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Berardi S, Benazzi E, Marchini E, Cristino V, Argazzi R, Boaretto R, Gobbato T, Rigodanza F, Cerullo G, Bozzini B, Bonchio M, Prato M, Berger T, Caramori S. Role of Intragap States in Sensitized Sb-Doped Tin Oxide Photoanodes for Solar Fuels Production. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:27209-27223. [PMID: 38747220 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c18020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
In view of developing photoelectrosynthetic cells which are able to store solar energy in chemical bonds, water splitting is usually the reaction of choice when targeting hydrogen production. However, alternative approaches can be considered, aimed at substituting the anodic reaction of water oxidation with more commercially capitalizable oxidations. Among them, the production of bromine from bromide ions was investigated long back in the 1980s by Texas Instruments. Herein we present optimized perylene-diimide (PDI)-sensitized antimony-doped tin oxide (ATO) photoanodes enabling the photoinduced HBr splitting with >4 mA/cm2 photocurrent densities under 0.1 W/cm2 AM1.5G illumination and 91 ± 3% faradaic efficiencies for bromine production. These remarkable results, among the best currently reported for the photoelectrochemical Br- oxidation by dye sensitized photoanodes, are strongly related to the occupancy extent of ATO's intragap (IG) states, generated upon Sb-doping, as demonstrated by comparing their performances with PDI-sensitized analogues on both undoped SnO2- and TiO2-passivated ATO scaffolds by means of (spectro)electrochemistry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The architecture of the ATO-PDI photoanodic assembly was further modified via the introduction of a molecular iridium-based water oxidation catalyst, thus proving the versatility of the proposed hybrid interfaces as photoanodic platforms for photoinduced oxidations in PEC devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serena Berardi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Benazzi
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Marchini
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Roberto Argazzi
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- ISOF-CNR, c/o Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Rita Boaretto
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Thomas Gobbato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | | | - Giulio Cerullo
- Department of Physics, Politecnico di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | | | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Center of Excellence for Nanostructured Materials, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy
- Center for Cooperative Research in Biomaterials (CIC biomaGUNE), Basque Research and Technology Alliance (BRTA), 20014 Donostia San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University of Salzburg, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical, Pharmaceutical and Agricultural Sciences, University of Ferrara, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
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Bruggeman DF, Detz RJ, Mathew S, Reek JNH. Increased solar-driven chemical transformations through surface-induced benzoperylene aggregation in dye-sensitized photoanodes. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2024; 23:503-516. [PMID: 38363531 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-024-00534-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The impact of benzo[ghi]perylenetriimide (BPTI) dye aggregation on the performance of photoelectrochemical devices was explored, through imide-substitution with either alkyl (BPTI-A, 2-ethylpropyl) or bulky aryl (BPTI-B, 2,6-diisopropylphenyl) moieties, to, respectively, enable or suppress aggregation. While both dyes demonstrated similar monomeric optoelectronic properties in solution, adsorption onto mesoporous SnO2 revealed different behavior, with BPTI-A forming aggregates via π-stacking and BPTI-B demonstrating reduced aggregation in the solid state. BPTI photoanodes were tested in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) before application to dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DSPECs) for Br2 production (a strong oxidant) coupled to H2 generation (a solar fuel). BPTI-A demonstrated a twofold higher dye loading of the SnO2 surface than BPTI-B, resulting in a fivefold enhancement to both photocurrent and Br2 production. The enhanced output of the photoelectrochemical systems (with respect to dye loading) was attributed to both J- and H- aggregation phenomena in BPTI-A photoanodes that lead to improved light harvesting. Our investigation provides a strategy to exploit self-assembly via aggregation to improve molecular light-harvesting and charge separation properties that can be directly applied to dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didjay F Bruggeman
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Remko J Detz
- Energy Transition Studies, Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), Radarweg 60, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Simon Mathew
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Joost N H Reek
- Homogeneous, Supramolecular and Bioinspired Catalysis, van 't Hoff Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Gobbato T, Volpato GA, Sartorel A, Bonchio M. A breath of sunshine: oxygenic photosynthesis by functional molecular architectures. Chem Sci 2023; 14:12402-12429. [PMID: 38020375 PMCID: PMC10646967 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc03780k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2023] [Accepted: 09/28/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The conversion of light into chemical energy is the game-changer enabling technology for the energetic transition to renewable and clean solar fuels. The photochemistry of interest includes the overall reductive/oxidative splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen and alternatives based on the reductive conversion of carbon dioxide or nitrogen, as primary sources of energy-rich products. Devices capable of performing such transformations are based on the integration of three sequential core functions: light absorption, photo-induced charge separation, and the photo-activated breaking/making of molecular bonds via specific catalytic routes. The key to success does not rely simply on the individual components' performance, but on their optimized integration in terms of type, number, geometry, spacing, and linkers dictating the photosynthetic architecture. Natural photosynthesis has evolved along this concept, by integrating each functional component in one specialized "body" (from the Greek word "soma") to enable the conversion of light quanta with high efficiency. Therefore, the natural "quantasome" represents the key paradigm to inspire man-made constructs for artificial photosynthesis. The case study presented in this perspective article deals with the design of artificial photosynthetic systems for water oxidation and oxygen production, engineered as molecular architectures then rendered on electrodic surfaces. Water oxidation to oxygen is indeed the pervasive oxidative reaction used by photosynthetic organisms, as the source of reducing equivalents (electrons and protons) to be delivered for the processing of high-energy products. Considering the vast and abundant supply of water (including seawater) as a renewable source on our planet, this is also a very appealing option for photosynthetic energy devices. We will showcase the progress in the last 15 years (2009-2023) in the strategies for integrating functional building blocks as molecular photosensitizers, multi-redox water oxidation catalysts and semiconductor materials, highlighting how additional components such as redox mediators, hydrophilic/hydrophobic pendants, and protective layers can impact on the overall photosynthetic performance. Emerging directions consider the modular tuning of the multi-component device, in order to target a diversity of photocatalytic oxidations, expanding the scope of the primary electron and proton sources while enhancing the added-value of the oxidation product beyond oxygen: the selective photooxidation of organics combines the green chemistry vision with renewable energy schemes and is expected to explode in coming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gobbato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
| | - Marcella Bonchio
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
- ITM-CNR Section of Padova, INSTM Unit of Padova via Marzolo 1 35131 Padova Italy
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4
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Yang Y, Volpato GA, Rossin E, Peruffo N, Tumbarello F, Nicoletti C, Bonetto R, Paoloni L, Umari P, Colusso E, Dell'Amico L, Berardi S, Collini E, Caramori S, Agnoli S, Sartorel A. Photoelectrochemical C-H Activation Through a Quinacridone Dye Enabling Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer. CHEMSUSCHEM 2023; 16:e202201980. [PMID: 36507568 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202201980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoanodes for C-H activation in organic substrates are assembled by vacuum sublimation of a commercially available quinacridone (QNC) dye in the form of nanosized rods onto fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO), TiO2 , and SnO2 slides. The photoanodes display extended absorption in the visible range (450-600 nm) and ultrafast photoinduced electron injection (<1 ps, as revealed by transient absorption spectroscopy) of the QNC dye into the semiconductor. The proton-coupled electron-transfer reactivity of QNC is exploited for generating a nitrogen-based radical as its oxidized form, which is competent in C-H bond activation. The key reactivity parameter is the bond-dissociation free energy (BDFE) associated with the N⋅/N-H couple in QNC of 80.5±2.3 kcal mol-1 , which enables hydrogen atom abstraction from allylic or benzylic C-H moieties. A photoelectrochemical response is indeed observed for organic substrates characterized by C-H bonds with BDFE below the 80.5 kcal mol-1 threshold, such as γ-terpinene, xanthene, or dihydroanthracene. This work provides a rational, mechanistically oriented route to the design of dye-sensitized photoelectrodes for selective organic transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunshuo Yang
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Rossin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Nicola Peruffo
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Francesco Tumbarello
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Catia Nicoletti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Ruggero Bonetto
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Elena Colusso
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Luca Dell'Amico
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Serena Berardi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Collini
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131, Padova, Italy
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5
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Hybrid potentiodynamic/potentiostatic electrodeposition of thin and compact tin dioxide on indium tin oxide electrodes. Electrochim Acta 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2023.141955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
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6
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Powell D, Zhang X, Nwachukwu CI, Miller EJ, Hansen KR, Flannery L, Ogle J, Berzansky A, Labram JG, Roberts AG, Whittaker-Brooks L. Establishing Self-Dopant Design Principles from Structure-Function Relationships in Self-n-Doped Perylene Diimide Organic Semiconductors. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2204656. [PMID: 36040126 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202204656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-doping is a particular doping method that has been applied to a wide range of organic semiconductors. However, there is a lack of understanding regarding the relationship between dopant structure and function. A structurally diverse series of self-n-doped perylene diimides (PDIs) is investigated to study the impact of steric encumbrance, counterion selection, and dopant/PDI tether distance on functional parameters such as doping, stability, morphology, and charge-carrier mobility. The studies show that self-n-doping is best enabled by the use of sterically encumbered ammoniums with short tethers and Lewis basic counterions. Additionally, water is found to inhibit doping, which concludes that thermal degradation is merely a phenomenological feature of certain dopants, and that residual solvent evaporation is the primary driver of thermally activated doping. In situ grazing-incidence wide-angle X-ray scattering studies show that sample annealing increases the π-π stacking distance and shrinks grain boundaries for improved long-range ordering. These features are then correlated to contactless carrier-mobility measurements with time-resolved microwave conductivity before and after thermal annealing. The collective relationships between structural features and functionality are finally used to establish explicit self-n-dopant design principles for the future design of materials with improved functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Xueqiao Zhang
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | | | - Edwin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Kameron R Hansen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Laura Flannery
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Jonathan Ogle
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - Alex Berzansky
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
| | - John G Labram
- School of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, 97331, USA
| | - Andrew G Roberts
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, 84112, USA
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7
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Powell D, Whittaker-Brooks L. Concepts and principles of self-n-doping in perylene diimide chromophores for applications in biochemistry, energy harvesting, energy storage, and catalysis. MATERIALS HORIZONS 2022; 9:2026-2052. [PMID: 35670455 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00279e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Self-doping is an essential method of increasing carrier concentrations in organic electronics that eliminates the need to tailor host-dopant miscibility, a necessary step when employing molecular dopants. Self-n-doping can be accomplished using amines or ammonium counterions as an electron source, which are being incorporated into an ever-increasingly diverse range of organic materials spanning many applications. Self-n-doped materials have demonstrated exemplary and, in many cases, benchmark performances in a variety of applications. However, an in-depth review of the method is lacking. Perylene diimide (PDI) chromophores are an important mainstay in the semiconductor literature with well-known structure-function characteristics and are also one of the most widely utilized scaffolds for self-n-doping. In this review, we describe the unique properties of self-n-doped PDIs, delineate structure-function relationships, and discuss self-n-doped PDI performance in a range of applications. In particular, the impact of amine/ammonium incorporation into the PDI scaffold on doping efficiency is reviewed with regard to attachment mode, tether distance, counterion selection, and steric encumbrance. Self-n-doped PDIs are a unique set of PDI structural derivatives whose properties are amenable to a broad range of applications such as biochemistry, solar energy conversion, thermoelectric modules, batteries, and photocatalysis. Finally, we discuss challenges and the future outlook of self-n-doping principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Powell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, 84112, USA.
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8
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Environmentally Stable Mesoporous g-C3N4 Modified Lead-Free Double Perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 for Highly Efficient Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-022-03997-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Volpato GA, Colusso E, Paoloni L, Forchetta M, Sgarbossa F, Cristino V, Lunardon M, Berardi S, Caramori S, Agnoli S, Sabuzi F, Umari P, Martucci A, Galloni P, Sartorel A. Artificial photosynthesis: photoanodes based on polyquinoid dyes onto mesoporous tin oxide surface. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2021; 20:1243-1255. [PMID: 34570354 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-021-00097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells represent an appealing solution for artificial photosynthesis, aimed at the conversion of solar light into fuels or commodity chemicals. Extensive efforts have been directed towards the development of photoelectrodes combining semiconductor materials and organic dyes; the use of molecular components allows to tune the absorption and redox properties of the material. Recently, we have reported the use of a class of pentacyclic quinoid organic dyes (KuQuinone) chemisorbed onto semiconducting tin oxide as photoanodes for water oxidation. In this work, we investigate the effect of the SnO2 semiconductor thickness and morphology and of the dye-anchoring group on the photoelectrochemical performance of the electrodes. The optimized materials are mesoporous SnO2 layers with 2.5 μm film thickness combined with a KuQuinone dye with a 3-carboxylpropyl-anchoring chain: these electrodes achieve light-harvesting efficiency of 93% at the maximum absorption wavelength of 533 nm, and photocurrent density J up to 350 μA/cm2 in the photoelectrochemical oxidation of ascorbate, although with a limited incident photon-to-current efficiency of 0.075%. Calculations based on the density functional theory (DFT) support the role of the reduced species of the KuQuinone dye via a proton-coupled electron transfer as the competent species involved in the electron transfer to the tin oxide semiconductor. Finally, a preliminary investigation of the photoelectrodes towards benzyl alcohol oxidation is presented, achieving photocurrent density up to 90 μA/cm2 in acetonitrile in the presence of N-hydroxysuccinimide and pyridine as redox mediator and base, respectively. These results support the possibility of using molecular-based materials in synthetic photoelectrochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Alice Volpato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Elena Colusso
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Paoloni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Mattia Forchetta
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Francesco Sgarbossa
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Vito Cristino
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marco Lunardon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Serena Berardi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Caramori
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Centro Interuniversitario per la Conversione Chimica dell'Energia Solare (SolarChem), Sez. di Ferrara, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Stefano Agnoli
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy
| | - Federica Sabuzi
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 8, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Martucci
- Department of Industrial Engineering and INSTM, University of Padova, F. Marzolo 9, 35131, Padua, Italy.
| | - Pierluca Galloni
- Department of Chemical Science and Technologies, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica, snc, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Andrea Sartorel
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via F. Marzolo 1, 35131, Padua, Italy.
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10
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Jiménez JM, Perdolt D, Berger T. Reactivity of Hydrogen-Related Electron Centers in Powders, Layers, and Electrodes Consisting of Anatase TiO 2 Nanocrystal Aggregates. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:13809-13818. [PMID: 34239660 PMCID: PMC8256420 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c01580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates were used as model systems for studying at different water activities the reactivity of electron centers at semiconductor surfaces. The investigated surface conditions evolve from a solid/vacuum interface to a solid/bulk electrolyte interface. Hydrogen-related electron centers were generated either chemically-upon sample exposure to atomic hydrogen at the semiconductor/gas interface-or electrochemically-upon bias-induced charge accumulation at the semiconductor/electrolyte interface. Based on their corresponding spectroscopic and electrochemical fingerprints, we investigated the reactivity of hydrogen-related electron centers as a function of the interfacial condition and at different levels of complexity, that is, (i) for dehydrated and (partially) dehydroxylated oxide surfaces, (ii) for oxide surfaces covered by a thin film of interfacial water, and (iii) for oxide surfaces in contact with a 0.1 M HClO4 aqueous solution. Visible (Vis) and infrared (IR) spectroscopy evidence a chemical equilibrium between hydrogen atoms in the gas phase and-following their dissociation-electron/proton centers in the oxide. The excess electrons are either localized forming (Vis-active) Ti3+ centers or delocalized as (IR-active) free conduction band electrons. The addition of molecular oxygen to chemically reduced anatase TiO2 nanoparticle aggregates leads to a quantitative quenching of Ti3+ centers, while a fraction of ∼10% of hydrogen-derived conduction band electrons remains in the oxide pointing to a persistent hydrogen doping of the semiconductor. Neither trapped electrons (i.e., Ti3+ centers) nor conduction band electrons react with water or its adsorption products at the oxide surface. However, the presence of an interfacial water layer does not impede the electron transfer to molecular oxygen. At the semiconductor/electrolyte interface, inactivity of trapped electrons with regard to water reduction and electron transfer to oxygen were evidenced by cyclic voltammetry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Miguel Jiménez
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Daniel Perdolt
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Thomas Berger
- Department
of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, University
of Salzburg, Jakob-Haringer-Strasse 2a, A-5020 Salzburg, Austria
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11
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Jiang Y, Li K, Wu X, Zhu M, Zhang H, Zhang K, Wang Y, Loh KP, Shi Y, Xu QH. In Situ Synthesis of Lead-Free Halide Perovskite Cs 2AgBiBr 6 Supported on Nitrogen-Doped Carbon for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution in Aqueous HBr Solution. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:10037-10046. [PMID: 33605139 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c21588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites have shown great potential in photovoltaic and photocatalytic fields. However, the toxicity of lead impedes their wide application. Herein composites of lead-free halide perovskite Cs2AgBiBr6 supported on nitrogen-doped carbon (N-C) materials were synthesized successfully through a facile one-pot method for the first time. Without deposition of noble metals as the cocatalyst, the optimal composite Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C (Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C-140) exhibits outstanding photocatalytic performance with a high hydrogen evolution rate of 380 μmol g-1 h-1 under visible light irradiation (λ ≥ 420 nm), which is about 19 times faster than that of pure Cs2AgBiBr6 and 4 times faster than that of physically mixed Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C-140, respectively. The Cs2AgBiBr6/N-C-140 composite also displays high stability with no significant decrease after six cycles of repeated hydrogen evolution experiments. The addition of N-C with a high surface area helps to prevent aggregation of Cs2AgBiBr6 NPs and provides more pathways for the migration of photoinduced carriers. The nitrogen dopant can facilitate photoinduced electron transfer from Cs2AgBiBr6 to N-C to result in spatially separated electrons and holes with prolonged electron time and greatly enhance the photocatalytic performance. This study indicates that Cs2AgBiBr6-based perovskite materials are promising candidates for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqun Jiang
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Kui Li
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Xiao Wu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Menglong Zhu
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Ye Wang
- Key Laboratory of Material Physics of Ministry of Education, School of Physics and Microelectronics, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450052, China
| | - Kian Ping Loh
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
| | - Yumeng Shi
- SZU-NUS Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Science & Technology, International Collaborative Laboratory of 2D Materials for Optoelectronics Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Institute of Microscale Optoelectronics, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Qing-Hua Xu
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore (NUS), Singapore 117543, Singapore
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Benazzi E, Cristino V, Boaretto R, Caramori S, Natali M. Photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution using CdTe xS 1-x quantum dots as sensitizers on NiO photocathodes. Dalton Trans 2021; 50:696-704. [PMID: 33346259 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt03567j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The design of active photocathodes for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is a crucial step in the development of dye-sensitized photoelectrochemical cells (DS-PECs) aimed at solar-assisted water splitting. In the present work, we report on the use of orange CdTexS1-x quantum dots (QDs) with an average diameter of ca. 3.5 nm, featuring different capping agents (MAA, MPA, and MSA) for the sensitization of electrodes based on nanostructured NiO. Photoelectrochemical characterization of the resulting NiO|QDs electrodes in the presence of [CoIII(NH3)5Cl]Cl2 as an irreversible electron acceptor elects MAA-capped QDs as the most active sample to achieve substantial photocurrent densities thanks to both improved surface coverage and injection ability. Functionalization of the NiO|QDs electrodes with either heterogeneous Pt or the molecular nickel bis(diphosphine) complex (1) as the hydrogen evolving catalysts (HECs) yields active photocathodes capable of promoting hydrogen evolution upon photoirradiation (maximum photocurrent densities of -16(±2) and -20(±1) μA·cm-2 for Pt and 1 HECs, respectively, at 0 V vs. NHE, 70-80% faradaic efficiency, maximum IPCE of ca. 0.2%). The photoelectrochemical activity is limited by the small surface concentration of the QD sensitizers on the NiO surface and the competitive light absorption by the NiO material which suggests that the match between dye adsorption and the available surface area is critical to achieving efficient hydrogen evolution by thiol-capped QDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabetta Benazzi
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Ferrara, Via L. Borsari 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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