1
|
Pyatenko E, Hauschild D, Mikhnych V, Edla R, Steininger R, Hariskos D, Witte W, Powalla M, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Rb Diffusion and Oxide Removal at the RbF-Treated Ga 2O 3/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Interface in Thin-Film Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15. [PMID: 37913778 PMCID: PMC10659031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the chemical structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorber surfaces and their interface with a sputter-deposited Ga2O3 buffer. The CIGSe samples were exposed to a RbF postdeposition treatment and an ammonia-based rinsing step, as used in corresponding thin-film solar cells. For a detailed chemical analysis of the impact of these treatments, we employed laboratory-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray-excited Auger electron spectroscopy, and synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the RbF-treated surface, we find both Rb and F, which are then partly (Rb) and completely (F) removed by the rinse. The rinse also removes Ga-F, Ga-O, and In-O surface bonds and reduces the Ga/(Ga + In) ratio at the CIGSe absorber surface. After Ga2O3 deposition, we identify the formation of In oxides and the diffusion of Rb and small amounts of F into/onto the Ga2O3 buffer layer but no indication of the formation of hydroxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Pyatenko
- Laboratory
for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Vladyslav Mikhnych
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Raju Edla
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum
für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(ZSW), Meitnerstraße
1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum
für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(ZSW), Meitnerstraße
1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Michael Powalla
- Zentrum
für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(ZSW), Meitnerstraße
1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Weinhardt L, Hauschild D, Fuchs O, Steininger R, Jiang N, Blum M, Denlinger JD, Yang W, Umbach E, Heske C. Satellite-Dominated Sulfur L 2,3 X-ray Emission of Alkaline Earth Metal Sulfides. ACS Omega 2023; 8:4921-4927. [PMID: 36777614 PMCID: PMC9909793 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c07228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The sulfur L2,3 X-ray emission spectra of the alkaline earth metal sulfides BeS, MgS, CaS, SrS, and BaS are investigated and compared with spectra calculations based on density functional theory. Very distinct spectral shapes are found for the different compounds. With decreasing electronegativity of the cation, that is, increasing ionic bonding character, the upper valence band width and its relative spectral intensity decrease. These general trends are qualitatively reproduced by the spectra calculations, which give quite an accurate description of the spectral shapes in the upper valence band region. On the low energy side of the sulfur 3s → 2p transition dominating the spectra, we find strong satellites caused by "semi-Auger" decays involving configuration interaction. These satellites, previously believed to be energetically forbidden for sulfur L2,3 emission and only observed for the L2,3 emission of Cl to Cr, increase in intensity as the bonding character becomes more ionic and dominate the spectra for SrS and BaS. The intensities, energies, and widths of the satellites vary strongly between the investigated compounds, giving a very specific spectral fingerprint that can be used for speciation analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Oliver Fuchs
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Jonathan D. Denlinger
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Eberhard Umbach
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Würzburg 97074, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Meyer F, Hauschild D, Benkert A, Blum M, Yang W, Reinert F, Heske C, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L. Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering and X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Solid Proline and Proline Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:10185-10193. [PMID: 36418225 PMCID: PMC9744097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c06557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The amino group of proline is part of a pyrrolidine ring, which makes it unique among the proteinogenic amino acids. To unravel its full electronic structure, proline in solid state and aqueous solution is investigated using X-ray emission spectroscopy and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering. By controlling the pH value of the solution, proline is studied in its cationic, zwitterionic, and anionic configurations. The spectra are analyzed within a "building-block principle" by comparing with suitable reference molecules, i.e., acetic acid, cysteine, and pyrrolidine, as well as with spectral calculations based on density functional theory. We find that the electronic structure of the carboxyl group of proline is very similar to that of other amino acids as well as acetic acid. In contrast, the electronic structure of the amino group is significantly different and strongly influenced by the ring structure of proline.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Frank Meyer
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Monika Blum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical
Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National
Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kamal C, Hauschild D, Seitz L, Steininger R, Yang W, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Odelius M. Coupling Methylammonium and Formamidinium Cations with Halide Anions: Hybrid Orbitals, Hydrogen Bonding, and the Role of Dynamics. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2021; 125:25917-25926. [PMID: 34868447 PMCID: PMC8634158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c08932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The electronic structures of four precursors for organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites, namely, methylammonium chloride and iodide, as well as formamidinium bromide and iodide, are investigated by X-ray emission (XE) spectroscopy at the carbon and nitrogen K-edges. The XE spectra are analyzed based on density functional theory calculations. We simulate the XE spectra at the Kohn-Sham level for ground-state geometries and carry out detailed analyses of the molecular orbitals and the electronic density of states to give a thorough understanding of the spectra. Major parts of the spectra can be described by the model of the corresponding isolated organic cation, whereas high-emission energy peaks in the nitrogen K-edge XE spectra arise from electronic transitions involving hybrids of the molecular and atomic orbitals of the cations and halides, respectively. We find that the interaction of the methylammonium cation is stronger with the chlorine than with the iodine anion. Furthermore, our detailed theoretical analysis highlights the strong influence of ultrafast proton dynamics in the core-excited states, which is an intrinsic effect of the XE process. The inclusion of this effect is necessary for an accurate description of the experimental nitrogen K-edge X-ray emission spectra and gives information on the hydrogen-bonding strengths in the different precursor materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chinnathambi Kamal
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
- Theory
and Simulations Laboratory, HRDS, Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced
Technology, Indore 452013, India
- Homi
Bhabha National Institute, Training School Complex, Anushakti Nagar, Mumbai 400094, India
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Linsey Seitz
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced
Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las
Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova
University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hauschild D, Seitz L, Gharibzadeh S, Steininger R, Jiang N, Yang W, Paetzold UW, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Impact of n-Butylammonium Bromide on the Chemical and Electronic Structure of Double-Cation Perovskite Thin Films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:53202-53210. [PMID: 34709800 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c15707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
2D/3D perovskite heterostructures have emerged as a promising material composition to reduce nonradiative recombination in perovskite-based LEDs and solar cells. Such heterostructures can be created by a surface treatment with large organic cations, for example, n-butylammonium bromide (BABr). To understand the impact of the BABr surface treatment on the double-cation (Cs0.17FA0.83Pb(I0.6Br0.4)3) (FA = formamidinium) perovskite thin film and further optimize the corresponding structures, an in-depth understanding of the chemical and electronic properties of the involved surfaces, interfaces, and bulk is required. Hence, we study the impact of the BABr treatment with a combination of surface-sensitive X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and bulk-sensitive resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS). A quantitative analysis of the BABr-treated perovskite thin film shows a modified chemical perovskite surface environment of carbon, nitrogen, bromine, iodine, and lead, indicating that the treatment leads to a perovskite surface with a modified composition and bonding structure. With K-edge RIXS, the local environment at the nitrogen and carbon atoms is probed, allowing us to identify the presence of BABr in the perovskite bulk albeit with a modified bonding environment. This, in turn, identifies a "hidden parameter" for the optimization of the BABr treatment and overall performance of 2D/3D perovskite solar cell absorbers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Linsey Seitz
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Saba Gharibzadeh
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Ulrich Wilhelm Paetzold
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Moghadamzadeh S, Hossain IM, Loy M, Ritzer DB, Hu H, Hauschild D, Mertens A, Becker JP, Haghighirad AA, Ahlswede E, Weinhardt L, Lemmer U, Nejand BA, Paetzold UW. In 2O 3:H-Based Hole-Transport-Layer-Free Tin/Lead Perovskite Solar Cells for Efficient Four-Terminal All-Perovskite Tandem Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:46488-46498. [PMID: 34551256 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c06457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Narrow-band gap (NBG) Sn-Pb perovskites with band gaps of ∼1.2 eV, which correspond to a broad photon absorption range up to ∼1033 nm, are highly promising candidates for bottom solar cells in all-perovskite tandem photovoltaics. To exploit their potential, avoiding optical losses in the top layer stacks of the tandem configuration is essential. This study addresses this challenge in two ways (1) removing the hole-transport layer (HTL) and (2) implementing highly transparent hydrogen-doped indium oxide In2O3:H (IO:H) electrodes instead of the commonly used indium tin oxide (ITO). Removing HTL reduces parasitic absorption loss in shorter wavelengths without compromising the photovoltaic performance. IO:H, with an ultra-low near-infrared optical loss and a high charge carrier mobility, results in a remarkable increase in the photocurrent of the semitransparent top and (HTL-free) NBG bottom perovskite solar cells when substituted for ITO. As a result, an IO:H-based four-terminal all-perovskite tandem solar cell (4T all-PTSCs) with a power conversion efficiency (PCE) as high as 24.8% is demonstrated, outperforming ITO-based 4T all-PTSCs with PCE up to 23.3%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Moghadamzadeh
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ihteaz M Hossain
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Moritz Loy
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - David Benedikt Ritzer
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Hang Hu
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Adrian Mertens
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Jan-Philipp Becker
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Amir A Haghighirad
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, D-76021, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erik Ahlswede
- Center for Solar Energy and Hydrogen Research Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstrasse 1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Uli Lemmer
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Bahram Abdollahi Nejand
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ulrich W Paetzold
- Light Technology Institute (LTI), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 13, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute of Microstructure Technology (IMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Das UK, Theisen R, Hua A, Upadhyaya A, Lam I, Mouri TK, Jiang N, Hauschild D, Weinhardt L, Yang W, Rohatgi A, Heske C. Efficient passivation of n-type and p-type silicon surface defects by hydrogen sulfide gas reaction. J Phys Condens Matter 2021; 33:464002. [PMID: 34407514 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/ac1ec8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
An efficient surface defect passivation is observed by reacting clean Si in a dilute hydrogen sulfide-argon gas mixture (<5% H2S in Ar) for both n-type and p-type Si wafers with planar and textured surfaces. Surface recombination velocities of 1.5 and 8 cm s-1are achieved on n-type and p-type Si wafers, respectively, at an optimum reaction temperature of 550 °C that are comparable to the best surface passivation quality used in high efficiency Si solar cells. Surface chemical analysis using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy shows that sulfur is primarily bonded in a sulfide environment, and synchrotron-based soft x-ray emission spectroscopy of the adsorbed sulfur atoms suggests the formation of S-Si bonds. The sulfur surface passivation layer is unstable in air, attributed to surface oxide formation and a simultaneous decrease of sulfide bonds. However, the passivation can be stabilized by a low-temperature (300 °C) deposited amorphous silicon nitride (a-Si:NX:H) capping layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U K Das
- Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, United States of America
| | - R Theisen
- Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, United States of America
| | - A Hua
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | - A Upadhyaya
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - I Lam
- Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, United States of America
| | - T K Mouri
- Institute of Energy Conversion, University of Delaware, Newark, United States of America
| | - N Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
| | - D Hauschild
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - W Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, United States of America
| | - A Rohatgi
- School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, United States of America
| | - C Heske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, United States of America
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Weinhardt L, Hauschild D, Steininger R, Jiang N, Blum M, Yang W, Heske C. Sulfate Speciation Analysis Using Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:8300-8308. [PMID: 34076421 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c01187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The chemical and electronic structures of 15 different sulfates are studied using S L2,3 soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES). Sulfur L2,3 XES spectra of sulfates are distinctively different from those of other sulfur compounds, which makes XES a powerful technique for sulfate detection. Furthermore, subtle but distinct differences between the spectra of sulfates with different cations are observed, which allow a further differentiation of the specific compound. Most prominently, the position and width of the emission from "S 3s" derived bands systematically vary for different compounds, which can be understood with electronic structure and spectral calculations based on density functional theory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States.,Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Karlsruhe 76128, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wilks RG, Erbing A, Sadoughi G, Starr DE, Handick E, Meyer F, Benkert A, Iannuzzi M, Hauschild D, Yang W, Blum M, Weinhardt L, Heske C, Snaith HJ, Odelius M, Bär M. Dynamic Effects and Hydrogen Bonding in Mixed-Halide Perovskite Solar Cell Absorbers. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:3885-3890. [PMID: 33856793 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c00745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The organic component (methylammonium) of CH3NH3PbI3-xClx-based perovskites shows electronic hybridization with the inorganic framework via H-bonding between N and I sites. Femtosecond dynamics induced by core excitation are shown to strongly influence the measured X-ray emission spectra and the resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering of the organic components. The N K core excitation leads to a greatly increased N-H bond length that modifies and strengthens the interaction with the inorganic framework compared to that in the ground state. The study indicates that excited-state dynamics must be accounted for in spectroscopic studies of this perovskite solar cell material, and the organic-inorganic hybridization interaction suggests new avenues for probing the electronic structure of this class of materials. It is incidentally shown that beam damage to the methylamine component can be avoided by moving the sample under the soft X-ray beam to minimize exposure and that this procedure is necessary to prevent the creation of experimental artifacts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Axel Erbing
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Golnaz Sadoughi
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - David E Starr
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- Experimental Physics 7, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- Experimental Physics 7, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcella Iannuzzi
- Physical Chemistry Institute, University of Zürich, 8057 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8229, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720-8176, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154, United States
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Clarendon Laboratory, Oxford OX1 3PJ, U.K
| | - Michael Odelius
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, 106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB), 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Helmholtz-Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN), 90429 Nürnberg, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), 91058 Erlangen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Taskesen T, Pareek D, Hauschild D, Haertel A, Weinhardt L, Yang W, Pfeiffelmann T, Nowak D, Heske C, Gütay L. Steep sulfur gradient in CZTSSe solar cells by H 2S-assisted rapid surface sulfurization. RSC Adv 2021; 11:12687-12695. [PMID: 35423831 PMCID: PMC8696921 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra00494h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Sulfur/selenium grading is a widely used optimization strategy in kesterite thin-film solar cells to obtain a bandgap-graded absorber material and to optimize optical and electrical properties of the solar-cell device. In this work, we present a novel approach to introduce a [S]/([S] + [Se]) grading for Cu2ZnSn(S,Se)4 solar cells. In contrast to commonly used methods with slow process dynamics, the presented approach aims to create a fast sulfurization reaction on the surface of pure selenide kesterite absorbers by using highly reactive H2S gas and high sulfurization temperatures in a rapid flash-type process. With a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray emission spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and Raman-shallow angle cross sections spectroscopy, we gain depth-varied information on the [S]/([S] + [Se]) ratio and discuss the impact of different process parameter variations on the material and device properties. The results demonstrate the potential of the developed process to generate a steep gradient of sulfur that is confined mainly to the surface region of the absorber film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teoman Taskesen
- Ultrafast Nanoscale Dynamics (UND) Workgroup, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Devendra Pareek
- Ultrafast Nanoscale Dynamics (UND) Workgroup, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Engesserstr. 18/20 D-76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas NV 89154-4003 USA
| | - Alan Haertel
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Engesserstr. 18/20 D-76128 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Engesserstr. 18/20 D-76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas NV 89154-4003 USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Berkeley CA 94720 USA
| | - Timo Pfeiffelmann
- Ultrafast Nanoscale Dynamics (UND) Workgroup, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - David Nowak
- Ultrafast Nanoscale Dynamics (UND) Workgroup, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 D-76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) D-76344 Engesserstr. 18/20 D-76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) 4505 Maryland Parkway Las Vegas NV 89154-4003 USA
| | - Levent Gütay
- Ultrafast Nanoscale Dynamics (UND) Workgroup, Institute of Physics, Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg Carl-von-Ossietzky-Straße 9-11 D-26129 Oldenburg Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Weinhardt L, Steininger R, Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo D, Mangold S, Hauschild D, Batchelor D, Spangenberg T, Heske C. X-SPEC: a 70 eV to 15 keV undulator beamline for X-ray and electron spectroscopies. J Synchrotron Radiat 2021; 28:609-617. [PMID: 33650573 PMCID: PMC7941287 DOI: 10.1107/s1600577520016318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
X-SPEC is a high-flux spectroscopy beamline at the KIT (Karlsruhe Institute of Technology) Synchrotron for electron and X-ray spectroscopy featuring a wide photon energy range. The beamline is equipped with a permanent magnet undulator with two magnetic structures of different period lengths, a focusing variable-line-space plane-grating monochromator, a double-crystal monochromator and three Kirkpatrick-Baez mirror pairs. By selectively moving these elements in or out of the beam, X-SPEC is capable of covering an energy range from 70 eV up to 15 keV. The flux of the beamline is maximized by optimizing the magnetic design of the undulator, minimizing the number of optical elements and optimizing their parameters. The beam can be focused into two experimental stations while maintaining the same spot position throughout the entire energy range. The first experimental station is optimized for measuring solid samples under ultra-high-vacuum conditions, while the second experimental station allows in situ and operando studies under ambient conditions. Measurement techniques include X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS), extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS), photoelectron spectroscopy (PES) and hard X-ray PES (HAXPES), as well as X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Stefan Mangold
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - David Batchelor
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Thomas Spangenberg
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fouda AEA, Seitz LC, Hauschild D, Blum M, Yang W, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Besley NA. Observation of Double Excitations in the Resonant Inelastic X-ray Scattering of Nitric Oxide. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:7476-7482. [PMID: 32787301 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen K-edge resonant inelastic X-ray scattering (RIXS) map of nitric oxide (NO) has been measured and simulated to provide a detailed analysis of the observed features. High-resolution experimental RIXS maps were collected using an in situ gas flow cell and a high-transmission soft X-ray spectrometer. Accurate descriptions of the ground, excited, and core-excited states are based upon restricted active space self-consistent-field calculations using second order multiconfigurational perturbation theory. The nitrogen K-edge RIXS map of NO shows a range of features that can be assigned to intermediate states arising from 1s → π* and 1s → Rydberg excitations; additional bands are attributed to doubly excited intermediate states comprising 1s → π* and π → π* excitations. These results provide a detailed picture of RIXS for an open-shell molecule and an extensive description of the core-excited electronic structure of NO, an important molecule in many chemical and biological processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam E A Fouda
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| | - Linsey C Seitz
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Nicholas A Besley
- School of Chemistry, University of Nottingham, University Park, Nottingham NG7 2RD, U.K
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Werner P, Wächter T, Asyuda A, Wiesner A, Kind M, Bolte M, Weinhardt L, Terfort A, Zharnikov M. Electron Transfer Dynamics and Structural Effects in Benzonitrile Monolayers with Tuned Dipole Moments by Differently Positioned Fluorine Atoms. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:39859-39869. [PMID: 32805830 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c10513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To understand the influence of the molecular dipole moment on the electron transfer (ET) dynamics across the molecular framework, two series of differently fluorinated, benzonitrile-based self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) bound to Au(111) by either thiolate or selenolate anchoring groups were investigated. Within each series, the molecular structures were the same with the exception of the positions of two fluorine atoms affecting the dipole moment of the SAM-forming molecules. The SAMs exhibited a homogeneous anchoring to the substrate, nearly upright molecular orientations, and the outer interface comprised of the terminal nitrile groups. The ET dynamics was studied by resonant Auger electron spectroscopy in the framework of the core-hole clock method. Resonance excitation of the nitrile group unequivocally ensured an ET pathway from the tail group to the substrate. As only one of the π* orbitals of this group is hybridized with the π* system of the adjacent phenyl ring, two different ET times could be determined depending on the primary excited orbital being either localized at the nitrile group or delocalized over the entire benzonitrile moiety. The latter pathway turned out to be much more efficient, with the characteristic ET times being a factor 2.5-3 shorter than those for the localized orbital. The dynamic ET properties of the analogous thiolate- and selenolate-based adsorbates were found to be nearly identical. Finally and most importantly, these properties were found to be unaffected by the different patterns of the fluorine substitution used in the present study, thus showing no influence of the molecular dipole moment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Werner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Tobias Wächter
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andika Asyuda
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Adrian Wiesner
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Martin Kind
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Bolte
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Andreas Terfort
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Straße 7, D-60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Eensalu JS, Katerski A, Kärber E, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Heske C, Yang W, Oja Acik I, Krunks M. Semitransparent Sb 2S 3 thin film solar cells by ultrasonic spray pyrolysis for use in solar windows. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2019; 10:2396-2409. [PMID: 31886116 PMCID: PMC6902894 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.10.230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The integration of photovoltaic (PV) solar energy in zero-energy buildings requires durable and efficient solar windows composed of lightweight and semitransparent thin film solar cells. Inorganic materials with a high optical absorption coefficient, such as Sb2S3 (>105 cm-1 at 450 nm), offer semitransparency, appreciable efficiency, and long-term durability at low cost. Oxide-free throughout the Sb2S3 layer thickness, as confirmed by combined studies of energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy and synchrotron soft X-ray emission spectroscopy, semitransparent Sb2S3 thin films can be rapidly grown in air by the area-scalable ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Integrated into a ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3/P3HT/Au solar cell, a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 5.5% at air mass 1.5 global (AM1.5G) is achieved, which is a record among spray-deposited Sb2S3 solar cells. An average visible transparency (AVT) of 26% of the back-contact-less ITO/TiO2/Sb2S3 solar cell stack in the wavelength range of 380-740 nm is attained by tuning the Sb2S3 absorber thickness to 100 nm. In scale-up from mm2 to cm2 areas, the Sb2S3 hybrid solar cells show a decrease in efficiency of only 3.2% for an 88 mm2 Sb2S3 solar cell, which retains 70% relative efficiency after one year of non-encapsulated storage. A cell with a PCE of 3.9% at 1 sun shows a PCE of 7.4% at 0.1 sun, attesting to the applicability of these solar cells for light harvesting under cloud cover.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jako S Eensalu
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Estonia
| | - Atanas Katerski
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Estonia
| | - Erki Kärber
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Estonia
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Monika Blum
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV 89154-4003, USA
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California, 94720, USA
| | - Ilona Oja Acik
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Estonia
| | - Malle Krunks
- Department of Materials and Environmental Technology, Tallinn University of Technology, Ehitajate tee 5, 19086, Estonia
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Weinhardt L, Hauschild D, Heske C. Surface and Interface Properties in Thin-Film Solar Cells: Using Soft X-rays and Electrons to Unravel the Electronic and Chemical Structure. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1806660. [PMID: 30791138 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201806660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2018] [Revised: 12/09/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Thin-film solar cells have great potential to overtake the currently dominant silicon-based solar cell technologies in a strongly growing market. Such thin-film devices consist of a multilayer structure, for which charge-carrier transport across interfaces plays a crucial role in minimizing the associated recombination losses and achieving high solar conversion efficiencies. Further development can strongly profit from a high-level characterization that gives a local, electronic, and chemical picture of the interface properties, which allows for an insight-driven optimization. Herein, the authors' recent progress of applying a "toolbox" of high-level laboratory- and synchrotron-based electron and soft X-ray spectroscopies to characterize the chemical and electronic properties of such applied interfaces is provided. With this toolbox in hand, the activities are paired with those of experts in thin-film solar cell preparation at the cutting edge of current developments to obtain a deeper understanding of the recent improvements in the field, e.g., by studying the influence of so-called "post-deposition treatments", as well as characterizing the properties of interfaces with alternative buffer layer materials that give superior efficiencies on large, module-sized areas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4003, USA
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Chen W, Taskesen T, Nowak D, Mikolajczak U, Sayed MH, Pareek D, Ohland J, Schnabel T, Ahlswede E, Hauschild D, Weinhardt L, Heske C, Parisi J, Gütay L. Modifications of the CZTSe/Mo back-contact interface by plasma treatments. RSC Adv 2019; 9:26850-26855. [PMID: 35528608 PMCID: PMC9070594 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra02847a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Molybdenum (Mo) is the most commonly used back-contact material for copper zinc tin selenide (CZTSe)-based thin-film solar cells. For most fabrication methods, an interfacial molybdenum diselenide (MoSe2) layer with an uncontrolled thickness is formed, ranging from a few tens of nm up to ≈1 μm. In order to improve the control of the back-contact interface in CZTSe solar cells, the formation of a MoSe2 layer with a homogeneous and defined thickness is necessary. In this study, we use plasma treatments on the as-grown Mo surface prior to the CZTSe absorber formation, which consists of the deposition of stacked metallic layers and the annealing in selenium (Se) atmosphere. The plasma treatments include the application of a pure argon (Ar) plasma and a mixed argon–nitrogen (Ar–N2) plasma. We observe a clear impact of the Ar plasma treatment on the MoSe2 thickness and interfacial morphology. With the Ar–N2 plasma treatment, a nitrided Mo surface can be obtained. Furthermore, we combine the Ar plasma treatment with the application of titanium nitride (TiN) as back-contact barrier and discuss the obtained results in terms of MoSe2 formation and solar cell performance, thus showing possible directions of back-contact engineering for CZTSe solar cells. Molybdenum (Mo) is the most commonly used back-contact material for copper zinc tin selenide (CZTSe)-based thin-film solar cells. The effect of a pure Ar plasma and a mixed Ar–N2 plasma on the back-contact interface of CZTSe solar cells is reported in this study.![]()
Collapse
|
17
|
Weinhardt L, Benkert A, Meyer F, Blum M, Hauschild D, Wilks RG, Bär M, Yang W, Zharnikov M, Reinert F, Heske C. Local electronic structure of the peptide bond probed by resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:13207-13214. [PMID: 31179459 DOI: 10.1039/c9cp02481f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Soft X-ray emission spectroscopy and RIXS are used to determine the local electronic structure of the peptide bond.
Collapse
|
18
|
Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo D, Hauschild D, Jackson P, Friedlmeier TM, Hariskos D, Blum M, Yang W, Reinert F, Powalla M, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Rubidium Fluoride Post-Deposition Treatment: Impact on the Chemical Structure of the Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Surface and CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Interface in Thin-Film Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:37602-37608. [PMID: 30272438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed characterization of the chemical structure of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film surface and the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface, both with and without a RbF post-deposition treatment (RbF-PDT). For this purpose, X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy, as well as synchrotron-based soft X-ray emission spectroscopy have been employed. Although some similarities with the reported impacts of light-element alkali PDT (i.e., NaF- and KF-PDT) are found, we observe some distinct differences, which might be the reason for the further improved conversion efficiency with heavy-element alkali PDT. In particular, we find that the RbF-PDT reduces, but not fully removes, the copper content at the absorber surface and does not induce a significant change in the Ga/(Ga + In) ratio. Additionally, we observe an increased amount of indium and gallium oxides at the surface of the treated absorber. These oxides are partly (in the case of indium) and completely (in the case of gallium) removed from the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface by the chemical bath deposition of the CdS buffer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18/20 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Experimental Physics VII , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Theresa M Friedlmeier
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Monika Blum
- Advanced Light Source (ALS) , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , 89154-4003 Nevada , United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS) , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- Experimental Physics VII , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Michael Powalla
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18/20 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , 89154-4003 Nevada , United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18/20 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , 89154-4003 Nevada , United States
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Meyer F, Blum M, Benkert A, Hauschild D, Jeyachandran YL, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L. Site-specific electronic structure of imidazole and imidazolium in aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cp07885d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic structures of aqueous imidazole and imidazolium solutions are studied in an atom- and site-specific fashion using soft X-ray spectroscopy.
Collapse
|
20
|
Meyer F, Blum M, Benkert A, Hauschild D, Jeyachandran YL, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Heske C, Reinert F, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L. X-ray Emission Spectroscopy of Proteinogenic Amino Acids at All Relevant Absorption Edges. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:6549-6556. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b04291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Meyer
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - A. Benkert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - D. Hauschild
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Y. L. Jeyachandran
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. G. Wilks
- Renewable
Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - W. Yang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - M. Bär
- Renewable
Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - C. Heske
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. Reinert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Zharnikov
- Applied
Physical Chemistry, Heidelberg University, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - L. Weinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Qiao R, Li Q, Zhuo Z, Sallis S, Fuchs O, Blum M, Weinhardt L, Heske C, Pepper J, Jones M, Brown A, Spucces A, Chow K, Smith B, Glans PA, Chen Y, Yan S, Pan F, Piper LFJ, Denlinger J, Guo J, Hussain Z, Chuang YD, Yang W. High-efficiency in situ resonant inelastic x-ray scattering (iRIXS) endstation at the Advanced Light Source. Rev Sci Instrum 2017; 88:033106. [PMID: 28372380 DOI: 10.1063/1.4977592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
An endstation with two high-efficiency soft x-ray spectrographs was developed at Beamline 8.0.1 of the Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. The endstation is capable of performing soft x-ray absorption spectroscopy, emission spectroscopy, and, in particular, resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS). Two slit-less variable line-spacing grating spectrographs are installed at different detection geometries. The endstation covers the photon energy range from 80 to 1500 eV. For studying transition-metal oxides, the large detection energy window allows a simultaneous collection of x-ray emission spectra with energies ranging from the O K-edge to the Ni L-edge without moving any mechanical components. The record-high efficiency enables the recording of comprehensive two-dimensional RIXS maps with good statistics within a short acquisition time. By virtue of the large energy window and high throughput of the spectrographs, partial fluorescence yield and inverse partial fluorescence yield signals could be obtained for all transition metal L-edges including Mn. Moreover, the different geometries of these two spectrographs (parallel and perpendicular to the horizontal polarization of the beamline) provide contrasts in RIXS features with two different momentum transfers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruimin Qiao
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Qinghao Li
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zengqing Zhuo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Shawn Sallis
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Oliver Fuchs
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik 7, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - John Pepper
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Michael Jones
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adam Brown
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Adrian Spucces
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Ken Chow
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Brian Smith
- Engineering Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Per-Anders Glans
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yanxue Chen
- School of Physics, National Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Shishen Yan
- School of Physics, National Key Laboratory of Crystal Materials, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, People's Republic of China
| | - Feng Pan
- School of Advanced Materials, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen 518055, People's Republic of China
| | - Louis F J Piper
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, New York 13902, USA
| | - Jonathan Denlinger
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Zahid Hussain
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Yi-De Chuang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Handick E, Reinhard P, Wilks RG, Pianezzi F, Kunze T, Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo D, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Yang W, Gorgoi M, Ikenaga E, Gerlach D, Ueda S, Yamashita Y, Chikyow T, Heske C, Buecheler S, Tiwari AN, Bär M. Formation of a K-In-Se Surface Species by NaF/KF Postdeposition Treatment of Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Absorbers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:3581-3589. [PMID: 28058843 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b11892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A NaF/KF postdeposition treatment (PDT) has recently been employed to achieve new record efficiencies of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin film solar cells. We have used a combination of depth-dependent soft and hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy as well as soft X-ray absorption and emission spectroscopy to gain detailed insight into the chemical structure of the CIGSe surface and how it is changed by different PDTs. Alkali-free CIGSe, NaF-PDT CIGSe, and NaF/KF-PDT CIGSe absorbers grown by low-temperature coevaporation have been interrogated. We find that the alkali-free and NaF-PDT CIGSe surfaces both display the well-known Cu-poor CIGSe chemical surface structure. The NaF/KF-PDT, however, leads to the formation of bilayer structure in which a K-In-Se species covers the CIGSe compound that in composition is identical to the chalcopyrite structure of the alkali-free and NaF-PDT absorber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Handick
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Patrick Reinhard
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Fabian Pianezzi
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Dagmar Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Mihaela Gorgoi
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Nanospectroscopy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Eiji Ikenaga
- SPring-8/JASRI , 1-1-1 Koto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5198, Japan
| | - Dominic Gerlach
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Shigenori Ueda
- Synchrotron X-ray Station at SPring-8 , NIMS. 1-1-1 Kouto, Sayo-cho, Hyogo 679-5148, Japan
- Quantum Beam Unit , NIMS, 1-2-1, Sengen, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0047, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Yamashita
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Toyohiro Chikyow
- MANA/Nano-Electronics Materials Unit, National Institute for Materials Science , 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) and Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 S. Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Stephan Buecheler
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Ayodhya N Tiwari
- Laboratory of Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa-Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials and Science and Technology , Überlandstraße 129, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , Hahn-Meitner Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Albert-Einstein-Straße 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Mezher M, Garris R, Mansfield LM, Blum M, Hauschild D, Horsley K, Duncan DA, Yang W, Bär M, Weinhardt L, Ramanathan K, Heske C. Soft X-ray Spectroscopy of a Complex Heterojunction in High-Efficiency Thin-Film Photovoltaics: Intermixing and Zn Speciation at the Zn(O,S)/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:33256-33263. [PMID: 27934158 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b09245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The chemical structure of the Zn(O,S)/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface in high-efficiency photovoltaic devices is investigated using X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy, as well as soft X-ray emission spectroscopy. We find that the Ga/(Ga+In) ratio at the absorber surface does not change with the formation of the Zn(O,S)/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface. Furthermore, we find evidence for Zn in multiple bonding environments, including ZnS, ZnO, Zn(OH)2, and ZnSe. We also observe dehydrogenation of the Zn(O,S) buffer layer after Ar+ ion treatment. Similar to high-efficiency CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 devices, intermixing occurs at the interface, with diffusion of Se into the buffer, and the formation of S-In and/or S-Ga bonds at or close to the interface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Mezher
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Rebekah Garris
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Lorelle M Mansfield
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kimberly Horsley
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Douglas A Duncan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Kannan Ramanathan
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) , Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wallesch M, Verma A, Fléchon C, Flügge H, Zink DM, Seifermann SM, Navarro JM, Vitova T, Göttlicher J, Steininger R, Weinhardt L, Zimmer M, Gerhards M, Heske C, Bräse S, Baumann T, Volz D. Frontispiece: Towards Printed Organic Light-Emitting Devices: A Solution-Stable, Highly Soluble Cu I
-NHetPHOS. Chemistry 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201684661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wallesch
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Anand Verma
- CYNORA GmbH; Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6 76646 Bruchsal Germany
| | | | - Harald Flügge
- CYNORA GmbH; Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6 76646 Bruchsal Germany
| | - Daniel M. Zink
- CYNORA GmbH; Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6 76646 Bruchsal Germany
| | | | - José M. Navarro
- CYNORA GmbH; Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6 76646 Bruchsal Germany
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. 3640; 76021 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Jörg Göttlicher
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Engesserstrasse 18/20 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV); 4505 Maryland Pkwy Las Vegas NV 89154-4003 USA
| | - Manuel Zimmer
- University of Kaiserslautern; Chemistry Department and Research Center OPTIMAS; Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- University of Kaiserslautern; Chemistry Department and Research Center OPTIMAS; Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52 67663 Kaiserslautern Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP); Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Engesserstrasse 18/20 76128 Karlsruhe Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry; University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV); 4505 Maryland Pkwy Las Vegas NV 89154-4003 USA
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and Institute of Organic Chemistry; Karlsruhe Institute of Technology; Kaiserstrasse 12 76131 Karlsruhe Germany
| | - Thomas Baumann
- CYNORA GmbH; Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6 76646 Bruchsal Germany
| | - Daniel Volz
- CYNORA GmbH; Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6 76646 Bruchsal Germany
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Wallesch M, Verma A, Fléchon C, Flügge H, Zink DM, Seifermann SM, Navarro JM, Vitova T, Göttlicher J, Steininger R, Weinhardt L, Zimmer M, Gerhards M, Heske C, Bräse S, Baumann T, Volz D. Towards Printed Organic Light-Emitting Devices: A Solution-Stable, Highly Soluble Cu I -NHetPHOS. Chemistry 2016; 22:16400-16405. [PMID: 27540703 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201603847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The development of iridium-free, yet efficient emitters with thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) was an important step towards mass production of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Progress is currently impeded by the low solubility and low chemical stability of the materials. Herein, we present a CuI -based TADF emitter that is sufficiently chemically stable under ambient conditions and can be processed by printing techniques. The solubility is drastically enhanced (to 100 g L-1 ) in relevant printing solvents. The integrity of the complex is preserved in solution, as was demonstrated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy and other techniques. In addition, it was found that the optoelectronic properties are not affected even when partly processing under ambient conditions. As a highlight, we present a TADF-based OLED device that reached an efficiency of 11±2 % external quantum efficiency (EQE).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Wallesch
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anand Verma
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Charlotte Fléchon
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Harald Flügge
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Daniel M Zink
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | | | - José M Navarro
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute for Nuclear Waste Disposal (INE), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, P.O. 3640, 76021, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Göttlicher
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4003, USA
| | - Manuel Zimmer
- University of Kaiserslautern, Chemistry Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Markus Gerhards
- University of Kaiserslautern, Chemistry Department and Research Center OPTIMAS, Erwin-Schrödinger-Strasse 52, 67663, Kaiserslautern, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany. , .,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany. , .,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Pkwy, Las Vegas, NV, 89154-4003, USA. ,
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Kaiserstrasse 12, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany.
| | - Thomas Baumann
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | - Daniel Volz
- CYNORA GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstrasse 2-6, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Hauschild D, Handick E, Göhl-Gusenleitner S, Meyer F, Schwab H, Benkert A, Pohlner S, Palm J, Tougaard S, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Reinert F. Band-Gap Widening at the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 Surface: A Novel Determination Approach Using Reflection Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:21101-21105. [PMID: 27463021 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Using reflection electron energy loss spectroscopy (REELS), we have investigated the optical properties at the surface of a chalcopyrite-based Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2 (CIGSSe) thin-film solar cell absorber, as well as an indium sulfide (InxSy) buffer layer before and after annealing. By fitting the characteristic inelastic scattering cross-section λK(E) to cross sections evaluated by the QUEELS-ε(k,ω)-REELS software package, we determine the surface dielectric function and optical properties of these samples. A comparison of the optical values at the surface of the InxSy film with bulk ellipsometry measurements indicates a good agreement between bulk- and surface-related optical properties. In contrast, the properties of the CIGSSe surface differ significantly from the bulk. In particular, a larger (surface) band gap than for bulk-sensitive measurements is observed, providing a complementary and independent confirmation of earlier photoelectron spectroscopy results. Finally, we derive the inelastic mean free path λ for electrons in InxSy, annealed InxSy, and CIGSSe at a kinetic energy of 1000 eV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Hauschild
- Experimental Physics VII, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Experimental Physics VII, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | - Frank Meyer
- Experimental Physics VII, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Holger Schwab
- Experimental Physics VII, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- Experimental Physics VII, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | | | - Jörg Palm
- AVANCIS GmbH , Otto-Hahn-Ring 6, 81739 Munich, Germany
| | - Sven Tougaard
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Southern Denmark , DK-5230 Odense M, Denmark
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada , Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada , Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- Experimental Physics VII, University of Würzburg , Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Jeyachandran YL, Meyer F, Benkert A, Bär M, Blum M, Yang W, Reinert F, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Zharnikov M. Investigation of the Ionic Hydration in Aqueous Salt Solutions by Soft X-ray Emission Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem B 2016; 120:7687-95. [PMID: 27442708 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.6b03952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular structure of the hydration shells and their impact on the hydrogen bond (HB) network of water in aqueous salt solutions is a fundamentally important and technically relevant question. In the present work, such hydration effects were studied for a series of representative salt solutions (NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and KBr) by soft X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) and resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS). The oxygen K-edge XES spectra could be described with three components, attributed to initial state HB configurations in pure water, water molecules that have undergone an ultrafast dissociation initiated by the X-ray excitation, and water molecules in contact with salt ions. The behavior of the individual components, as well as the spectral shape of the latter component, has been analyzed in detail. In view of the role of ions in such effects as protein denaturation (i.e., the Hofmeister series), we discuss the ion-specific nature of the hydration shells and find that the results point to a predominant role of anions as compared to cations. Furthermore, we observe a concentration-dependent suppression of ultrafast dissociation in all salt solutions, associated with a significant distortion of intact HB configurations of water molecules facilitating such a dissociation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y L Jeyachandran
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Meyer
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - A Benkert
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.,Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany.,Institute für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - M Blum
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - W Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS), Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - F Reinert
- Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76028 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States.,Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76028 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - M Zharnikov
- Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg , Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Benkert A, Meyer F, Hauschild D, Blum M, Yang W, Wilks RG, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Isotope Effects in the Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering Maps of Gas-Phase Methanol. J Phys Chem A 2016; 120:2260-7. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.6b02636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Benkert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - F. Meyer
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D. Hauschild
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, NV 89154-4003, United States
| | - W. Yang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - R. G. Wilks
- Renewable
Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - M. Bär
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, NV 89154-4003, United States
- Renewable
Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - F. Reinert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C. Heske
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, NV 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - L. Weinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland Parkway, NV 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstr. 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Bär M, Barreau N, Couzinié-Devy F, Weinhardt L, Wilks RG, Kessler J, Heske C. Impact of Annealing-Induced Intermixing on the Electronic Level Alignment at the In2S3/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Thin-Film Solar Cell Interface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:2120-2124. [PMID: 26716913 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b10614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The interface between a nominal In2S3 buffer and a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorber was investigated by direct and inverse photoemission to determine the interfacial electronic structure. On the basis of a previously reported heavy intermixing at the interface (S diffuses into the absorber; Cu diffuses into the buffer; and Na diffuses through it), we determine here the band alignment at the interface. The results suggest that the pronounced intermixing at the In2S3/CIGSe interface leads to a favorable electronic band alignment, necessary for high-efficiency solar cell devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Nicolas Barreau
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)-UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - François Couzinié-Devy
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)-UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - John Kessler
- Institut des Matériaux Jean Rouxel (IMN)-UMR 6502, Université de Nantes, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) , 2 rue de la Houssinière, BP 32229, 44322 Nantes Cedex 3, France
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology , Engesserstraße 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Duncan DA, Kephart JM, Horsley K, Blum M, Mezher M, Weinhardt L, Häming M, Wilks RG, Hofmann T, Yang W, Bär M, Sampath WS, Heske C. Characterization of Sulfur Bonding in CdS:O Buffer Layers for CdTe-based Thin-Film Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015. [PMID: 26200260 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.5b03503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
On the basis of a combination of X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and synchrotron-based X-ray emission spectroscopy, we present a detailed characterization of the chemical structure of CdS:O thin films that can be employed as a substitute for CdS layers in thin-film solar cells. It is possible to analyze the local chemical environment of the probed elements, in particular sulfur, hence allowing insights into the species-specific composition of the films and their surfaces. A detailed quantification of the observed sulfur environments (i.e., sulfide, sulfate, and an intermediate oxide) as a function of oxygen content is presented, allowing a deliberate optimization of CdS:O thin films for their use as alternative buffer layers in thin-film photovoltaic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Duncan
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jason M Kephart
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Kimberly Horsley
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ∥Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Michelle Mezher
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ⊥ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- #Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Marc Häming
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- #Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Timo Hofmann
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- ∥Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Marcus Bär
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ‡Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- ⊗Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Walajabad S Sampath
- §Department of Mechanical Engineering, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado 80523, United States
| | - Clemens Heske
- †Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ⊥ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- #Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ∇Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Volz D, Chen Y, Wallesch M, Liu R, Fléchon C, Zink DM, Friedrichs J, Flügge H, Steininger R, Göttlicher J, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Bräse S, So F, Baumann T. Bridging the efficiency gap: fully bridged dinuclear Cu(I)-complexes for singlet harvesting in high-efficiency OLEDs. Adv Mater 2015; 27:2538-2543. [PMID: 25754022 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201405897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2014] [Revised: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The substitution of rare metals such as iridium and platinum in light-emitting materials is a key step to enable low-cost mass-production of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs). Here, it is demonstrated that using a solution-processed, fully bridged dinuclear Cu(I)-complex can yield very high efficiencies. An optimized device gives a maximum external quantum efficiency of 23 ± 1% (73 ± 2 cd A(-1) ).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Volz
- cynora GmbH, Werner-von-Siemensstraße 2-6, building 5110, 76646, Bruchsal, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Weinhardt L, Ertan E, Iannuzzi M, Weigand M, Fuchs O, Bär M, Blum M, Denlinger JD, Yang W, Umbach E, Odelius M, Heske C. Probing hydrogen bonding orbitals: resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering of aqueous NH3. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2015; 17:27145-53. [DOI: 10.1039/c5cp04898b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering was used to probe the hydrogen bonding orbitals in aqueous ammonia.
Collapse
|
33
|
Jeyachandran YL, Meyer F, Nagarajan S, Benkert A, Bär M, Blum M, Yang W, Reinert F, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Zharnikov M. Ion-Solvation-Induced Molecular Reorganization in Liquid Water Probed by Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem Lett 2014; 5:4143-4148. [PMID: 26278946 DOI: 10.1021/jz502186a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The molecular structure of liquid water is susceptible to changes upon admixture of salts due to ionic solvation, which provides the basis of many chemical and biochemical processes. Here we demonstrate how the local electronic structure of aqueous potassium chloride (KCl) solutions can be studied by resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering (RIXS) to monitor the effects of the ion solvation on the hydrogen-bond (HB) network of liquid water. Significant changes in the oxygen K-edge emission spectra are observed with increasing KCl concentration. These changes can be attributed to modifications in the proton dynamics, caused by a specific coordination structure around the salt ions. Analysis of the spectator decay spectra reveals a spectral signature that could be characteristic of this structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yekkoni L Jeyachandran
- †Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Frank Meyer
- ‡Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sankaranarayanan Nagarajan
- †Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Andreas Benkert
- ‡Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- §Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- ∥Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- ⊥Institut für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
- #Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Monika Blum
- #Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- ∇Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- ‡Experimentelle Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- §Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- #Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ○ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ◆Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- §Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- #Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- ○ANKA Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- ◆Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Michael Zharnikov
- †Angewandte Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 253, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Meyer F, Blum M, Benkert A, Hauschild D, Nagarajan S, Wilks RG, Andersson J, Yang W, Zharnikov M, Bär M, Heske C, Reinert F, Weinhardt L. “Building Block Picture” of the Electronic Structure of Aqueous Cysteine Derived from Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem B 2014; 118:13142-50. [DOI: 10.1021/jp5089417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Meyer
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Blum
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland
Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - A. Benkert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - D. Hauschild
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - S. Nagarajan
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, INF 253,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - R. G. Wilks
- Solar
Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - J. Andersson
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, Uppsala University, Box 516, S-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - W. Yang
- Advanced
Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron
Road, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - M. Zharnikov
- Angewandte
Physikalische Chemie, Universität Heidelberg, INF 253,69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - M. Bär
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland
Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Solar
Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Institut
für Physik und Chemie, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg, Platz der Deutschen Einheit 1, 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - C. Heske
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland
Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - F. Reinert
- Experimentelle
Physik VII, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - L. Weinhardt
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, 4505 Maryland
Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Engesserstrasse 18/20, 76128 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Volz D, Wallesch M, Grage SL, Göttlicher J, Steininger R, Batchelor D, Vitova T, Ulrich AS, Heske C, Weinhardt L, Baumann T, Bräse S. Labile or Stable: Can Homoleptic and Heteroleptic PyrPHOS–Copper Complexes Be Processed from Solution? Inorg Chem 2014; 53:7837-47. [DOI: 10.1021/ic500135m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Volz
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Manuela Wallesch
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stephan L. Grage
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Jörg Göttlicher
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - David Batchelor
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tonya Vitova
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Anne S. Ulrich
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas Baumann
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Bräse
- Institute
of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Fritz-Haber-Weg 6, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Benkert A, Blum M, Meyer F, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Setup for in situ investigation of gases and gas/solid interfaces by soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2014; 85:015119. [PMID: 24517824 DOI: 10.1063/1.4862059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel gas cell designed to study the electronic structure of gases and gas/solid interfaces using soft x-ray emission and absorption spectroscopies. In this cell, the sample gas is separated from the vacuum of the analysis chamber by a thin window membrane, allowing in situ measurements under atmospheric pressure. The temperature of the gas can be regulated from room temperature up to approximately 600 °C. To avoid beam damage, a constant mass flow can be maintained to continuously refresh the gaseous sample. Furthermore, the gas cell provides space for solid-state samples, allowing to study the gas/solid interface for surface catalytic reactions at elevated temperatures. To demonstrate the capabilities of the cell, we have investigated a TiO2 sample behind a mixture of N2 and He gas at atmospheric pressure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Benkert
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - M Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - F Meyer
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - R G Wilks
- Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - W Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
| | - M Bär
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Nevada 89154-4003, USA
| | - F Reinert
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik VII, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - C Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - L Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Olovsson W, Weinhardt L, Fuchs O, Tanaka I, Puschnig P, Umbach E, Heske C, Draxl C. The Be K-edge in beryllium oxide and chalcogenides: soft x-ray absorption spectra from first-principles theory and experiment. J Phys Condens Matter 2013; 25:315501. [PMID: 23835492 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/31/315501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We have carried out a theoretical and experimental investigation of the beryllium K-edge soft x-ray absorption fine structure of beryllium compounds in the oxygen group, considering BeO, BeS, BeSe, and BeTe. Theoretical spectra are obtained ab initio, through many-body perturbation theory, by solving the Bethe-Salpeter equation (BSE), and by supercell calculations using the core-hole approximation. All calculations are performed with the full-potential linearized augmented plane-wave method. It is found that the two different theoretical approaches produce a similar fine structure, in good agreement with the experimental data. Using the BSE results, we interpret the spectra, distinguishing between bound core-excitons and higher energy excitations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- W Olovsson
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Meyer F, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Bär M, Wilks RG, Yang W, Heske C, Reinert F. Non-equivalent carbon atoms in the resonant inelastic soft X-ray scattering map of cysteine. J Chem Phys 2013; 138:034306. [DOI: 10.1063/1.4774059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
39
|
Blum M, Odelius M, Weinhardt L, Pookpanratana S, Bär M, Zhang Y, Fuchs O, Yang W, Umbach E, Heske C. Ultrafast Proton Dynamics in Aqueous Amino Acid Solutions Studied by Resonant Inelastic Soft X-ray Scattering. J Phys Chem B 2012; 116:13757-64. [DOI: 10.1021/jp302958j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Blum
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada,
United States
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
- Experimentelle Physik
VII, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - M. Odelius
- Fysikum, Albanova University Center, Stockholm University, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - L. Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada,
United States
- Experimentelle Physik
VII, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - S. Pookpanratana
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada,
United States
| | - M. Bär
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada,
United States
- Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Berlin, Germany
- Brandenburgische Technische Universität, Cottbus, Germany
| | - Y. Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada,
United States
| | - O. Fuchs
- Experimentelle Physik
VII, Universität Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - W. Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, United States
| | | | - C. Heske
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada,
United States
- Institute for Chemical
Technology and Polymer Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
- ANKA Synchrotron
Radiation Facility, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Weinhardt L, Benkert A, Meyer F, Blum M, Wilks RG, Yang W, Bär M, Reinert F, Heske C. Nuclear dynamics and spectator effects in resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering of gas-phase water molecules. J Chem Phys 2012; 136:144311. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3702644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
41
|
Weinhardt L, Fuchs O, Batchelor D, Bär M, Blum M, Denlinger JD, Yang W, Schöll A, Reinert F, Umbach E, Heske C. Electron-hole correlation effects in core-level spectroscopy probed by the resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering map of C60. J Chem Phys 2011; 135:104705. [DOI: 10.1063/1.3633953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
42
|
Lauermann I, Bär M, Ennaoui A, Fiedeler U, Fischer CH, Grimm A, Kötschau I, Lux-Steiner MC, Reichardt J, Sankapal BR, Siebentritt S, Sokoll S, Weinhardt L, Fuchs O, Heske C, Jung C, Gudat W, Karg F, Niesen T. Analysis of Zinc Compound Buffer Layers in Cu(In, Ga)(S, Se)2 Thin Film Solar Cells by Synchrotron-Based Soft X-Ray Spectroscopy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-763-b4.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractZinc-based buffer layers like ZnSe, ZnS, or wet-chemically deposited ZnO on Cu(In, Ga)(S, Se)2 absorber materials (CIGSSe) have yielded thin film solar cell efficiencies comparable to or even higher than standard CdS/CIGSSe cells. However, little is known about surface and interface properties of these novel buffer layers. In this contribution we characterize the specific chemical environment at the absorber/buffer-interface using X-ray Emission Spectroscopy (XES) and Photoelectron Spectroscopy (PES) in a complementary way. Evidence of intermixing and chemical reactions is found for different buffer materials and deposition methods.
Collapse
|
43
|
Tran IC, Félix R, Bär M, Weinhardt L, Zhang Y, Heske C. Oxidation of Titanium-Decorated Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes and Subsequent Reduction by Lithium. J Am Chem Soc 2010; 132:5789-92. [DOI: 10.1021/ja910976k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ich C. Tran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, and Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, and Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, and Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, and Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Yufeng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, and Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Department of Chemistry, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, Solar Energy Research, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, D-14109 Berlin, Germany, and Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, D-97074 Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Blum M, Weinhardt L, Fuchs O, Bär M, Zhang Y, Weigand M, Krause S, Pookpanratana S, Hofmann T, Yang W, Denlinger JD, Umbach E, Heske C. Solid and liquid spectroscopic analysis (SALSA)--a soft x-ray spectroscopy endstation with a novel flow-through liquid cell. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:123102. [PMID: 20059126 DOI: 10.1063/1.3257926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
We present a novel synchrotron endstation with a flow-through liquid cell designed to study the electronic structure of liquids using soft x-ray spectroscopies. In this cell, the liquid under study is separated from the vacuum by a thin window membrane, such that the sample liquid can be investigated at ambient pressure. The temperature of the probing volume can be varied in a broad range and with a fast temperature response. The optimized design of the cell significantly reduces the amount of required sample liquid and allows the use of different window membrane types necessary to cover a broad energy range. The liquid cell is integrated into the solid and liquid spectroscopic analysis (SALSA) endstation that includes a high-resolution, high-transmission x-ray spectrometer and a state-of-the-art electron analyzer. The modular design of SALSA also allows the measurement of solid-state samples. The capabilities of the liquid cell and the x-ray spectrometer are demonstrated using a resonant inelastic x-ray scattering map of a 25 wt % NaOD solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Blum
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik II, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Fuchs O, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Weigand M, Umbach E, Bär M, Heske C, Denlinger J, Chuang YD, McKinney W, Hussain Z, Gullikson E, Jones M, Batson P, Nelles B, Follath R. High-resolution, high-transmission soft x-ray spectrometer for the study of biological samples. Rev Sci Instrum 2009; 80:063103. [PMID: 19566192 DOI: 10.1063/1.3133704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We present a variable line-space grating spectrometer for soft x-rays that covers the photon energy range between 130 and 650 eV. The optical design is based on the Hettrick-Underwood principle and tailored to synchrotron-based studies of radiation-sensitive biological samples. The spectrometer is able to record the entire spectral range in one shot, i.e., without any mechanical motion, at a resolving power of 1200 or better. Despite its slitless design, such a resolving power can be achieved for a source spot as large as (30 x 3000) microm2, which is important for keeping beam damage effects in radiation-sensitive samples low. The high spectrometer efficiency allows recording of comprehensive two-dimensional resonant inelastic soft x-ray scattering (RIXS) maps with good statistics within several minutes. This is exemplarily demonstrated for a RIXS map of highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, which was taken within 10 min.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Fuchs
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik II, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Fuchs O, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Weigand M, Zubavichus Y, Bär M, Maier F, Denlinger JD, Heske C, Grunze M, Umbach E. Isotope and temperature effects in liquid water probed by x-ray absorption and resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2008; 100:027801. [PMID: 18232928 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.027801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2007] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution x-ray absorption and emission spectra of liquid water exhibit a strong isotope effect. Further, the emission spectra show a splitting of the 1b1 emission line, a weak temperature effect, and a pronounced excitation-energy dependence. They can be described as a superposition of two independent contributions. By comparing with gas phase, ice, and NaOH/NaOD, we propose that the two components are governed by the initial state hydrogen bonding configuration and ultrafast dissociation on the time scale of the O 1s core hole decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Fuchs
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik II, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Fuchs O, Zharnikov M, Weinhardt L, Blum M, Weigand M, Zubavichus Y, Bär M, Maier F, Denlinger JD, Heske C, Grunze M, Umbach E. Isotope and temperature effects in liquid water probed by x-ray absorption and resonant x-ray emission spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2008. [PMID: 18232928 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.100.249802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
High-resolution x-ray absorption and emission spectra of liquid water exhibit a strong isotope effect. Further, the emission spectra show a splitting of the 1b1 emission line, a weak temperature effect, and a pronounced excitation-energy dependence. They can be described as a superposition of two independent contributions. By comparing with gas phase, ice, and NaOH/NaOD, we propose that the two components are governed by the initial state hydrogen bonding configuration and ultrafast dissociation on the time scale of the O 1s core hole decay.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Fuchs
- Universität Würzburg, Experimentelle Physik II, Am Hubland, 97074 Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Bär M, Ennaoui A, Klaer J, Sáez-Araoz R, Kropp T, Weinhardt L, Heske C, Schock HW, Fischer CH, Lux-Steiner M. The electronic structure of the [Zn(S,O)/ZnS]/CuInS2 heterointerface – Impact of post-annealing. Chem Phys Lett 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2006.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
49
|
Weinhardt L, Fuchs O, Peter A, Umbach E, Heske C, Reichardt J, Bär M, Lauermann I, Kötschau I, Grimm A, Sokoll S, Lux-Steiner MC, Niesen TP, Visbeck S, Karg F. Spectroscopic investigation of the deeply buried Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)2∕Mo interface in thin-film solar cells. J Chem Phys 2006; 124:74705. [PMID: 16497068 DOI: 10.1063/1.2168443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2)Mo interface in thin-film solar cells has been investigated by surface-sensitive photoelectron spectroscopy, bulk-sensitive x-ray emission spectroscopy, and atomic force microscopy. It is possible to access this deeply buried interface by using a suitable lift-off technique, which allows us to investigate the back side of the absorber layer as well as the front side of the Mo back contact. We find a layer of Mo(S,Se)(2) on the surface of the Mo back contact and a copper-poor stoichiometry at the back side of the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2) absorber. Furthermore, we observe that the Na content at the Cu(In,Ga)(S,Se)(2)Mo interface as well as at the inner grain boundaries in the back contact region is significantly lower than at the absorber front surface.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- L Weinhardt
- Experimentelle Physik II, Universität Würzburg, Am Hubland, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Odelius M, Ogasawara H, Nordlund D, Fuchs O, Weinhardt L, Maier F, Umbach E, Heske C, Zubavichus Y, Grunze M, Denlinger JD, Pettersson LGM, Nilsson A. Ultrafast core-hole-induced dynamics in water probed by x-ray emission spectroscopy. Phys Rev Lett 2005; 94:227401. [PMID: 16090436 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.94.227401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2004] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The isotope effect and excitation-energy dependence have been measured in the oxygen K-edge x-ray emission spectrum (XES). The use of XES to monitor core decay processes provides information about molecular dynamics (MD) on an ultrafast time scale through the O1s lifetime of a few femtoseconds. Different nuclear masses give rise to differences in the dynamics and the observed isotope effect in XES is direct evidence of the importance of such processes. MD simulations show that even the excitation-energy dependence in the XES is mainly related to differences in core-excited-state dynamics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Odelius
- FYSIKUM, Stockholm University, Albanova, S-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|