1
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Mena A, Mann SK, Cowley-Semple A, Bryan E, Heutz S, McCamey DR, Attwood M, Bayliss SL. Room-Temperature Optically Detected Coherent Control of Molecular Spins. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2024; 133:120801. [PMID: 39373412 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.133.120801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2024] [Accepted: 08/13/2024] [Indexed: 10/08/2024]
Abstract
Optically interfaced molecular spins are a promising platform for quantum sensing and imaging. Key for such applications is optically detecting coherent spin manipulation at room temperature. Here, using the photoexcited triplet state of organic chromophores (pentacene doped in p-terphenyl), we optically detect coherent spin manipulation with photoluminescence contrasts exceeding 15% at room temperature, both in a molecular crystal and thin film. We further demonstrate how multifrequency spin control could enhance such systems. These results open opportunities for room-temperature quantum sensors that capitalize on the versatility of synthetic chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Mena
- James Watt School of Engineering, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, G12 8QQ, United Kingdom
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | - Dane R McCamey
- ARC Centre of Excellence in Exciton Science, School of Physics, UNSW Sydney, Sydney, 2052, New South Wales, Australia
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2
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Zhang C, Ye C, Yao J, Wu LZ. Spin-related excited-state phenomena in photochemistry. Natl Sci Rev 2024; 11:nwae244. [PMID: 39211835 PMCID: PMC11360185 DOI: 10.1093/nsr/nwae244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 06/13/2024] [Accepted: 07/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
The spin of electrons plays a vital role in chemical reactions and processes, and the excited state generated by the absorption of photons shows abundant spin-related phenomena. However, the importance of electron spin in photochemistry studies has been rarely mentioned or summarized. In this review, we briefly introduce the concept of spin photochemistry based on the spin multiplicity of the excited state, which leads to the observation of various spin-related photophysical properties and photochemical reactivities. Then, we focus on the recent advances in terms of light-induced magnetic properties, excited-state magneto-optical effects and spin-dependent photochemical reactions. The review aims to provide a comprehensive overview to utilize the spin multiplicity of the excited state in manipulating the above photophysical and photochemical processes. Finally, we discuss the existing challenges in the emerging field of spin photochemistry and future opportunities such as smart magnetic materials, optical information technology and spin-enhanced photocatalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Chen Ye
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jiannian Yao
- Key Laboratory of Photochemistry, Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Li-Zhu Wu
- Key Laboratory of Photochemical Conversion and Optoelectronic Materials, Technical Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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3
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Woodward AW, Bramham JE, Brookfield A, Golovanov AP, Bowen AM. Simple and effective in situ sample illumination for electron paramagnetic resonance. Chem Commun (Camb) 2024; 60:1012-1015. [PMID: 38170515 DOI: 10.1039/d3cc04802k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Illumination into an electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectrometer is commonly carried out through the optical window, perpendicular to the sample and magnetic field. Here we show that significant improvements can be obtained by using the walls of the EPR tube as a light guide, with the light scattered only around the sample-containing area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam W Woodward
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Photon Science Institute, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Jack E Bramham
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Adam Brookfield
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Photon Science Institute, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| | - Alexander P Golovanov
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
| | - Alice M Bowen
- Department of Chemistry, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK.
- Photon Science Institute, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
- National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, School of Natural Sciences, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
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4
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Bertran A, De Zotti M, Timmel CR, Di Valentin M, Bowen AM. Determining and controlling conformational information from orientationally selective light-induced triplet-triplet electron resonance spectroscopy for a set of bis-porphyrin rulers. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2024; 26:2589-2602. [PMID: 38170870 PMCID: PMC10793979 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03454b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
We recently reported a new technique, light-induced triplet-triplet electron resonance (LITTER) spectroscopy, which allows quantification of the dipolar interaction between the photogenerated triplet states of two chromophores. Here we carry out a systematic LITTER study, considering orientation selection by the detection pulses, of a series of bis-porphyrin model peptides with different porphyrin-porphyrin distances and relative orientations. Orientation-dependent analysis of the dipolar datasets yields conformational information of the molecules in frozen solution which is in good agreement with density functional theory predictions. Additionally, a fast partial orientational-averaging treatment produces distance distributions with minimized orientational artefacts. Finally, by direct comparison of LITTER data to double electron-electron resonance (DEER) measured on a system with Cu(II) coordinated into the porphyrins, we demonstrate the advantages of the LITTER technique over the standard DEER methodology. This is due to the remarkable spectroscopic properties of the photogenerated porphyrin triplet state. This work sets the basis for the use of LITTER in structural investigations of unmodified complex biological macromolecules, which could be combined with Förster resonance energy transfer and microscopy inside cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Bertran
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Centro Studi di Economia e Tecnica dell'energia Giorgio Levi Cases", 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK.
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca "Centro Studi di Economia e Tecnica dell'energia Giorgio Levi Cases", 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Alice M Bowen
- The National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, UK.
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5
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Bertran A, Morbiato L, Sawyer J, Dalla Torre C, Heyes DJ, Hay S, Timmel CR, Di Valentin M, De Zotti M, Bowen AM. Direct Comparison between Förster Resonance Energy Transfer and Light-Induced Triplet-Triplet Electron Resonance Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:22859-22865. [PMID: 37839071 PMCID: PMC10603778 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c04685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/17/2023]
Abstract
To carry out reliable and comprehensive structural investigations, the exploitation of different complementary techniques is required. Here, we report that dual triplet-spin/fluorescent labels enable the first parallel distance measurements by electron spin resonance (ESR) and Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) on exactly the same molecules with orthogonal chromophores, allowing for direct comparison. An improved light-induced triplet-triplet electron resonance method with 2-color excitation is used, improving the signal-to-noise ratio of the data and yielding a distance distribution that provides greater insight than the single distance resulting from FRET.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Bertran
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Laura Morbiato
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Jack Sawyer
- The
National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Department
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science
Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Chiara Dalla Torre
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Derren J. Heyes
- The
National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Department
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science
Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Sam Hay
- The
National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Department
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science
Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Centro Studi di Economia e
Tecnica dell’energia Giorgio Levi Cases”, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Centro Studi di Economia e
Tecnica dell’energia Giorgio Levi Cases”, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- The
National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Department
of Chemistry, Manchester Institute of Biotechnology and Photon Science
Institute, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
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6
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Sannikova NE, Kolokolov MI, Khlynova TA, Chubarov AS, Polienko YF, Fedin MV, Krumkacheva OA. Revealing light-induced structural shifts in G-quadruplex-porphyrin complexes: a pulsed dipolar EPR study. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:22455-22466. [PMID: 37581249 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp01775c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
The binding of G-quadruplex structures (G4s) with photosensitizers is of considerable importance in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery due to their promising potential in photodynamic therapy applications. G4s can experience structural changes as a result of ligand interactions and light exposure. Understanding these modifications is essential to uncover the fundamental biological roles of the complexes and optimize their therapeutic potential. The structural diversity of G4s makes it challenging to study their complexes with ligands, necessitating the use of various complementary methods to fully understand these interactions. In this study, we introduce, for the first time, the application of laser-induced dipolar EPR as a method to characterize G-quadruplex DNA complexes containing photosensitizers and to investigate light-induced structural modifications in these systems. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach, we studied complexes of the human telomeric G-quadruplex (HTel-22) with cationic 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(1-methyl-4-pyridinio) porphyrin tetra(p-toluenesulfonate) (TMPyP4). In addition to showcasing a new methodology, we also aimed to provide insights into the mechanisms underlying photoinduced HTel-22/TMPyP4 structural changes, thereby aiding in the advancement of approaches targeting G4s in photodynamic therapy. EPR revealed G-quadruplex unfolding and dimer formation upon light exposure. Our findings demonstrate the potential of EPR spectroscopy for examining G4 complexes with photosensitizers and contribute to a better understanding of G4s' interactions with ligands under light.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalya E Sannikova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Mikhail I Kolokolov
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Tamara A Khlynova
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Alexey S Chubarov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine SB RAS, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Yuliya F Polienko
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Institute of Organic Chemistry SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Matvey V Fedin
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
| | - Olesya A Krumkacheva
- International Tomography Center SB RAS, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia.
- Novosibirsk State University, Pirogova Str. 2, Novosibirsk 630090, Russia
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7
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Carella A, Ciuti S, Wiedemann HTA, Kay CWM, van der Est A, Carbonera D, Barbon A, Poddutoori PK, Di Valentin M. The electronic structure and dynamics of the excited triplet state of octaethylaluminum(III)-porphyrin investigated with advanced EPR methods. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 353:107515. [PMID: 37364432 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Revised: 06/14/2023] [Accepted: 06/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
The photoexcited triplet state of octaethylaluminum(III)-porphyrin (AlOEP) was investigated by time-resolved Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Electron Nuclear Double Resonance and Electron Spin Echo Envelope Modulation in an organic glass at 10 and 80 K. This main group element porphyrin is unusual because the metal has a small ionic radius and is six-coordinate with axial covalent and coordination bonds. It is not known whether triplet state dynamics influence its magnetic resonance properties as has been observed for some transition metal porphyrins. Together with density functional theory modelling, the magnetic resonance data of AlOEP allow the temperature dependence of the zero-field splitting (ZFS) parameters, D and E, and the proton AZZ hyperfine coupling (hfc) tensor components of the methine protons, in the zero-field splitting frame to be determined. The results provide evidence that the ZFS, hfc and spin-lattice relaxation are indeed influenced by the presence of a dynamic process that is discussed in terms of Jahn-Teller dynamic effects. Thus, these effects should be taken into account when interpreting EPR data from larger complexes containing AlOEP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelo Carella
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Susanna Ciuti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Haakon T A Wiedemann
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany
| | - Christopher W M Kay
- Department of Chemistry, Saarland University, Campus B 2.2, 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany; London Centre for Nanotechnology, University College London, 17-19 Gordon Street, London WC1H 0AH, UK
| | - Arthur van der Est
- Department of Chemistry, Brock University, 1812 Sir Isaac Brock Way, St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada
| | - Donatella Carbonera
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
| | - Prashanth K Poddutoori
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of Minnesota Duluth, 1038 University Drive, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy.
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8
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Tait CE, Krzyaniak MD, Stoll S. Computational tools for the simulation and analysis of spin-polarized EPR spectra. JOURNAL OF MAGNETIC RESONANCE (SAN DIEGO, CALIF. : 1997) 2023; 349:107410. [PMID: 36870248 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmr.2023.107410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Revised: 02/10/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The EPR spectra of paramagnetic species induced by photoexcitation typically exhibit enhanced absorptive and emissive features resulting from sublevel populations that differ from thermal equilibrium. The populations and the resulting spin polarization of the spectra are dictated by the selectivity of the photophysical process generating the observed state. Simulation of the spin-polarized EPR spectra is crucial in the characterization of both the dynamics of formation of the photoexcited state as well as its electronic and structural properties. EasySpin, the simulation toolbox for EPR spectroscopy, now includes extended support for the simulation of the EPR spectra of spin-polarized states of arbitrary spin multiplicity and formed by a variety of different mechanisms, including photoexcited triplet states populated by intersystem crossing, charge recombination or spin polarization transfer, spin-correlated radical pairs created by photoinduced electron transfer, triplet pairs formed by singlet fission and multiplet states arising from photoexcitation in systems containing chromophores and stable radicals. In this paper, we highlight EasySpin's capabilities for the simulation of spin-polarized EPR spectra on the basis of illustrative examples from the literature in a variety of fields ranging across chemistry, biology, material science and quantum information science.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia E Tait
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom.
| | - Matthew D Krzyaniak
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Quantum Transduction and Institute for Sustainability and Energy at Northwestern, Northwestern University, Evanston 60208, IL, United States
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, 98195, WA, United States
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9
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Scherer A, Yildirim B, Drescher M. The effect of the zero-field splitting in light-induced pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. MAGNETIC RESONANCE (GOTTINGEN, GERMANY) 2023; 4:27-46. [PMID: 37904801 PMCID: PMC10583298 DOI: 10.5194/mr-4-27-2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Laser-induced magnetic dipole (LaserIMD) spectroscopy and light-induced double electron-electron resonance (LiDEER) spectroscopy are important techniques in the emerging field of light-induced pulsed dipolar electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy (light-induced PDS). These techniques use the photoexcitation of a chromophore to the triplet state and measure its dipolar coupling to a neighboring electron spin, which allows the determination of distance restraints. To date, LaserIMD and LiDEER have been analyzed with software tools that were developed for a pair of two S = 1 / 2 spins and that neglected the zero-field splitting (ZFS) of the excited triplet. Here, we explore the limits of this assumption and show that the ZFS can have a significant effect on the shape of the dipolar trace. For a detailed understanding of the effect of the ZFS, a theoretical description for LaserIMD and LiDEER is derived, taking into account the non-secular terms of the ZFS. Simulations based on this model show that the effect of the ZFS is not that pronounced in LiDEER for experimentally relevant conditions. However, the ZFS leads to an additional decay in the dipolar trace in LaserIMD. This decay is not that pronounced in Q-band but can be quite noticeable for lower magnetic field strengths in X-band. Experimentally recorded LiDEER and LaserIMD data confirm these findings. It is shown that ignoring the ZFS in the data analysis of LaserIMD traces can lead to errors in the obtained modulation depths and background decays. In X-band, it is additionally possible that the obtained distance distribution is plagued by long distance artifacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Scherer
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Berk Yildirim
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry, Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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10
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Jozeliu̅naitė A, Neniškis A, Bertran A, Bowen AM, Di Valentin M, Raišys S, Baronas P, Kazlauskas K, Vilčiauskas L, Orentas E. Fullerene Complexation in a Hydrogen-Bonded Porphyrin Receptor via Induced-Fit: Cooperative Action of Tautomerization and C-H···π Interactions. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 145:455-464. [PMID: 36546690 PMCID: PMC9837862 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
A supramolecular chiral hydrogen-bonded tetrameric aggregate possessing a large cavity and tetraarylporphyrin substituents was assembled using alternating 4H- and 2H-bonds between ureidopyrimidinone and isocytosine units, respectively. The aggregation mode was rationally shifted from social to narcissistic self-sorting by changing urea substituent size only. The H-bonded tetramer forms a strong complex with C60 guest, at the same time undergoing remarkable structural changes. Namely, the cavity adjusts to the guest via keto-to-enol tautomerization of the ureidopyrimidinone unit and as a result, porphyrin substituents move apart from each other in a scissor blade-like opening fashion. The rearrangement is accompanied by C-H···π interaction between the alkyl solubilizing groups and the nearby placed porphyrin π-systems. The latter interaction was found to be crucial for the guest complexation event, providing energetic compensation for otherwise costly tautomerization. We showed that only the systems possessing sufficiently long alkyl chains capable of interacting with a porphyrin ring are able to form a complex with C60. The structural rearrangement of the tetramer was quantitatively characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance pulsed dipolar spectroscopy measurements using photogenerated triplets of porphyrin and C60 as spin probes. Further exploring the C-H···π interaction as a decisive element for the C60 recognition, we investigated the guest-induced self-sorting phenomenon using scrambled tetramer assemblies composed of two types of monomers possessing alkyl chains of different lengths. The presence of the fullerene guest has enabled the selective scavenging of monomers capable of C-H···π interaction to form homo-tetrameric aggregates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Algirdas Neniškis
- Institute
of Chemistry, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Arnau Bertran
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3QR Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- Department
of Chemistry, Photon Science Institute and The National EPR Research
Facility, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy,Centro
Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Centro Studi di Economia e
Tecnica dell’energia Giorgio Levi Cases”, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Steponas Raišys
- Institute
of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius
University, Saulėtekio
av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Baronas
- Institute
of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius
University, Saulėtekio
av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Karolis Kazlauskas
- Institute
of Photonics and Nanotechnology, Vilnius
University, Saulėtekio
av. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Linas Vilčiauskas
- Institute
of Chemistry, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania,Center
for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Saulėtekio al. 3, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Institute
of Chemistry, Vilnius University, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania,
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11
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Scherer A, Yao X, Qi M, Wiedmaier M, Godt A, Drescher M. Increasing the Modulation Depth of Gd III-Based Pulsed Dipolar EPR Spectroscopy (PDS) with Porphyrin-Gd III Laser-Induced Magnetic Dipole Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:10958-10964. [PMID: 36399541 PMCID: PMC9720741 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c02138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Distance determination with pulsed EPR has become an important technique for the structural investigation of biomacromolecules, with double electron-electron resonance spectroscopy (DEER) as the most important method. GdIII-based spin labels are one of the most frequently used spin labels for DEER owing to their stability against reduction, high magnetic moment, and absence of orientation selection. A disadvantage of GdIII-GdIII DEER is the low modulation depth due to the broad EPR spectrum of GdIII. Here, we introduce laser-induced magnetic dipole spectroscopy (LaserIMD) with a spin pair consisting of GdIII(PymiMTA) and a photoexcited porphyrin as an alternative technique. We show that the excited state of the porphyrin is not disturbed by the presence of the GdIII complex and that herewith modulation depths of almost 40% are possible. This is significantly higher than the value of 7.2% that was achieved with GdIII-GdIII DEER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Scherer
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Xuemei Yao
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Center of Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Mian Qi
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Center of Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Max Wiedmaier
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Adelheid Godt
- Faculty
of Chemistry and Center of Molecular Materials (CM2), Bielefeld University, Universitätsstraße 25, 33615 Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department
of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
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12
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Bertran A, Morbiato L, Aquilia S, Gabbatore L, De Zotti M, Timmel CR, Di Valentin M, Bowen AM. Erythrosin B as a New Photoswitchable Spin Label for Light-Induced Pulsed EPR Dipolar Spectroscopy. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217526. [PMID: 36364348 PMCID: PMC9657417 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 10/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
We present a new photoswitchable spin label for light-induced pulsed electron paramagnetic resonance dipolar spectroscopy (LiPDS), the photoexcited triplet state of erythrosin B (EB), which is ideal for biological applications. With this label, we perform an in-depth study of the orientational effects in dipolar traces acquired using the refocused laser-induced magnetic dipole technique to obtain information on the distance and relative orientation between the EB and nitroxide labels in a rigid model peptide, in good agreement with density functional theory predictions. Additionally, we show that these orientational effects can be averaged to enable an orientation-independent analysis to determine the distance distribution. Furthermore, we demonstrate the feasibility of these experiments above liquid nitrogen temperatures, removing the need for expensive liquid helium or cryogen-free cryostats. The variety of choices in photoswitchable spin labels and the affordability of the experiments are critical for LiPDS to become a widespread methodology in structural biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Bertran
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Laura Morbiato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Sara Aquilia
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Laura Gabbatore
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Marta De Zotti
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Centro Studi di Economia e Tecnica dell’Energia Giorgio Levi Cases”, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QR, UK
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca “Centro Studi di Economia e Tecnica dell’Energia Giorgio Levi Cases”, University of Padova, 35131 Padova, Italy
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (A.M.B.)
| | - Alice M. Bowen
- The National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance, Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
- Correspondence: (M.D.V.); (A.M.B.)
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13
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Bertran A, Barbon A, Bowen AM, Di Valentin M. Light-induced pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy for distance and orientation analysis. Methods Enzymol 2022; 666:171-231. [PMID: 35465920 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2022.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Measuring distances in biology at the molecular level is of great importance for understanding the structure and function of proteins, nucleic acids and other biological molecules and their complexes. Pulsed Dipolar Spectroscopy (PDS) offers advantages with respect to other methods as it is uniquely sensitive and specific to electronic spin centers and allows measurements in near-native conditions, comprising the in-cell environment. PDS methods measure the electron spin-spin dipolar interaction, therefore they require the presence of at least two paramagnetic centers, which are often stable radicals. Recent developments have introduced transient triplet states, photo-activated by a laser pulse, as spin labels and probes, thereby establishing a new family of techniques-Light-induced PDS (LiPDS). In this chapter, an overview of these methods is provided, looking at the chromophores that can be used for LiPDS and some of the technical aspects of the experiments. A guide to the choice of technique that can yield the best results, depending on the type of system studied and the information required, is provided. Examples of previous LiPDS studies of model systems and proteins are given. Characterization data for the chromophores used in these studies is tabulated to help selection of appropriate triplet state probes in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Bertran
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Antonio Barbon
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Alice M Bowen
- Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom; EPSRC National Research Facility for Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Spectroscopy, Department of Chemistry and Photon Science Institute, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.
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14
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Timofeev IO, Politanskaya LV, Tretyakov EV, Polienko YF, Tormyshev VM, Bagryanskaya E, Krumkacheva OA, Fedin MV. Fullerene-based triplet spin labels: methodology aspects for pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:4475-4484. [DOI: 10.1039/d1cp05545c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Triplet states of photoexcited organic molecules are promising spin labels with advanced spectroscopic properties for Pulsed Dipolar Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (PD EPR) spectroscopy. Recently proposed triplet fullerene labels have shown...
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15
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Schiemann O, Heubach CA, Abdullin D, Ackermann K, Azarkh M, Bagryanskaya EG, Drescher M, Endeward B, Freed JH, Galazzo L, Goldfarb D, Hett T, Esteban Hofer L, Fábregas Ibáñez L, Hustedt EJ, Kucher S, Kuprov I, Lovett JE, Meyer A, Ruthstein S, Saxena S, Stoll S, Timmel CR, Di Valentin M, Mchaourab HS, Prisner TF, Bode BE, Bordignon E, Bennati M, Jeschke G. Benchmark Test and Guidelines for DEER/PELDOR Experiments on Nitroxide-Labeled Biomolecules. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:17875-17890. [PMID: 34664948 PMCID: PMC11253894 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c07371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Distance distribution information obtained by pulsed dipolar EPR spectroscopy provides an important contribution to many studies in structural biology. Increasingly, such information is used in integrative structural modeling, where it delivers unique restraints on the width of conformational ensembles. In order to ensure reliability of the structural models and of biological conclusions, we herein define quality standards for sample preparation and characterization, for measurements of distributed dipole-dipole couplings between paramagnetic labels, for conversion of the primary time-domain data into distance distributions, for interpreting these distributions, and for reporting results. These guidelines are substantiated by a multi-laboratory benchmark study and by analysis of data sets with known distance distribution ground truth. The study and the guidelines focus on proteins labeled with nitroxides and on double electron-electron resonance (DEER aka PELDOR) measurements and provide suggestions on how to proceed analogously in other cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olav Schiemann
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Caspar A Heubach
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Dinar Abdullin
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Katrin Ackermann
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Mykhailo Azarkh
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Elena G Bagryanskaya
- N.N. Vorozhtsov Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Lavrentieva aven 9, 630090 Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Malte Drescher
- Department of Chemistry and Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Universitätsstraße 10, 78457 Konstanz, Germany
| | - Burkhard Endeward
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Jack H Freed
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, and ACERT, National Biomedical Center for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance Technology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853-1301, United States
| | - Laura Galazzo
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Daniella Goldfarb
- Department of Chemical and Biological Physics, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tobias Hett
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry, University of Bonn, Wegelerstraße 12, 53115 Bonn, Germany
| | - Laura Esteban Hofer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Luis Fábregas Ibáñez
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Eric J Hustedt
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Svetlana Kucher
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ilya Kuprov
- School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Highfield Campus, Southampton SO17 1BJ, U.K
| | - Janet Eleanor Lovett
- SUPA School of Physics and Astronomy and BSRC, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9SS, U.K
| | - Andreas Meyer
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Sharon Ruthstein
- Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 5290002, Israel
| | - Sunil Saxena
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, United States
| | - Stefan Stoll
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington 98195, United States
| | - Christiane R Timmel
- Department of Chemistry, Centre for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, U.K
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Hassane S Mchaourab
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee 37232, United States
| | - Thomas F Prisner
- Institute of Physical and Theoretical Chemistry and Center of Biomolecular Magnetic Resonance, Goethe University, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Bela Ernest Bode
- EaStCHEM School of Chemistry, Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, and Centre of Magnetic Resonance, University of St Andrews North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 9ST, U.K
| | - Enrica Bordignon
- Faculty of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Marina Bennati
- Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, 37077 Göttingen, Germany
| | - Gunnar Jeschke
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Hönggerberg, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 2, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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16
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Bowen AM, Bertran A, Henbest KB, Gobbo M, Timmel CR, Di Valentin M. Orientation-Selective and Frequency-Correlated Light-Induced Pulsed Dipolar Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3819-3826. [PMID: 33856805 PMCID: PMC8154851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We explore the potential of orientation-resolved pulsed dipolar spectroscopy (PDS) in light-induced versions of the experiment. The use of triplets as spin-active moieties for PDS offers an attractive tool for studying biochemical systems containing optically active cofactors. Cofactors are often rigidly bound within the protein structure, providing an accurate positional marker. The rigidity leads to orientation selection effects in PDS, which can be analyzed to give both distance and mutual orientation information. Herein we present a comprehensive analysis of the orientation selection of a full set of light-induced PDS experiments. We exploit the complementary information provided by the different light-induced techniques to yield atomic-level structural information. For the first time, we measure a 2D frequency-correlated laser-induced magnetic dipolar spectrum, and we are able to monitor the complete orientation dependence of the system in a single experiment. Alternatively, the summed spectrum enables an orientation-independent analysis to determine the distance distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice M. Bowen
- Department
of Chemistry, Photon Science Institute and The National EPR Research
Facility, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Arnau Bertran
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin B. Henbest
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Marina Gobbo
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
| | - Christiane R. Timmel
- Centre
for Advanced Electron Spin Resonance and Inorganic Chemistry Laboratory,
Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QR, United Kingdom
| | - Marilena Di Valentin
- Department
of Chemical Sciences, University of Padova, Via Marzolo 1, 35131 Padova, Italy
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