelength radiation, such as dense molecular clouds. It is thus conceivable that, once formed, NBD can survive in dense molecular clouds and act as a carbon sink. Following the recent interstellar detections of large hydrocarbons, including several cyano-containing ones, in the dense molecular cloud TMC-1, it is thus logical to consider searching for NBD-which presents a shallow but non-zero permanent electric dipole moment (0.06 D)-as well as for its mono- and dicyano-substituted compounds, referred to as CN-NBD and DCN-NBD, respectively. The pure rotational spectra of NBD, CN-NBD, and DCN-NBD have been measured at 300 K in the 75-110 GHz range using a chirped-pulse Fourier-transform millimetre-wave spectrometer. Of the three species, only NBD was previously studied at high resolution in the microwave domain. From the present measurements, the derived spectroscopic constants enable prediction of the spectra of all three species at various rotational temperatures (up to 300 K) in the spectral range mapped at high resolution by current radio observatories. Unsuccessful searches for these molecules were conducted toward TMC-1 using the QUIJOTE survey, carried out at the Yebes telescope, allowing derivation of the upper limits to the column densities of 1.6 × 1014 cm-2, 4.9 × 1010 cm-2, and 2.9 × 1010 cm-2 for NBD, CN-NBD, and DCN-NBD, respectively. Using CN-NBD and cyano-indene as proxies for the corresponding bare hydrocarbons, this indicates that-if present in TMC-1-NBD would be at least four times less abundant than indene.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jean-Thibaut Spaniol
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France.
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcelino Agúndez
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Department of Molecular Astrophysics, Serrano 121, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jose Cernicharo
- Instituto de Física Fundamental, CSIC, Department of Molecular Astrophysics, Serrano 121, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ugo Jacovella
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d'Orsay, 91405 Orsay, France.
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10
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Wen X, Nazemi SA, da Silva RR, Moth-Poulsen K. The Effect of the Pd Precursors on the Shape of Hollow Ag-Pd Alloy Nanoparticles Using Ag Nanocubes as Seeds. Langmuir 2023; 39:11268-11273. [PMID: 37505905 PMCID: PMC10433512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c00799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Hollow Ag-Pd nanoparticles have potentially high catalytic performance owing to their larger surface area compared to their corresponding solid nanoparticles. We successfully fabricated hollow Ag-Pd alloy nanodendrites and nanoboxes by using different Pd precursors (H2PdCl4 and Pd(acac)2) to achieve large surface area nanoboxes. Interestingly, the use of a H2PdCl4 precursor led to the formation of hollow nanodendrite structures, whereas the slower reduction of Pd(acac)2 led to the formation of hollow nanoboxes. The microstructure and chemical composition of Ag-Pd nanoparticles and properties of their growth solutions were investigated by transmission electron microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Seyed Amirabbas Nazemi
- Department
of Physics, Engineering, Earth, Environmental sciences, and Mechanics, University of Grenoble Alpes, 38400 Saint Martin d’Hères, France
- School
of Life Science, University of Applied Sciences
and Arts Northwestern Switzerlanz, Hofackerstrasee 30, Muttenz CH-4132, Switzerland
| | - Robson Rosa da Silva
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- NanoScientifica
Scandinavia AB, Stena Center, Studio 4166, 41 292 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- The
Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Llu′ıs Companys
23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10−14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
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11
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Baronas P, Elholm JL, Moth-Poulsen K. Efficient degassing and ppm-level oxygen monitoring flow chemistry system. REACT CHEM ENG 2023; 8:2052-2059. [PMID: 37496729 PMCID: PMC10366651 DOI: 10.1039/d3re00109a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Low oxygen levels are critical for a long range of chemical transformations carried out in both flow and batch chemistry. Here, we present an inline continuous flow degassing system based on a gas-permeable membrane inside a vacuum chamber for achieving and monitoring ppm-level oxygen concentrations in solutions. The oxygen presence was monitored with a molecular oxygen probe and a continuously running UV-vis spectrometer. An automated setup for discovering optimal reaction conditions for minimal oxygen presence was devised. The parameters tested were: flow rate, vacuum pressure, solvent back-pressure, tube material, tube length and solvent oxygen solubility. The inline degassing system was proven to be effective in removing up to 99.9% of ambient oxygen from solvents at a flow rate of 300 μl min-1 and 4 mbar vacuum pressure inside the degassing chamber. Reaching lower oxygen concentrations was limited by gas permeation in the tubing following the degassing unit, which could be addressed by purging large volume flow reactors with an inert gas after degassing or by using tubing with lower gas permeability, such as stainless steel tubing. Among all factors, oxygen solubility in solvents was found to play a significant role in achieving efficient degassing of solvents. The data presented here can be used to choose optimal experimental parameters for oxygen-sensitive reactions in flow chemistry reaction setups. The data were also fitted to an analytically derived model from simple differential equations in physical context of the experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulius Baronas
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Jacob Lynge Elholm
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Chalmers University of Technology, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering SE-412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain https://www.moth-poulsen.com
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12
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Darmadi I, Östergren I, Lerch S, Lund A, Moth-Poulsen K, Müller C, Langhammer C. Bulk-Processed Plasmonic Plastic Nanocomposite Materials for Optical Hydrogen Detection. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37352016 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusSensors are ubiquitous, and their importance is only going to increase across many areas of modern technology. In this respect, hydrogen gas (H2) sensors are no exception since they allow mitigation of the inherent safety risks associated with mixtures of H2 and air. The deployment of H2 technologies is rapidly accelerating in emerging energy, transport, and green steel-making sectors, where not only safety but also process monitoring sensors are in high demand. To meet this demand, cost-effective and scalable routes for mass production of sensing materials are required. Here, the state-of-the-art often resorts to processes derived from the microelectronics industry where surface-based micro- and nanofabrication are the methods of choice and where (H2) sensor manufacturing is no exception.In this Account, we discuss how our recent efforts to develop sensors based on plasmonic plastics may complement the current state-of-the-art. We explore a new H2 sensor paradigm, established through a series of recent publications, that combines (i) the plasmonic optical H2 detection principle and (ii) bulk-processed nanocomposite materials. In particular, plasmonic plastic nanocomposite sensing materials are described that comprise plasmonic H2-sensitive colloidally synthesized nanoparticles dispersed in a polymer matrix and enable the additive manufacturing of H2 sensors in a cost-effective and scalable way. We first discuss the concept of plasmonic plastic nanocomposite materials for the additive manufacturing of an active plasmonic sensing material on the basis of the three key components that require individual and concerted optimization: (i) the plasmonic sensing metal nanoparticles, (ii) the surfactant/stabilizer molecules on the nanoparticle surface from colloidal synthesis, and (iii) the polymer matrix. We then introduce the working principle of plasmonic H2 detection, which relies on the selective absorption of H species into hydride-forming metal nanoparticles that, in turn, induces distinct changes in their optical plasmonic signature in proportion to the H2 concentration in the local atmosphere. Subsequently, we assess the roles of the key components of a plasmonic plastic for H2 sensing, where we have established that (i) alloying Pd with Au and Cu eliminates hysteresis and introduces intrinsic deactivation resistance at ambient conditions, (ii) surfactant/stabilizer molecules can significantly accelerate and decelerate H2 sorption and thus sensor response, and (iii) polymer coatings accelerate sensor response, reduce the limit of detection (LoD), and enable molecular filtering for sensor operation in chemically challenging environments. Based on these insights, we discuss the rational development and detailed characterization of bulk-processed plasmonic plastics based on glassy and fluorinated matrix polymers and on tailored flow-chemistry-based synthesis of Pd and PdAu alloy colloidal nanoparticles with optimized stabilizer molecules. In their champion implementation, they enable highly stable H2 sensors with response times in the 2 s range and an LoD of few 10 ppm of H2. To put plasmonic plastics in a wider perspective, we also report their implementation using different polymer matrix materials that can be used for 3D printing and (an)isotropic Au nanoparticles that enable the manufacturing of macroscopic plasmonic objects with, if required, dichroic optical properties and in amounts that can be readily upscaled. We advertise that melt processing of plasmonic plastic nanocomposites is a viable route toward the realization of plasmonic objects and sensors, produced by scalable colloidal synthesis and additive manufacturing techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwan Darmadi
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Ida Östergren
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Anja Lund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
- Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Christian Müller
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Göteborg, Sweden
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13
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Naimovičius L, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion solar energy systems. Mater Chem Front 2023; 7:2297-2315. [PMID: 37313216 PMCID: PMC10259159 DOI: 10.1039/d3qm00069a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Solar energy harvesting is among the best solutions for a global transition toward carbon-neutral energy technologies. The existing solar energy harvesting technologies like photovoltaics (PV) and emerging molecular concepts such as solar fuels and molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) are rapidly developing. However, to realize their full potential, fundamental solar energy loss channels like photon transmission, recombination, and thermalization need to be addressed. Triplet-triplet annihilation mediated photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is emerging as a way to overcome losses due to the transmission of photons below the PV/chromophore band gap. However, there are several challenges related to the integration of efficient solid-state TTA-UC systems into efficient devices such as: wide band absorption, materials sustainability, and device architecture. In this article, we review existing work, identify and discuss challenges as well as present our perspective toward possible future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukas Naimovičius
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Institute of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius University Saulėtekio av. 3 LT-10257 Vilnius Lithuania
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 08010 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE Eduard Maristany 10-14 08019 Barcelona Spain
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivagen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
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14
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Bharmoria P, Ooi SA, Cellini A, Tietze D, Maj M, Moth-Poulsen K, Tietze AA. Protein cohabitation: long-term immunoglobulin G storage at room temperature. J Mater Chem B 2023. [PMID: 37294537 DOI: 10.1039/d3tb00161j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Long-term functional storage of therapeutic proteins at room temperature has been an eternal challenge. Inspired by the cellular cooperativity of proteins, we have taken a step forward to address this challenge by cohabitating Immunoglobulin G (IgG1) with a food protein gelatin in the solid-state at room temperature. Interestingly, IgG1 remained functionally active for a record 14 months revealed from the western-blot assay. Further quantification by HP-LC analysis showed 100% structural integrity of IgG1 with no degradation in the gelatin matrix during this period. The developed formulation has a direct application in oral medical nutrition therapy to cure gastrointestinal microbial infections. Also the strategy provides a robust energy economic alternative to the protein engineering methods for long-term functional storage of therapeutic proteins at room temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Saik Ann Ooi
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Andrea Cellini
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Daniel Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Michal Maj
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Physical Chemistry, Lägerhyddsvägen 1, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193, Barcelona, Spain.
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alesia A Tietze
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg, Kemigården 10, 412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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15
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Dreos A, Ge J, Najera F, Tebikachew BE, Perez-Inestrosa E, Moth-Poulsen K, Blennow K, Zetterberg H, Hanrieder J. Investigating New Applications of a Photoswitchable Fluorescent Norbornadiene as a Multifunctional Probe for Delineation of Amyloid Plaque Polymorphism. ACS Sens 2023; 8:1500-1509. [PMID: 36946692 PMCID: PMC10152485 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/23/2023]
Abstract
Amyloid beta (Aβ) plaques are a major pathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and constitute of structurally heterogenic entities (polymorphs) that have been implicated in the phenotypic heterogeneity of AD pathology and pathogenesis. Understanding amyloid aggregation has been a critical limiting factor to gain understanding of AD pathogenesis, ultimately reflected in that the underlying mechanism remains elusive. We identified a fluorescent probe in the form of a turn-off photoswitchable norbornadiene derivative (NBD1) with several microenvironment-sensitive properties that make it relevant for applications within advanced fluorescence imaging, for example, multifunctional imaging. We explored the application of NBD1 for in situ delineation of structurally heterogenic Aβ plaques in transgenic AD mouse models. NBD1 plaque imaging shows characteristic broader emission bands in the periphery and more narrow emission bands in the dense cores of mature cored plaques. Further, we demonstrate in situ photoisomerization of NBD1 to quadricyclane and thermal recovery in single plaques, which is relevant for applications within both functional and super-resolution imaging. This is the first time a norbornadiene photoswitch has been used as a probe for fluorescence imaging of Aβ plaque pathology in situ and that its spectroscopic and switching properties have been studied within the specific environment of senile Aβ plaques. These findings open the way toward new applications of NBD-based photoswitchable fluorescent probes for super-resolution or dual-color imaging and multifunctional microscopy of amyloid plaque heterogeneity. This could allow to visualize Aβ plaques with resolution beyond the diffraction limit, label different plaque types, and gain insights into their physicochemical composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ambra Dreos
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina−IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29590 Malaga, Spain
| | - Junyue Ge
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Francisco Najera
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina−IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Behabitu Ergette Tebikachew
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ezequiel Perez-Inestrosa
- Instituto
de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga y Plataforma
en Nanomedicina−IBIMA Plataforma Bionand, 29590 Malaga, Spain
- Departamento
de Química Orgánica, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Málaga, 29071 Málaga, Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Universitat Politecnica
de Catalunya, EEBE, Eduard
Maristany 10-14, 08019 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Henrik Zetterberg
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Clinical
Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University
Hospital, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department
of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- UK
Dementia Research Institute, University
College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
- Hong
Kong Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Hong Kong 1512-1518, China
- UW
Department of Medicine, School of Medicine and Public Health, Madison, Wisconsin 53726, United States
| | - Jörg Hanrieder
- Department
of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 43180 Mölndal, Sweden
- Department
of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK
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16
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Bharmoria P, Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Sasaki Y, Ghasemi S, Mårtensson A, Yanai N, Kimizuka N, Albinsson B, Börjesson K, Moth-Poulsen K. Recyclable optical bioplastics platform for solid state red light harvesting via triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion. J Mater Chem A Mater 2022; 10:21279-21290. [PMID: 36325268 PMCID: PMC9578683 DOI: 10.1039/d2ta04810h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable photonics applications of solid-state triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) are limited by a small UC spectral window, low UC efficiency in air, and non-recyclability of polymeric materials used. In a step to overcome these issues, we have developed new recyclable TTA-UC bioplastics by encapsulating TTA-UC chromophores liquid inside the semicrystalline gelatin films showing broad-spectrum upconversion (red/far-red to blue) with high UC efficiency in air. For this, we synthesized a new anionic annihilator, sodium-TIPS-anthracene-2-sulfonate (TIPS-AnS), that combined with red/far-red sensitizers (PdTPBP/Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2), a liquid surfactant Triton X-100 reduced (TXr) and protein gelatin (G) formed red/far-red to blue TTA-UC bioplastic films just by air drying of their aqueous solutions. The G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP film showed record red to blue (633 to 478 nm) TTA-UC quantum yield of 8.5% in air. The high UC quantum yield has been obtained due to the fluidity of dispersed TXr containing chromophores and oxygen blockage by gelatin fibers that allowed efficient diffusion of triplet excited chromophores. Further, the G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-Os(m-peptpy)2(TFSI)2 bioplastic film displayed far-red to blue (700-730 nm to 478 nm) TTA-UC, demonstrating broad-spectrum photon harvesting. Finally, we demonstrated the recycling of G-TXr-TIPS-AnS-PdTPBP bioplastics by developing a downstream approach that gives new directions for designing future recyclable photonics bioplastic materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Yoichi Sasaki
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Anders Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Nobuhiro Yanai
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS), Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Karl Börjesson
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology Kemivägen 10 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 Gothenburg 412 96 Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra Barcelona, 08193 Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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17
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Franz E, Stumm C, Waidhas F, Bertram M, Jevric M, Orrego-Hernández J, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Tunable Energy Release in a Reversible Molecular Solar Thermal System. ACS Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.2c03043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Evanie Franz
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Corinna Stumm
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | | | - Helen Hölzel
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 4, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, ECRC, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, Erlangen 91058, Germany
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18
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Levin S, Lerch S, Boje A, Fritzsche J, KK S, Ström H, Moth-Poulsen K, Sundén H, Hellman A, Westerlund F, Langhammer C. Nanofluidic Trapping of Faceted Colloidal Nanocrystals for Parallel Single-Particle Catalysis. ACS Nano 2022; 16:15206-15214. [PMID: 36054658 PMCID: PMC9527799 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c06505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst activity can depend distinctly on nanoparticle size and shape. Therefore, understanding the structure sensitivity of catalytic reactions is of fundamental and technical importance. Experiments with single-particle resolution, where ensemble-averaging is eliminated, are required to study it. Here, we implement the selective trapping of individual spherical, cubic, and octahedral colloidal Au nanocrystals in 100 parallel nanofluidic channels to determine their activity for fluorescein reduction by sodium borohydride using fluorescence microscopy. As the main result, we identify distinct structure sensitivity of the rate-limiting borohydride oxidation step originating from different edge site abundance on the three particle types, as confirmed by first-principles calculations. This advertises nanofluidic reactors for the study of structure-function correlations in catalysis and identifies nanoparticle shape as a key factor in borohydride-mediated catalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Levin
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Astrid Boje
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Joachim Fritzsche
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sriram KK
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Ström
- Department
of Mechanics and Maritime Sciences, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Energy and Process Engineering, Norwegian
University of Science and Technology; NO-7034 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Institute
of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, ES-08193 Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan
Institution for Research and Advanced Studies, ICREA; ES-08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department
of Chemistry & Molecular Biology, University
of Gothenburg; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anders Hellman
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Competence
Centre for Catalysis, Chalmers University
of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Westerlund
- Department
of Biology and Biological Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology; SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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19
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Kjaersgaard A, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Photolytic Studies of Norbornadiene Derivatives under High-Intensity Light Conditions. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:6849-6857. [PMID: 36149432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c03583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The photoconversion of a norbornadiene (NBD) derivative was studied under high-intensity mono- and polychromatic light conditions at high concentrations. The photoisomerization quantum yield (ϕNBD→QC), proceeding from NBD to its quadricyclane (QC) isomer, was determined using a tunable OPO laser and a solar simulator light source. The solar simulator was designed to mimic the AM1.5G solar spectrum between 300 and 900 nm. Using the OPO laser, ϕNBD→QC was measured at discrete values between 310 and 350 nm in steps of 10 nm, and a variation between 0.81 and 0.96 was observed. Weighting these values of ϕNBD→QC with the spectral profile of the solar simulator, an averaged value of 0.87 ± 0.03 was obtained. Determination of ϕNBD→QC was also performed directly in the solar simulator providing a value of 0.97 ± 0.14, in good agreement with the weighted values from the OPO. Photoisomerization quantum yields were found to decrease slightly at higher concentrations. At high concentrations, we found that correcting for the presence of QC was important due to similar absorption coefficients of the NBD and QC isomers at the absorption tail. Cyclability of the forward and backward NBD/QC conversion was studied over several cycles. The NBD/QC couple exhibited excellent thermal stability, but a slight photodegradation per cycle was observed, increasing with the concentration of the sample. This result indicates that the molecules undergo some intermolecular reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kjaersgaard
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain.,The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona (ICMAB-CSIC), 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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20
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Fei L, Yu W, Wu Z, Yin Y, Moth-Poulsen K, Wang C. Optically controlled thermochromic switching for multi‐input molecular logic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202212483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fei
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Weidong Yu
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Zonghuai Wu
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Yunjie Yin
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology: Chalmers tekniska hogskola Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kemigården 4 41296 GOTHENBURG SWEDEN
| | - Chaoxia Wang
- jiangnan university 1800 lihu, avenue 214122 wuxi CHINA
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21
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Fei L, Yu W, Wu Z, Yin Y, Moth-Poulsen K, Wang C. Optically controlled thermochromic switching for multi‐input molecular logic. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2022; 61:e202212483. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.202212483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liang Fei
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Weidong Yu
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Zonghuai Wu
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Yunjie Yin
- Jiangnan University School of Textile Science and Engineering Lihu road 1800 214122 Wuxi CHINA
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Chalmers University of Technology: Chalmers tekniska hogskola Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Kemigården 4 41296 GOTHENBURG SWEDEN
| | - Chaoxia Wang
- jiangnan university 1800 lihu, avenue 214122 wuxi CHINA
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22
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Abstract
Molecular solar thermal energy storage systems (MOST) offer emission-free energy storage where solar power is stored via valence isomerization in molecular photoswitches. These photoswitchable molecules can later release the stored energy as heat on-demand. Such systems are emerging in recent years as a vibrant research field that is rapidly transitioning from basic research to applications. Since a major part of the attention is focused on molecular design and engineering, MOST-based device development has not been systematically summarized and introduced to a broad audience. This tutorial review will discuss the most commonly used and developed devices from a chemical engineering point of view. It is expected that future developers of MOST technology could be inspired by the existing devices, keeping in mind the summarized essential practical challenges towards large-scale implementations and more innovative applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Helen Hölzel
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden. .,Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, 08193, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain.
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23
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Shangguan Z, Sun W, Zhang ZY, Fang D, Wang Z, Wu S, Deng C, Huang X, He Y, Wang R, Li T, Moth-Poulsen K, Li T. A rechargeable molecular solar thermal system below 0 °C. Chem Sci 2022; 13:6950-6958. [PMID: 35774182 PMCID: PMC9200126 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc01873j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
An optimal temperature is crucial for a broad range of applications, from chemical transformations, electronics, and human comfort, to energy production and our whole planet. Photochemical molecular thermal energy storage systems coupled with phase change behavior (MOST-PCMs) offer unique opportunities to capture energy and regulate temperature. Here, we demonstrate how a series of visible-light-responsive azopyrazoles couple MOST and PCMs to provide energy capture and release below 0 °C. The system is charged by blue light at -1 °C, and discharges energy in the form of heat under green light irradiation. High energy density (0.25 MJ kg-1) is realized through co-harvesting visible-light energy and thermal energy from the environment through phase transitions. Coatings on glass with photo-controlled transparency are prepared as a demonstration of thermal regulation. The temperature difference between the coatings and the ice cold surroundings is up to 22.7 °C during the discharging process. This study illustrates molecular design principles that pave the way for MOST-PCMs that can store natural sunlight energy and ambient heat over a wide temperature range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichun Shangguan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Wenjin Sun
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Dong Fang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
| | - Si Wu
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Chao Deng
- College of Chemistry & Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University Wenzhou 325027 Zhejiang China
| | - Xianhui Huang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Yixin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Ruzhu Wang
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Tingxian Li
- Research Center of Solar Power & Refrigeration, School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Gothenburg 41296 Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193 Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication, Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
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24
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Olesund A, Johnsson J, Edhborg F, Ghasemi S, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Approaching the Spin-Statistical Limit in Visible-to-Ultraviolet Photon Upconversion. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3706-3716. [PMID: 35175751 PMCID: PMC8895402 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c13222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is a process in which triplet excitons combine to form emissive singlets and holds great promise in biological applications and for improving the spectral match in solar energy conversion. While high TTA-UC quantum yields have been reported for, for example, red-to-green TTA-UC systems, there are only a few examples of visible-to-ultraviolet (UV) transformations in which the quantum yield reaches 10%. In this study, we investigate the performance of six annihilators when paired with the sensitizer 2,3,5,6-tetra(9H-carbazol-9-yl)benzonitrile (4CzBN), a purely organic compound that exhibits thermally activated delayed fluorescence. We report a record-setting internal TTA-UC quantum yield (ΦUC,g) of 16.8% (out of a 50% maximum) for 1,4-bis((triisopropylsilyl)ethynyl)naphthalene, demonstrating the first example of a visible-to-UV TTA-UC system approaching the classical spin-statistical limit of 20%. Three other annihilators, of which 2,5-diphenylfuran has never been used for TTA-UC previously, also showed impressive performances with ΦUC,g above 12%. In addition, a new method to determine the rate constant of TTA is proposed, in which only time-resolved emission measurements are needed, circumventing the need for more challenging transient absorption measurements. The results reported herein represent an important step toward highly efficient visible-to-UV TTA-UC systems that hold great potential for driving high-energy photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Olesund
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jessica Johnsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden.,Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, 08193 Barcelona, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies ICREA, Pg. Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
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25
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Quant M, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Ghasemi S, Erdelyi M, Wang Z, Muhammad LM, Kann N, Mikkelsen KV, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis, characterization and computational evaluation of bicyclooctadienes towards molecular solar thermal energy storage. Chem Sci 2022; 13:834-841. [PMID: 35173948 PMCID: PMC8768882 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc05791j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular solar-thermal energy storage (MOST) systems are based on photoswitches that reversibly convert solar energy into chemical energy. In this context, bicyclooctadienes (BODs) undergo a photoinduced transformation to the corresponding higher energy tetracyclooctanes (TCOs), but the photoswitch system has not until now been evaluated for MOST application, due to the short half-life of the TCO form and limited available synthetic methods. The BOD system degrades at higher temperature via a retro-Diels-Alder reaction, which complicates the synthesis of the compounds. We here report a cross-coupling reaction strategy that enables an efficient synthesis of a series of 4 new BOD compounds. We show that the BODs were able to switch to the corresponding tetracyclooctanes (TCOs) in a reversible way and can be cycled 645 times with only 0.01% degradation. Half-lives of the TCOs were measured, and we illustrate how the half-life could be engineered from seconds to minutes by molecular structure design. A density functional theory (DFT) based modelling framework was developed to access absorption spectra, thermal half-lives, and storage energies which were calculated to be 143-153 kJ mol-1 (0.47-0.51 MJ kg-1), up to 76% higher than for the corresponding norbornadiene. The combined computational and experimental findings provide a reliable way of designing future BOD/TCO systems with tailored properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | | | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Mate Erdelyi
- Department of Chemistry - BMC, Uppsala University Husargatan 3 752 37 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Lidiya M Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Nina Kann
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5 2100 Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemigården 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC 08193, Bellaterra Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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26
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Elholm JL, Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Hölzel H, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. High Throughput Screening of Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Derivates for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:28956-28964. [DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03032b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We present a procedure for performing high throughput screening of molecular compounds for molecular solar thermal energy storage devices using extended tight binding (xTB) methods. In order to validate our...
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27
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Bharmoria P, Ghasemi S, Edhborg F, Losantos R, Wang Z, Mårtensson A, Morikawa MA, Kimizuka N, İşci Ü, Dumoulin F, Albinsson B, Moth-Poulsen K. Far-Red Triplet Sensitized Z- to - E Photoswitching of Azobenzene in Bioplastics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:11904-11911. [PMID: 36320900 PMCID: PMC9580493 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the first example of direct far-red triplet sensitized molecular photoswitching in a condensed phase wherein a liquid azobenzene derivative (Azo1) co-assembled within a liquid surfactant–protein film undergoes triplet sensitized Z-to-E photoswitching upon far-red/red light excitation in air. The role of triplet sensitization in photoswitching has been confirmed by quenching of sensitizer phosphorescence by Z-Azo1 and temperature-dependent photoswitching experiments. Herein, we demonstrate new biosustainable fabrication designs to address key challenges in solid-state photoswitching, effectively mitigating chromophore aggregation and requirement of high energy excitations by dispersing the photoswitch in the trapped liquid inside the solid framework and by shifting the action spectrum from blue-green light (450–560 nm) to the far-red/red light (740/640 nm) region. We report the first example of direct far-red endothermic triplet sensitized Z-to-E photoswitching of azobenzene derivative (Azo1) in a condensed phase of a liquid Azo1 co-assembled within a liquid surfactant-protein bioplastic film in air.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- Department of Chemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Gothenburg Kemigården 10, Göteborg 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Raúl Losantos
- Université de Paris Cité and CNRS, ITODYS F-75006 Paris France
- Universidad de La Rioja, Departamento de Química, Centro de Investigación en Síntesis Química Madre de Dios, 53 26006 Logroño Spain
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Anders Mårtensson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Masa-Aki Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Nobuo Kimizuka
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Center for Molecular Systems (CMS) Kyushu University 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku Fukuoka 819-0395 Japan
| | - Ümit İşci
- Gebze Technical University, Chemistry Department 41400 Gebze Kocaeli Turkey
| | - Fabienne Dumoulin
- Acıbadem Mehmet Ali Aydınlar University, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Biomedical Engineering Department Ataşehir Istanbul Turkey
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology Kemivägen 4 412 96 Gothenburg Sweden
- The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC Bellaterra 08193 Barcelona Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research & Advanced Studies, ICREA Pg. Lluís Companys 23 Barcelona Spain
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28
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Hillers-Bendtsen AE, Quant M, Moth-Poulsen K, Mikkelsen KV. Investigation of the Structural and Thermochemical Properties of [2.2.2]-Bicyclooctadiene Photoswitches. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:10330-10339. [PMID: 34809434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c07737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches can under certain conditions be used to store solar energy in the so-called molecular solar thermal storage systems, which is an interesting technology for renewable energy solutions. The current investigations focus on the performance of seven different density functional theory (DFT) methods (B3LYP, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, M06-2X, ωB97X-D, B2PLYP, and PBE0DH) when predicting geometries and thermochemical properties of the [2.2.2]-bicyclooctadiene (BOD) photoswitch. We find that all of the investigated DFT methods provide geometries that are in good agreement with those obtained using coupled cluster singles and doubles (CCSD) calculations. The dependence on the employed basis set is not large when predicting geometries. With respect to the thermochemical properties, we find that the M06-2X, CAM-B3LYP, PBE0, and ωB97X-D functionals all predict thermochemical properties that are in good agreement with the results of the CCSD, the CCSD including perturbative triples (CCSD(T)), and the explicitly correlated CCSD-F12 and CCSD(T)-F12 models. Lastly, for energy calculations, we tested the newly developed fourth-order cluster perturbation theory singles and doubles CPS(D-4) model, which in this study provides energy differences that are of CCSD and sometimes also CCSD(T) quality at a relatively low cost. We find that the CPS(D-4) model is an excellent choice for further investigation of BOD derivatives because accurate energies can be obtained routinely using this methodology. From the results, we also note that the predicted storage energies and storage energy densities for the BOD photoswitch are very large compared to other molecular solar thermal storage systems and that these systems could be candidates for such applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Maria Quant
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden.,The Institute of Materials Science of Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Bellaterra, Barcelona 08193, Spain.,Catalan Institution for Research Advanced Studies, ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona 08010, Spain
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, Copenhagen Ø 2100, Denmark
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29
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Lerch S, Stolaś A, Darmadi I, Wen X, Strach M, Langhammer C, Moth-Poulsen K. Robust Colloidal Synthesis of Palladium-Gold Alloy Nanoparticles for Hydrogen Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:45758-45767. [PMID: 34542272 PMCID: PMC8485326 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal nanoparticles are currently used in a variety of applications, ranging from life sciences to nanoelectronic devices to gas sensors. In particular, the use of palladium nanoparticles is gaining increasing attention due to their ability to catalyze the rapid dissociation of hydrogen, which leads to an excellent response in hydrogen-sensing applications. However, current palladium-nanoparticle-based sensors are hindered by the presence of hysteresis upon hydride formation and decomposition, as this hysteresis limits sensor accuracy. Here, we present a robust colloidal synthesis for palladium-gold alloy nanoparticles and demonstrate their hysteresis-free response when used for hydrogen detection. The obtained colloidal particles, synthesized in an aqueous, room-temperature environment, can be tailored to a variety of applications through changing the size, ratio of metals, and surface stabilization. In particular, the variation of the viscosity of the mixture during synthesis resulted in a highly tunable size distribution and contributed to a significant improvement in size dispersity compared to the state-of-the-art methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Alicja Stolaś
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Xin Wen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Michał Strach
- Chalmers
Materials Analysis Laboratory, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- C.L.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- K.M.-P.
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30
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Edhborg F, Bildirir H, Bharmoria P, Moth-Poulsen K, Albinsson B. Intramolecular Triplet-Triplet Annihilation Photon Upconversion in Diffusionally Restricted Anthracene Polymer. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:6255-6263. [PMID: 34081465 PMCID: PMC8279549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c02856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
In the strive to
develop triplet–triplet annihilation photon
upconversion (TTA-UC) to become applicable in a viable technology,
there is a need to develop upconversion systems that can function
well in solid states. One method to achieve efficient solid-state
TTA-UC systems is to replace the intermolecular energy-transfer steps
with the corresponding intramolecular transfers, thereby minimizing
loss channels involved in chromophore diffusion. Herein, we present
a study of photon upconversion by TTA internally within a polymeric
annihilator network (iTTA). By the design of the annihilator polymer
and the choice of experiment conditions, we isolate upconversion emission
governed by iTTA within the annihilator particles and eliminate possible
external TTA between separate annihilator particles (xTTA). This approach
leads to mechanistic insights into the process of iTTA and makes it
possible to explore the upconversion kinetics and performance of a
polymeric annihilator. In comparison to a monomeric upconversion system
that only functions using xTTA, we show that upconversion in a polymeric
annihilator is efficient also at extremely low annihilator concentrations
and that the overall kinetics is significantly faster. The presented
results show that intramolecular photon upconversion is a versatile
concept for the development of highly efficient solid-state photon
upconversion materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Edhborg
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Hakan Bildirir
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Pankaj Bharmoria
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Bo Albinsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 412 96, Sweden
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31
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Östergren I, Pourrahimi AM, Darmadi I, da Silva R, Stolaś A, Lerch S, Berke B, Guizar-Sicairos M, Liebi M, Foli G, Palermo V, Minelli M, Moth-Poulsen K, Langhammer C, Müller C. Highly Permeable Fluorinated Polymer Nanocomposites for Plasmonic Hydrogen Sensing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:21724-21732. [PMID: 33909392 PMCID: PMC8289187 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c01968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen (H2) sensors that can be produced en masse with cost-effective manufacturing tools are critical for enabling safety in the emerging hydrogen economy. The use of melt-processed nanocomposites in this context would allow the combination of the advantages of plasmonic hydrogen detection with polymer technology; an approach which is held back by the slow diffusion of H2 through the polymer matrix. Here, we show that the use of an amorphous fluorinated polymer, compounded with colloidal Pd nanoparticles prepared by highly scalable continuous flow synthesis, results in nanocomposites that display a high H2 diffusion coefficient in the order of 10-5 cm2 s-1. As a result, plasmonic optical hydrogen detection with melt-pressed fluorinated polymer nanocomposites is no longer limited by the diffusion of the H2 analyte to the Pd nanoparticle transducer elements, despite a thickness of up to 100 μm, thereby enabling response times as short as 2.5 s at 100 mbar (≡10 vol. %) H2. Evidently, plasmonic sensors with a fast response time can be fabricated with thick, melt-processed nanocomposites, which paves the way for a new generation of robust H2 sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ida Östergren
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Amir Masoud Pourrahimi
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Iwan Darmadi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Robson da Silva
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Alicja Stolaś
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Barbara Berke
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | | | - Marianne Liebi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Giacomo Foli
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Palermo
- Institute
of Organic Synthesis and Photoreactivity, National Research Council, Bologna 40129, Italy
- Department
of Industrial and Materials Science, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Matteo Minelli
- Department
of Civil, Chemical, Environmental and Materials Engineering, Alma Mater Studiorum—University of Bologna, Bologna 40131, Italy
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
| | - Christian Müller
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Göteborg 412 96, Sweden
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32
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Pekkari A, Wen X, Orrego-Hernández J, da Silva RR, Kondo S, Olsson E, Härelind H, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis of highly monodisperse Pd nanoparticles using a binary surfactant combination and sodium oleate as a reductant. Nanoscale Adv 2021; 3:2481-2487. [PMID: 36134156 PMCID: PMC9417948 DOI: 10.1039/d1na00052g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This study presents the synthesis of monodisperse Pd nanoparticles (NPs) stabilized by sodium oleate (NaOL) and hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC). The synthesis was conducted without traditional reductants and Pd-precursors are reduced by NaOL. It was confirmed that the alkyl double bond in NaOL is not the only explanation for the reduction of Pd-precursors since Pd NPs could be synthesized with CTAC and the saturated fatty acid sodium stearate (NaST). A quantitative evaluation of the reduction kinetics using UV-Vis spectroscopy shows that Pd NPs synthesized with both stabilizer combinations follow pseudo first-order reaction kinetics, where NaOL provides a faster and more effective reduction of Pd-precursors. The colloidal stabilization of the NP surface by CTAC and NaOL is confirmed by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pekkari
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Xin Wen
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Jessica Orrego-Hernández
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Robson Rosa da Silva
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Shun Kondo
- Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Eva Olsson
- Nano and Biophysics, Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Hanna Härelind
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology 41296 Gothenburg Sweden
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33
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Chen Y, Lerch S, Say Z, Tiburski C, Langhammer C, Moth-Poulsen K. Catalytically active and thermally stable core-shell gold-silica nanorods for CO oxidation. RSC Adv 2021; 11:11642-11650. [PMID: 35423604 PMCID: PMC8695914 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra01577j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deactivation based on sintering phenomena is one of the most costly issues for the industrial application of metal nanoparticle catalysts. To address this drawback, mesoporous silica encapsulation is reported as a promising strategy to stabilize metallic nanoparticles towards use in high temperature catalytic applications. These protective shells provide significant structural support to the nanoparticles, while the mesoporosity allows for efficient transport of the reactants to the catalytically active surface of the metallic nanoparticle in the core. Here, we extend the use of gold nanorods with mesoporous silica shells by investigating their stability in the CO oxidation reaction as an example of high temperature gas phase catalysis. Gold nanorods were chosen as the model system due to the availability of a simple, high yield synthesis method for both the metallic nanorods and the mesoporous silica shells. We demonstrate the catalytic activity of gold nanorods with mesoporous silica shells at temperatures up to 350 °C over several cycles, as well as the thermal stability up to 500 °C, and compare these results to surfactant-stabilized gold nanorods of similar size, which degrade, and lose most of their catalytic activity, before reaching 150 °C. These results show that the gold nanorods protected by the mesoporous silica shells have a significantly higher thermal stability than surfactant-stabilized gold nanorods and that the mesoporous silica shell allows for stable catalytic activity with little degradation at high temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yidong Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412-96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412-96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Zafer Say
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412-96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christopher Tiburski
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412-96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412-96 Gothenburg Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology SE-412-96 Gothenburg Sweden
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34
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Abstract
The field of single molecule electronics has progressed remarkably in the past decades by allowing for more versatile molecular functions and improving device fabrication techniques. In particular, electrodes made from carbon-based materials such as graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNTs) may enable parallel fabrication of multiple single molecule devices. In this perspective, we review the recent progress in the field of single molecule electronics, with a focus on devices that utilizes carbon-based electrodes. The paper is structured in three main sections: (i) controlling the molecule/graphene electrode interface using covalent and non-covalent approaches, (ii) using CNTs as electrodes for fabricating single molecule devices, and (iii) a discussion of possible future directions employing new or emerging 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shima Ghasemi
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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35
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Barbosa de Mattos DF, Dreos A, Johnstone MD, Runemark A, Sauvée C, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Sundén H, Abrahamsson M. Covalent incorporation of diphenylanthracene in oxotriphenylhexanoate organogels as a quasi-solid photon upconversion matrix. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:214705. [PMID: 33291902 DOI: 10.1063/5.0029307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation photon upconversion (TTA-UC) in solid state assemblies are desirable since they can be easily incorporated into devices such as solar cells, thus utilizing more of the solar spectrum. Realizing this is, however, a significant challenge that must circumvent the need for molecular diffusion, poor exciton migration, and detrimental back energy transfer among other hurdles. Here, we show that the above-mentioned issues can be overcome using the versatile and easily synthesized oxotriphenylhexanoate (OTHO) gelator that allows covalent incorporation of chromophores (or other functional units) at well-defined positions. To study the self-assembly properties as well as its use as a TTA-UC platform, we combine the benchmark couple platinum octaethylporphyrin as a sensitizer and 9,10-diphenylanthracene (DPA) as an annihilator, where DPA is covalently linked to the OTHO gelator at different positions. We show that TTA-UC can be achieved in the chromophore-decorated gels and that the position of attachment affects the photophysical properties as well as triplet energy transfer and triplet-triplet annihilation. This study not only provides proof-of-principle for the covalent approach but also highlights the need for a detailed mechanistic insight into the photophysical processes underpinning solid state TTA-UC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deise F Barbosa de Mattos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Mark D Johnstone
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - August Runemark
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Claire Sauvée
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundén
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Maria Abrahamsson
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
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36
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Kim KH, Lara-Avila S, Kang H, He H, Eklӧf J, Hong SJ, Park M, Moth-Poulsen K, Matsushita S, Akagi K, Kubatkin S, Park YW. Author Correction: Apparent Power Law Scaling of Variable Range Hopping Conduction in Carbonized Polymer Nanofibers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:6471. [PMID: 32277080 PMCID: PMC7148298 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-62904-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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37
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Fan Q, Su W, Chen S, Liu T, Zhuang W, Ma R, Wen X, Yin Z, Luo Z, Guo X, Hou L, Moth-Poulsen K, Li Y, Zhang Z, Yang C, Yu D, Yan H, Zhang M, Wang E. A Non-Conjugated Polymer Acceptor for Efficient and Thermally Stable All-Polymer Solar Cells. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:19835-19840. [PMID: 32666653 PMCID: PMC7692906 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202005662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Revised: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
A non-conjugated polymer acceptor PF1-TS4 was firstly synthesized by embedding a thioalkyl segment in the mainchain, which shows excellent photophysical properties on par with a fully conjugated polymer, with a low optical band gap of 1.58 eV and a high absorption coefficient >105 cm-1 , a high LUMO level of -3.89 eV, and suitable crystallinity. Matched with the polymer donor PM6, the PF1-TS4-based all-PSC achieved a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 8.63 %, which is ≈45 % higher than that of a device based on the small molecule acceptor counterpart IDIC16. Moreover, the PF1-TS4-based all-PSC has good thermal stability with ≈70 % of its initial PCE retained after being stored at 85 °C for 180 h, while the IDIC16-based device only retained ≈50 % of its initial PCE when stored at 85 °C for only 18 h. Our work provides a new strategy to develop efficient polymer acceptor materials by linkage of conjugated units with non-conjugated thioalkyl segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qunping Fan
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Wenyan Su
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Shanshan Chen
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
- MOE Key Laboratory of Low-grade Energy Utilization Technologies and Systems, CQU-NUS Renewable Energy Materials & Devices Joint Laboratory, School of Energy & Power Engineering, Chongqing University, Chongqing, 400044, China
| | - Tao Liu
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Wenliu Zhuang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- Guangdong Research Center for Special Building Materials and Its Green Preparation Technology, Advanced Research Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510300, P. R. China
| | - Ruijie Ma
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Zhihong Yin
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Zhenghui Luo
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Xia Guo
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Lintao Hou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Optical Fiber Sensing and Communications, Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Vacuum Coating Technologies and New Energy Materials, Siyuan Laboratory, Department of Physics, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, China
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yu Li
- Guangdong Research Center for Special Building Materials and Its Green Preparation Technology, Advanced Research Center for Polymer Processing Engineering of Guangdong Province, Guangdong Industry Polytechnic, Guangzhou, 510300, P. R. China
| | - Zhiguo Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic/Inorganic Composites, Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, 100029, China
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, 44919, South Korea
| | - Donghong Yu
- Department of Chemistry and Bioscience, Aalborg University, 9220, Aalborg East, Denmark
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, 8000, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - He Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Tissue Restoration & Reconstruction, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, 999077, Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Maojie Zhang
- Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Ergang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296, Göteborg, Sweden
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
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38
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Huang Z, Xu Z, Huang T, Gray V, Moth-Poulsen K, Lian T, Tang ML. Evolution from Tunneling to Hopping Mediated Triplet Energy Transfer from Quantum Dots to Molecules. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:17581-17588. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c07727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Zihao Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Tingting Huang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
| | - Victor Gray
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- Department of Chemistry − Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Box
523, 751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tianquan Lian
- Department of Chemistry, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Ming Lee Tang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, California 92521, United States
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39
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Bharmoria P, Bildirir H, Moth-Poulsen K. Triplet-triplet annihilation based near infrared to visible molecular photon upconversion. Chem Soc Rev 2020; 49:6529-6554. [PMID: 32955529 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00257g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Triplet-triplet annihilation based molecular photon upconversion (TTA-UC) is an exciting research area for a broad range of photonic applications due to its tunable spectral range and possible operation at non-coherent solar irradiance. Most of the TTA-UC studies are limited to Visible to Visible (Vis to Vis) energy upconversion. However, for several practical photonic applications, efficient near infrared (NIR) to Vis upconversion is preferred. Examples include, (i) photovoltaics where TTA-UC could lead to utilization of a larger part of the solar spectrum and (ii) in NIR stimulated biological applications where the deep penetration and non-invasive nature of NIR light coupled to TTA-UC offers new opportunities. Although, NIR to Vis TTA-UC is known since 2007, the recent five years have witnessed quite a progress in terms of the development of new chromophores, hybrid systems and fabrication techniques to increase the UC quantum yield at low excitation intensity. With this tutorial review we are reviewing recent progress, identifying existing challenges and discus possible future directions and opportunities.
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40
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Orrego-Hernández J, Dreos A, Moth-Poulsen K. Engineering of Norbornadiene/Quadricyclane Photoswitches for Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Applications. Acc Chem Res 2020; 53:1478-1487. [PMID: 32662627 PMCID: PMC7467572 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.0c00235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
ConspectusRenewable energy resources are mostly intermittent and not evenly distributed geographically; for this reason, the development of new technologies for energy storage is in high demand.Molecules that undergo photoinduced isomerization reactions that are capable of absorbing light, storing it as chemical energy, and releasing it as thermal energy on demand are referred to as molecular solar thermal energy storage (MOST) or solar thermal fuels (STF). Such molecules offer a promising solution for solar energy storage applications. Different molecular systems have been investigated for MOST applications, such as norbornadienes, azobenzenes, stilbenes, ruthenium derivatives, anthracenes, and dihydroazulenes. The polycyclic strained molecule norbornadiene (NBD), which photoconverts to quadricyclane (QC), is of great interest because it has a high energy storage density and the potential to store energy for a very long time. Unsubstituted norbornadiene has some limitations in this regard, such as poor solar spectrum match and low quantum yield. In the past decade, our group has developed and tested new NBD systems with improved characteristics. Moreover, we have demonstrated their function in laboratory-scale test devices for solar energy harnessing, storage, and release.This Account describes the most impactful recent findings on how to engineer key properties of the NBD/QC system (photochemistry, energy storage, heat release, stability, and synthesis) as well as examples of test devices for solar energy capture and heat release. While it was known that introducing donor-acceptor groups allows for a red-shifted absorption that better matches the solar spectrum, we managed to introduce donor and acceptor groups with very low molecular weight, which allowed for an unprecedented solar spectrum match combined with high energy density. Strategic steric hindrance in some of these systems dramatically increases the storage time of the photoisomer QC, and dimeric systems have independent energies barriers that lead to an improved solar spectrum match, prolonged storage times, and higher energy densities. These discoveries offer a toolbox of possible chemical modifications that can be used to tune the properties of NBD/QC systems and make them suitable for the desired applications, which can be useful for anyone wanting to take on the challenge of designing efficient MOST systems.Several test devices have been built, for example, a hybrid MOST device that stores sunlight energy and heat water at the same time. Moreover, we developed a device for monitoring catalyzed QC to NBD conversion resulting in the possibility to quantify a significant macroscopic heat generation. Finally, we tested different formulations of polymeric composites that can absorb light during the day and release the energy as heat during the night for possible use in future window coating applications. These lab-scale realizations are formative and contribute to pushing the field forward toward the real-life application of MOST systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Orrego-Hernández
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41286 Gothenburg, Sweden
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41
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Jacovella U, Carrascosa E, Buntine JT, Ree N, Mikkelsen KV, Jevric M, Moth-Poulsen K, Bieske EJ. Photo- and Collision-Induced Isomerization of a Charge-Tagged Norbornadiene-Quadricyclane System. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6045-6050. [PMID: 32539402 PMCID: PMC7416310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Molecular photoswitches based on the norbornadiene-quadricylane (NBD-QC) couple have been proposed as key elements of molecular solar thermal energy storage schemes. To characterize the intrinsic properties of such systems, reversible isomerization of a charge-tagged NBD-QC carboxylate couple is investigated in a tandem ion mobility mass spectrometer, using light to induce intramolecular [2 + 2] cycloaddition of NBD carboxylate to form the QC carboxylate and driving the back reaction with molecular collisions. The NBD carboxylate photoisomerization action spectrum recorded by monitoring the QC carboxylate photoisomer extends from 290 to 360 nm with a maximum at 315 nm, and in the longer wavelength region resembles the NBD carboxylate absorption spectrum recorded in solution. Key structural and photochemical properties of the NBD-QC carboxylate system, including the gas-phase absorption spectrum and the energy storage capacity, are determined through computational studies using density functional theory.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ugo Jacovella
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Eduardo Carrascosa
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Jack T. Buntine
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Kurt V. Mikkelsen
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, 2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Evan J. Bieske
- School
of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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42
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Zhang ZY, He Y, Wang Z, Xu J, Xie M, Tao P, Ji D, Moth-Poulsen K, Li T. Photochemical Phase Transitions Enable Coharvesting of Photon Energy and Ambient Heat for Energetic Molecular Solar Thermal Batteries That Upgrade Thermal Energy. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12256-12264. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c03748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhao-Yang Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Yixin He
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jiale Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Mingchen Xie
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Peng Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Deyang Ji
- Institute of Molecular Aggregation Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072 China
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Tao Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Frontiers Science Center for Transformative Molecules, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Electrical Insulation and Thermal Aging, Key Laboratory of Thin Film and Microfabrication (Ministry of Education), Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
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43
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Gschneidtner TA, Lerch S, Olsén E, Wen X, Liu ACY, Stolaś A, Etheridge J, Olsson E, Moth-Poulsen K. Constructing a library of metal and metal-oxide nanoparticle heterodimers through colloidal assembly. Nanoscale 2020; 12:11297-11305. [PMID: 32420581 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr02787a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticle dimers composed of different metals or metal oxides, as well as different shapes and sizes, are of wide interest for applications ranging from nanoplasmonic sensing to nanooptics to biomedical engineering. Shaped nanoparticles, like triangles and nanorods, can be particularly useful in applications due to the strong localized plasmonic hot-spot that forms at the tips or corners. By placing catalytic, but traditionally weakly- or non-plasmonic nanoparticles, such as metal oxides and metals like palladium, in these hot-spots, an enhanced function for sensing, photocatalysis or optical use is predicted. Here, we present an electrostatic colloidal assembly strategy for nanoparticles, incorporating different sizes, shapes and metal or metal oxide compositions into heterodimers with smaller gaps than are achievable using nanofabrication techniques. This versatile method is demonstrated on 14 combinations, including a variety of shaped gold nanoparticles as well as palladium, iron oxide, and titanium oxide nanoparticles. These colloidal nanoparticles are stabilized with traditional surfactants, such as citrate, CTAB, PVP and oleic acid/oleylamines, indicating the wide applicability of our approach. Heterodimers of gold and palladium are further analyzed using cathodoluminescence to demonstrate the tunability of these "plasmonic molecules". Since systematically altering the absorption and emission of the plasmonic nanoparticles dimers is crucial to extending their functionality, and small gap sizes produce the strongest hot-spots, this method indicates that the electrostatic approach to heterodimer assembly can be useful in creating new nanoparticle dimers for many applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina A Gschneidtner
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Erik Olsén
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Xin Wen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Amelia C Y Liu
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. and School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Alicja Stolaś
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Joanne Etheridge
- Monash Centre for Electron Microscopy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia. and Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, Monash University, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Göteborg, Sweden.
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44
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Mansø M, Petersen AU, Moth-Poulsen K, Nielsen MB. Establishing linear-free-energy relationships for the quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene reaction. Org Biomol Chem 2020; 18:2113-2119. [PMID: 32119025 DOI: 10.1039/d0ob00147c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The kinetics of the thermal quadricyclane-to-norbornadiene (QC-to-NBD) isomerization reaction was studied for a large selection of derivatives where the one NBD double bond contains a cyano and aryl substituent of either electron-withdrawing or -donating character. While the kinetics data did not satisfy a linear-free-energy-relationship for all the derivatives based on Hammett σ values, we found individual linear relationships for derivatives containing either electron-withdrawing or electron-donating para substituents on the aryl group; with the most electron-witdrawing substituent in the one series and with the most electron-donating substituent in the other providing the fastest reaction (corresponding to opposite slopes of the Hammett plots). All data were well described, however, by a linear relationship when using Creary radical values; the correlation could be slightly improved by using a combination of σ and values (used in ratio of 0.104 : 1). The results imply a combination of polar and free radical effects for the isomerization reaction of this specific class of derivatives, with the latter playing the most significant role. The NBD derivatives were prepared by Diels-Alder cycloaddition reactions between cyclopentadiene and 3-arylpropiolonitriles, and in the case of bromophenyl derivatives further cyanation and Sonogashira coupling reactions were performed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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45
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Eklöf-Österberg J, Löfgren J, Erhart P, Moth-Poulsen K. Understanding Interactions Driving the Template-Directed Self-Assembly of Colloidal Nanoparticles at Surfaces. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2020; 124:4660-4667. [PMID: 32140202 PMCID: PMC7050997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c00710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Controlled deposition of colloidal nanoparticles using self-assembly is a promising technique for, for example, manufacturing of miniaturized electronics, and it bridges the gap between top-down and bottom-up methods. However, selecting materials and geometry of the target surface for optimal deposition results presents a significant challenge. Here, we describe a predictive framework based on the Derjaguin-Landau-Verwey-Overbeek theory that allows rational design of colloidal nanoparticle deposition setups. The framework is demonstrated for a model system consisting of gold nanoparticles stabilized by trisodium citrate that are directed toward prefabricated sub-100 nm features on a silicon substrate. Experimental results for the model system are presented in conjunction with theoretical analysis to assess its reliability. It is shown that three-dimensional, nickel-coated structures are well suited for attracting gold nanoparticles and that optimization of the feature geometry based on the proposed framework leads to a systematic improvement in the number of successfully deposited particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johnas Eklöf-Österberg
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Joakim Löfgren
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Paul Erhart
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, Gothenburg 41296, Sweden
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46
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Wen X, Lerch S, Wang Z, Aboudiab B, Tehrani-Bagha AR, Olsson E, Moth-Poulsen K. Synthesis of Palladium Nanodendrites Using a Mixture of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants. Langmuir 2020; 36:1745-1753. [PMID: 32032489 PMCID: PMC7343283 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Surfactants are used widely to control the synthesis of shaped noble-metal nanoparticles. In this work, a mixture of hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB), a cationic surfactant; sodium oleate (NaOL), an anionic surfactant; palladium chloride; and a reducing agent were used in the seed-mediated synthesis of palladium nanoparticles. By controlling the surfactant mixture ratio, we initially discovered that palladium nanodendrites with narrow size distribution were formed instead of the traditional nanocubes, synthesized with only CTAB. In order to investigate the optimal ratio to produce Pd nanodendrites with a high yield and narrow size distribution, samples synthesized with multiple molar ratios of the two surfactants were prepared and studied by transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, conductance, and ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy. We propose that the addition of NaOL alters the arrangement of surfactants on the Pd seed surface, leading to a new pattern of growth and aggregation. By studying the nanodendrite growth over time, we identified the reduction period of Pd2+ ions and the formation period of the nanodendrites. Our further experiments, including the replacement of CTAB with hexadecyltrimethylammonium chloride (CTAC) and the replacement of NaOL with sodium stearate, showed that CTA+ ions in CTAB and OL- ions in NaOL play the main roles in the formation of nanodendrites. The formation of palladium nanodendrites was robust and achieved with a range of temperatures, pH and mixing speeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sarah Lerch
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Bassem Aboudiab
- Baha
and Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced
Energy, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Ali Reza Tehrani-Bagha
- Baha
and Walid Bassatne Department of Chemical Engineering and Advanced
Energy, American University of Beirut, Beirut 1107-2020, Lebanon
| | - Eva Olsson
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department
of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers
University of Technology, SE-412-96 Gothenburg, Sweden
- E-mail:
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47
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Bertram M, Waidhas F, Jevric M, Fromm L, Schuschke C, Kastenmeier M, Görling A, Moth-Poulsen K, Brummel O, Libuda J. Norbornadiene photoswitches anchored to well-defined oxide surfaces: From ultrahigh vacuum into the liquid and the electrochemical environment. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:044708. [PMID: 32007072 DOI: 10.1063/1.5137897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Employing molecular photoswitches, we can combine solar energy conversion, storage, and release in an extremely simple single molecule system. In order to release the stored energy as electricity, the photoswitch has to interact with a semiconducting electrode surface. In this work, we explore a solar-energy-storing model system, consisting of a molecular photoswitch anchored to an atomically defined oxide surface in a liquid electrolyte and under potential control. Previously, this model system has been proven to be operational under ultrahigh vacuum (UHV) conditions. We used the tailor-made norbornadiene derivative 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)norbornadiene (CNBD) and characterized its photochemical and electrochemical properties in an organic electrolyte. Next, we assembled a monolayer of CNBD on a well-ordered Co3O4(111) surface by physical vapor deposition in UHV. This model interface was then transferred into the liquid electrolyte and investigated by photoelectrochemical infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy experiments. We demonstrate that the anchored monolayer of CNBD can be converted photochemically to its energy-rich counterpart 2-cyano-3-(4-carboxyphenyl)quadricyclane (CQC) under potential control. However, the reconversion potential of anchored CQC overlaps with the oxidation and decomposition potential of CNBD, which limits the electrochemically triggered reconversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Bertram
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Fabian Waidhas
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Martyn Jevric
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lukas Fromm
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Christian Schuschke
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Kastenmeier
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Görling
- Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Chemie, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, 41296 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Olaf Brummel
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jörg Libuda
- Interface Research and Catalysis, Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Egerlandstraße 3, 91058 Erlangen, Germany
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48
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Kunz A, Heindl AH, Dreos A, Wang Z, Moth-Poulsen K, Becker J, Wegner HA. Intermolecular London Dispersion Interactions of Azobenzene Switches for Tuning Molecular Solar Thermal Energy Storage Systems. Chempluschem 2020; 84:1145-1148. [PMID: 31943965 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The performance of molecular solar thermal energy storage systems (MOST) depends amongst others on the amount of energy stored. Azobenzenes have been investigated as high-potential materials for MOST applications. In the present study it could be shown that intermolecular attractive London dispersion interactions stabilize the (E)-isomer in bisazobenzene that is linked by different alkyl bridges. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements revealed, that this interaction leads to an increased storage energy per azo-unit of more than 3 kcal/mol compared to the parent azobenzene. The origin of this effect has been supported by computation as well as X-ray analysis. In the solid state structure attractive London dispersion interactions between the C-H of the alkyl bridge and the π-system of the azobenzene could be clearly assigned. This concept will be highly useful in designing more effective MOST systems in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Kunz
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen.,Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Andreas H Heindl
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen.,Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ambra Dreos
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Zhihang Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jonathan Becker
- Institute of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hermann A Wegner
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 17, 35392, Giessen.,Germany and Center for Materials Research (LaMa), Justus Liebig University, Heinrich-Buff-Ring 16, 35392, Giessen, Germany
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49
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Pekkari A, Say Z, Susarrey-Arce A, Langhammer C, Härelind H, Sebastian V, Moth-Poulsen K. Continuous Microfluidic Synthesis of Pd Nanocubes and PdPt Core-Shell Nanoparticles and Their Catalysis of NO 2 Reduction. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:36196-36204. [PMID: 31418548 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Faceted colloidal nanoparticles are currently of immense interest due to their unique electronic, optical, and catalytic properties. However, continuous flow synthesis that enables rapid formation of faceted nanoparticles of single or multi-elemental composition is not trivial. We present a continuous flow synthesis route for the synthesis of uniformly sized Pd nanocubes and PdPt core-shell nanoparticles in a single-phase microfluidic reactor, which enables rapid formation of shaped nanoparticles with a reaction time of 3 min. The PdPt core-shell nanoparticles feature a dendritic, high surface area with the Pt shell covering the Pd core, as verified using high-resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The Pd nanocubes and PdPt core-shell particles are catalytically tested during NO2 reduction in the presence of H2 in a flow pocket reactor. The Pd nanocubes exhibited low-temperature activity (i.e., <136 °C) and poor selectivity performance toward production of N2O or N2, whereas PdPt core-shell nanoparticles showed higher activity and were found to achieve better selectivity during NO2 reduction retaining its basic structure at relatively elevated temperatures, making the PdPt core-shell particles a unique, desirable synergic catalyst material for potential use in NOx abatement processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Pekkari
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Zafer Say
- Chemical Physics, Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Arturo Susarrey-Arce
- Chemical Physics, Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Christoph Langhammer
- Chemical Physics, Department of Physics , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Hanna Härelind
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Victor Sebastian
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Aragon Institute of Nanoscience (INA) , University of Zaragoza , Campus Río Ebro-Edificio I+D, c/Poeta Mariano Esquillor s/n , 50018 Zaragoza , Spain
- Networking Research Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine , CIBER-BBN , 28029 Madrid , Spain
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Applied Chemistry, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering , Chalmers University of Technology , 41296 Gothenburg , Sweden
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50
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Abstract
The introduction of various photochromic units into the same molecule is an attractive approach for the development of novel molecular solar thermal (MOST) energy storage systems. Here, we present the synthesis and characterisation of a series of covalently linked norbornadiene/dihydroazulene (NBD/DHA) conjugates, using the Sonogashira coupling as the key synthetic step. Generation of the fully photoisomerized quadricyclane/vinylheptafulvene (QC/VHF) isomer was found to depend strongly on how the two units are connected - by linear conjugation (a para-phenylene bridge) or cross-conjugation (a meta-phenylene bridge) or by linking to the five- or seven-membered ring of DHA - as well as on the electronic character of another substituent group on the NBD unit. When the QC-VHF system could be reached, the QC-to-NBD back-reaction occurred faster than the VHF-to-DHA back-reaction, while the latter could be promoted simply by the addition of Cu(i) ions. The absence or presence of Cu(i) can thus be used to control whether heat releases should occur on different or identical time scales. The experimental findings were rationalized in a computational study by comparing natural transition orbitals (NTOs). Moreover, the calculations revealed an energy storage capacity of 106-110 kJ mol-1 of the QC-VHF isomers, which is higher than the sum of the capacities of the individual, separate units. The major contribution to the energy storage relates to the energetic QC form, while the major contribution to the absorption of visible light originates from the DHA photochrome; some of the NBD-DHA conjugates had absorption onsets at 450 nm or beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Drøhse Kilde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mads Mansø
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark. and Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Nicolai Ree
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Anne Ugleholdt Petersen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Kasper Moth-Poulsen
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Kemivägen 10, 412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kurt V Mikkelsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
| | - Mogens Brøndsted Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Copenhagen, Universitetsparken 5, DK-2100 Copenhagen Ø, Denmark.
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