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Minussi FB, Silva RM, Araújo EB. Composition-Property Relations for GA x FA y MA 1- x - y PbI 3 Perovskites. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2305054. [PMID: 37803390 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202305054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are materials for diverse optoelectronic applications owing to a combination of factors, including their compositional flexibility. A major source of this diversity of compositions comes from the use of mixed organic cations in the A-site of such compounds to form solid solutions. Many organic cations are possible for this purpose. Although significant progress is made over years of intensive research, the determination of systematic relationships between the compositions and properties of halide perovskites is not exploited accordingly. Using the MAPbI3 prototype, a wide range of compositions substituted by formamidinium (FA+ ) and guanidinium (GA+ ) cations are studied. From a detailed collection of experimental data and results reported in the literature, heat maps correlating the composition of GAx FAy MA1- x - y PbI3 solid solutions with phase transition temperatures, dielectric permittivity, and activation energies are constructed. Considering the characteristics of organic cations, namely their sizes, dipole moments, and the number of N─H bonds, it is possible to interpret the heat maps as consequences of these characteristics. This work brings a systematization of how obtaining specific properties of halide perovskites might be possible by customizing the characteristics of the A-site organic cations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Brondani Minussi
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Rogério Marcos Silva
- Department of Electrical Engineering, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
| | - Eudes Borges Araújo
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, São Paulo State University, Ilha Solteira, SP, 15385-000, Brazil
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2
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Varadwaj PR, Varadwaj A, Marques HM, Yamashita K. Methylammonium Tetrel Halide Perovskite Ion Pairs and Their Dimers: The Interplay between the Hydrogen-, Pnictogen- and Tetrel-Bonding Interactions. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10554. [PMID: 37445738 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The structural stability of the extensively studied organic-inorganic hybrid methylammonium tetrel halide perovskite semiconductors, MATtX3 (MA = CH3NH3+; Tt = Ge, Sn, Pb; X = Cl, Br, I), arises as a result of non-covalent interactions between an organic cation (CH3NH3+) and an inorganic anion (TtX3-). However, the basic understanding of the underlying chemical bonding interactions in these systems that link the ionic moieties together in complex configurations is still limited. In this study, ion pair models constituting the organic and inorganic ions were regarded as the repeating units of periodic crystal systems and density functional theory simulations were performed to elucidate the nature of the non-covalent interactions between them. It is demonstrated that not only the charge-assisted N-H···X and C-H···X hydrogen bonds but also the C-N···X pnictogen bonds interact to stabilize the ion pairs and to define their geometries in the gas phase. Similar interactions are also responsible for the formation of crystalline MATtX3 in the low-temperature phase, some of which have been delineated in previous studies. In contrast, the Tt···X tetrel bonding interactions, which are hidden as coordinate bonds in the crystals, play a vital role in holding the inorganic anionic moieties (TtX3-) together. We have demonstrated that each Tt in each [CH3NH3+•TtX3-] ion pair has the capacity to donate three tetrel (σ-hole) bonds to the halides of three nearest neighbor TtX3- units, thus causing the emergence of an infinite array of 3D TtX64- octahedra in the crystalline phase. The TtX44- octahedra are corner-shared to form cage-like inorganic frameworks that host the organic cation, leading to the formation of functional tetrel halide perovskite materials that have outstanding optoelectronic properties in the solid state. We harnessed the results using the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, natural bond orbital, molecular electrostatic surface potential and independent gradient models to validate these conclusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Helder M Marques
- School of Chemistry, Molecular Sciences Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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3
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Meyer F, Hauschild D, Benkert A, Blum M, Yang W, Reinert F, Heske C, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L. Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Solid Proline and Proline Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10185-10193. [PMID: 36418225 PMCID: PMC9744097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The amino group of proline is part of a pyrrolidine ring, which makes it unique among the proteinogenic amino acids. To unravel its full electronic structure, proline in solid state and aqueous solution is investigated using X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering. By controlling the pH value of the solution, proline is studied in its cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic configurations. The spectra are analyzed within a "building-block principle" by comparing with suitable reference molecules, i.e., acetic acid, cysteine, and pyrrolidine, as well as with spectral calculations based on density functional theory. We find that the electronic structure of the carboxyl group of proline is very similar to that of other amino acids as well as acetic acid. In contrast, the electronic structure of the amino group is significantly different and strongly influenced by the ring structure of proline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Meyer
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Monika Blum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
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4
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Sterling CM, Kamal C, García-Fernández A, Man GJ, Svanström S, Nayak PK, Butorin SM, Rensmo H, Cappel UB, Odelius M. Electronic Structure and Chemical Bonding in Methylammonium Lead Triiodide and Its Precursor Methylammonium Iodide. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2022; 126:20143-20154. [PMID: 36483685 PMCID: PMC9720748 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c06782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Revised: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A detailed examination of the electronic structures of methylammonium lead triiodide (MAPI) and methylammonium iodide (MAI) is performed with ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations based on density functional theory, and the theoretical results are compared to experimental probes. The occupied valence bands of a MAPI single crystal and MAI powder are probed with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and the conduction bands are probed from the perspective of nitrogen K-edge X-ray absorption spectroscopy. Combined, the theoretical simulations and the two experimental techniques allow for a dissection of the electronic structure unveiling the nature of chemical bonding in MAPI and MAI. Here, we show that the difference in band gap between MAPI and MAI is caused chiefly by interactions between iodine and lead but also weaker interactions with the MA+ counterions. Spatial decomposition of the iodine p levels allows for analysis of Pb-I σ bonds and π interactions, which contribute to this effect with the involvement of the Pb 6p levels. Differences in hydrogen bonding between the two materials, seen in the AIMD simulations, are reflected in nitrogen valence orbital composition and in nitrogen K-edge X-ray absorption spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cody M. Sterling
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chinnathambi Kamal
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91Stockholm, Sweden
- Theory
and Simulations Laboratory, Theoretical and Computational Physics
Section, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Technology, Indore452013, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School
Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai400094, India
| | - Alberto García-Fernández
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Gabriel J. Man
- Condensed
Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala
University, Box 516, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
- GJM
Scientific
Consulting, Fort Lee, New Jersey07024, United States
| | - Sebastian Svanström
- Condensed
Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala
University, Box 516, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Pabitra K. Nayak
- Tata
Institute of Fundamental Research, 36/P, Gopanpally Village, Serilingampally Mandal, Ranga Reddy District, Hyderabad500046, India
| | - Sergei M. Butorin
- Condensed
Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala
University, Box 516, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Condensed
Matter Physics of Energy Materials, Division of X-ray Photon Science,
Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala
University, Box 516, SE-75121Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ute B. Cappel
- Division
of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH - Royal Institute of Technology, SE-100 44Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Erbing A, Philippe B, Park BW, Cappel UB, Rensmo H, Odelius M. Spatial Microheterogeneity in the Valence Band of Mixed Halide Hybrid Perovskite Materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9285-9294. [PMID: 36093010 PMCID: PMC9384462 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc03440a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The valence band of lead halide hybrid perovskites with a mixed I/Br composition is investigated using electronic structure calculations and complementarily probed with hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In the latter, we used high photon energies giving element sensitivity to the heavy lead and halide ions and we observe distinct trends in the valence band as a function of the I : Br ratio. Through electronic structure calculations, we show that the spectral trends with overall composition can be understood in terms of variations in the local environment of neighboring halide ions. From the computational model supported by the experimental evidence, a picture of the microheterogeneity in the valence band maximum emerges. The microheterogeneity in the valence band suggests that additional charge transport mechanisms might be active in lead mixed halide hybrid perovskites, which could be described in terms of percolation pathways. Microheterogeneity in valence band maximum of hybrid perovskites with mixed I/Br composition. Theoretical calculations show that trends in hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with overall composition are related to variations in local environment.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Axel Erbing
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden +46 8 5537 8601 +46 8 5537 8713
| | - Bertrand Philippe
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 SE-751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Byung-Wook Park
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 SE-751 20 Uppsala Sweden
- Department of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology 50 UNIST-gil, Eonyang-eup, Ulju-gun Ulsan 44919 Korea
| | - Ute B Cappel
- Division of Applied Physical Chemistry, Department of Chemistry, KTH Royal Institute of Technology SE-100 44 Stockholm Sweden
| | - Håkan Rensmo
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University Box 516 SE-751 20 Uppsala Sweden
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center SE-106 91 Stockholm Sweden +46 8 5537 8601 +46 8 5537 8713
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6
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Kamal C, Hauschild D, Seitz L, Steininger R, Yang W, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Odelius M. Coupling Methylammonium and Formamidinium Cations with Halide Anions: Hybrid Orbitals, Hydrogen Bonding, and the Role of Dynamics. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:25917-25926. [PMID: 34868447 PMCID: PMC8634158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structures of four precursors for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, namely, methylammonium chloride and iodide, as well as formamidinium bromide and iodide, are investigated by X-ray emission (XE) spectroscopy at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges. The XE spectra are analyzed based on density functional theory calculations. We simulate the XE spectra at the Kohn-Sham level for ground-state geometries and carry out detailed analyses of the molecular orbitals and the electronic density of states to give a thorough understanding of the spectra. Major parts of the spectra can be described by the model of the corresponding isolated organic cation, whereas high-emission energy peaks in the nitrogen K-edge XE spectra arise from electronic transitions involving hybrids of the molecular and atomic orbitals of the cations and halides, respectively. We find that the interaction of the methylammonium cation is stronger with the chlorine than with the iodine anion. Furthermore, our detailed theoretical analysis highlights the strong influence of ultrafast proton dynamics in the core-excited states, which is an intrinsic effect of the XE process. The inclusion of this effect is necessary for an accurate description of the experimental nitrogen K-edge X-ray emission spectra and gives information on the hydrogen-bonding strengths in the different precursor materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinnathambi Kamal
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Theory
and Simulations Laboratory, HRDS, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Linsey Seitz
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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