1
|
Song CY, Maiberg M, Kempa H, Witte W, Hariskos D, Abou-Ras D, Moeller B, Scheer R, Gholinia A. A new approach to three-dimensional microstructure reconstruction of a polycrystalline solar cell using high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se 2. Sci Rep 2024; 14:2036. [PMID: 38263249 PMCID: PMC10805891 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52436-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
A new method for efficiently converting electron backscatter diffraction data obtained using serial sectioning by focused ion beam of a polycrystalline thin film into a computational, three-dimensional (3D) structure is presented. The reported data processing method results in a more accurate representation of the grain surfaces, reduced computer memory usage, and improved processing speed compared to traditional voxel methods. The grain structure of a polycrystalline absorption layer from a high-efficiency Cu(In,Ga)Se2 solar cell (19.5%) is reconstructed in 3D and the grain size and surface distribution is investigated. The grain size distribution is found to be best fitted by a log-normal distribution. We further find that the grain size is determined by the [Ga]/([Ga] + [In]) ratio in vertical direction, which was measured by glow discharge optical emission spectroscopy. Finally, the 3D model derived from the structural information is applied in optoelectronic simulations, revealing insights into the effects of grain boundary recombination on the open-circuit voltage of the solar cell. An accurate 3D structure like the one obtained with our method is a prerequisite for a detailed understanding of mechanical properties and for advanced optical and electronic simulations of polycrystalline thin films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Yun Song
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
| | - Matthias Maiberg
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Heiko Kempa
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Daniel Abou-Ras
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Birgit Moeller
- Institute of Computer Science, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 1, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Roland Scheer
- Institute of Physics, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Ali Gholinia
- Department of Materials, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pyatenko E, Hauschild D, Mikhnych V, Edla R, Steininger R, Hariskos D, Witte W, Powalla M, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Rb Diffusion and Oxide Removal at the RbF-Treated Ga 2O 3/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Interface in Thin-Film Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15. [PMID: 37913778 PMCID: PMC10659031 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2023] [Revised: 10/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
We report on the chemical structure of Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorber surfaces and their interface with a sputter-deposited Ga2O3 buffer. The CIGSe samples were exposed to a RbF postdeposition treatment and an ammonia-based rinsing step, as used in corresponding thin-film solar cells. For a detailed chemical analysis of the impact of these treatments, we employed laboratory-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, X-ray-excited Auger electron spectroscopy, and synchrotron-based hard X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. On the RbF-treated surface, we find both Rb and F, which are then partly (Rb) and completely (F) removed by the rinse. The rinse also removes Ga-F, Ga-O, and In-O surface bonds and reduces the Ga/(Ga + In) ratio at the CIGSe absorber surface. After Ga2O3 deposition, we identify the formation of In oxides and the diffusion of Rb and small amounts of F into/onto the Ga2O3 buffer layer but no indication of the formation of hydroxides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta Pyatenko
- Laboratory
for Applications of Synchrotron Radiation (LAS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Kaiserstraße 12, Karlsruhe 76131, Germany
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Vladyslav Mikhnych
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Raju Edla
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Ralph Steininger
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum
für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(ZSW), Meitnerstraße
1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum
für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(ZSW), Meitnerstraße
1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Michael Powalla
- Zentrum
für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg
(ZSW), Meitnerstraße
1, Stuttgart 70563, Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute
for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen 76344, Germany
- Institute
for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18/20, Karlsruhe 76128, Germany
- Department
of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University
of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), 4505 Maryland Parkway, Las Vegas, Nevada 89154-4003, United States
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Krause M, Nikolaeva A, Maiberg M, Jackson P, Hariskos D, Witte W, Márquez JA, Levcenko S, Unold T, Scheer R, Abou-Ras D. Author Correction: Microscopic origins of performance losses in highly efficient Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 thin-film solar cells. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3200. [PMID: 34021157 PMCID: PMC8140090 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23652-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian Krause
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Matthias Maiberg
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - José A Márquez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergej Levcenko
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany
| | - Roland Scheer
- Institute of Physics, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Von-Danckelmann-Platz 3, 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Daniel Abou-Ras
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109, Berlin, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nicoara N, Manaligod R, Jackson P, Hariskos D, Witte W, Sozzi G, Menozzi R, Sadewasser S. Direct evidence for grain boundary passivation in Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 solar cells through alkali-fluoride post-deposition treatments. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3980. [PMID: 31484943 PMCID: PMC6726603 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties and performance of polycrystalline materials depend critically on the properties of their grain boundaries. Polycrystalline photovoltaic materials – e.g. hybrid halide perovskites, copper indium gallium diselenide (CIGSe) and cadmium telluride – have already demonstrated high efficiencies and promise cost-effective electricity supply. For CIGSe-based solar cells, an efficiency above 23% has recently been achieved using an alkali-fluoride post-deposition treatment; however, its full impact and functional principle are not yet fully understood. Here, we show direct evidence for the passivation of grain boundaries in CIGSe treated with three different alkali-fluorides through a detailed study of the nanoscale optoelectronic properties. We determine a correlation of the surface potential change at grain boundaries with the open-circuit voltage, which is supported by numerical simulations. Our results suggest that heavier alkali elements might lead to better passivation by reducing the density of charged defects and increasing the formation of secondary phases at grain boundaries. Grain boundaries play critical roles in determining the properties and performance of solar cells based on polycrystalline materials. Here Nicoara et al. showcase that proper treatments passivate defects at grain boundaries by forming secondary material phases with the CIGSe absorbers and lead to higher Voc.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Nicoara
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Roby Manaligod
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Meitnerstr. 1, 70563, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Giovanna Sozzi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Roberto Menozzi
- Department of Engineering and Architecture, University of Parma, Parco Area delle Scienze 181A, 43124, Parma, Italy
| | - Sascha Sadewasser
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL), Av. Mestre José Veiga s/n, 4715-330, Braga, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo D, Hauschild D, Jackson P, Friedlmeier TM, Hariskos D, Blum M, Yang W, Reinert F, Powalla M, Heske C, Weinhardt L. Rubidium Fluoride Post-Deposition Treatment: Impact on the Chemical Structure of the Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Surface and CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 Interface in Thin-Film Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:37602-37608. [PMID: 30272438 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a detailed characterization of the chemical structure of the Cu(In,Ga)Se2 thin-film surface and the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface, both with and without a RbF post-deposition treatment (RbF-PDT). For this purpose, X-ray photoelectron and Auger electron spectroscopy, as well as synchrotron-based soft X-ray emission spectroscopy have been employed. Although some similarities with the reported impacts of light-element alkali PDT (i.e., NaF- and KF-PDT) are found, we observe some distinct differences, which might be the reason for the further improved conversion efficiency with heavy-element alkali PDT. In particular, we find that the RbF-PDT reduces, but not fully removes, the copper content at the absorber surface and does not induce a significant change in the Ga/(Ga + In) ratio. Additionally, we observe an increased amount of indium and gallium oxides at the surface of the treated absorber. These oxides are partly (in the case of indium) and completely (in the case of gallium) removed from the CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 interface by the chemical bath deposition of the CdS buffer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Kreikemeyer-Lorenzo
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
| | - Dirk Hauschild
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18/20 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Experimental Physics VII , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Theresa M Friedlmeier
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Monika Blum
- Advanced Light Source (ALS) , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , 89154-4003 Nevada , United States
| | - Wanli Yang
- Advanced Light Source (ALS) , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , One Cyclotron Road , Berkeley , 94720 California , United States
| | - Friedrich Reinert
- Experimental Physics VII , University of Würzburg , Am Hubland , 97074 Würzburg , Germany
| | - Michael Powalla
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , Meitnerstrasse 1 , 70563 Stuttgart , Germany
| | - Clemens Heske
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18/20 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , 89154-4003 Nevada , United States
| | - Lothar Weinhardt
- Institute for Photon Science and Synchrotron Radiation (IPS) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Hermann-v.-Helmholtz-Platz 1 , 76344 Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen , Germany
- Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP) , Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Engesserstr. 18/20 , 76128 Karlsruhe , Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry , University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV) , 4505 Maryland Parkway , Las Vegas , 89154-4003 Nevada , United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Nicoara N, Kunze T, Jackson P, Hariskos D, Duarte RF, Wilks RG, Witte W, Bär M, Sadewasser S. Evidence for Chemical and Electronic Nonuniformities in the Formation of the Interface of RbF-Treated Cu(In,Ga)Se 2 with CdS. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:44173-44180. [PMID: 29178776 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b12448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We report on the initial stages of CdS buffer layer formation on Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGSe) thin-film solar cell absorbers subjected to rubidium fluoride (RbF) postdeposition treatment (PDT). A detailed characterization of the CIGSe/CdS interface for different chemical bath deposition (CBD) times of the CdS layer is obtained from spatially resolved atomic and Kelvin probe force microscopy and laterally integrating X-ray spectroscopies. The observed spatial inhomogeneity in the interface's structural, chemical, and electronic properties of samples undergoing up to 3 min of CBD treatments is indicative of a complex interface formation including an incomplete coverage and/or nonuniform composition of the buffer layer. It is expected that this result impacts solar cell performance, in particular when reducing the CdS layer thickness (e.g., in an attempt to increase the collection in the ultraviolet wavelength region). Our work provides important findings on the absorber/buffer interface formation and reveals the underlying mechanism for limitations in the reduction of the CdS thickness, even when an alkali PDT is applied to the CIGSe absorber.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicoleta Nicoara
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) , 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| | - Thomas Kunze
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Roberto Félix Duarte
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW) , 70563 Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marcus Bär
- Renewable Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH (HZB) , 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Energy Materials In-Situ Laboratory Berlin (EMIL), Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , 12489 Berlin, Germany
- Institut für Physik, Brandenburgische Technische Universität Cottbus-Senftenberg , 03046 Cottbus, Germany
| | - Sascha Sadewasser
- International Iberian Nanotechnology Laboratory (INL) , 4715-330 Braga, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Guc M, Hariskos D, Calvo-Barrio L, Jackson P, Oliva F, Pistor P, Perez-Rodriguez A, Izquierdo-Roca V. Resonant Raman scattering based approaches for the quantitative assessment of nanometric ZnMgO layers in high efficiency chalcogenide solar cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:1144. [PMID: 28442796 PMCID: PMC5430671 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-01381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports a detailed resonant Raman scattering analysis of ZnMgO solid solution nanometric layers that are being developed for high efficiency chalcogenide solar cells. This includes layers with thicknesses below 100 nm and compositions corresponding to Zn/(Zn + Mg) content rations in the range between 0% and 30%. The vibrational characterization of the layers grown with different compositions and thicknesses has allowed deepening in the knowledge of the sensitivity of the different Raman spectral features on the characteristics of the layers, corroborating the viability of resonant Raman scattering based techniques for their non-destructive quantitative assessment. This has included a deeper analysis of different experimental approaches for the quantitative assessment of the layer thickness, based on (a) the analysis of the intensity of the ZnMgO main Raman peak; (b) the evaluation of the changes of the intensity of the main Raman peak from the subjacent layer located below the ZnMgO one; and (c) the study of the changes in the relative intensity of the first to second/third order ZnMgO peaks. In all these cases, the implications related to the presence of quantum confinement effects in the nanocrystalline layers grown with different thicknesses have been discussed and evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maxim Guc
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930, Sant Adria de Besos, Barcelona, Spain. .,Institute of Applied Physics, Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Academiei 5, Chisinau, MD 2028, Moldova.
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum fur Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Lorenzo Calvo-Barrio
- Centres Cientifics i Tecnologics CCiTUB, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Lluis Sole I Sabares 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Philip Jackson
- Zentrum fur Sonnenenergie- und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW), Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Florian Oliva
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930, Sant Adria de Besos, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul Pistor
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930, Sant Adria de Besos, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Perez-Rodriguez
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930, Sant Adria de Besos, Barcelona, Spain.,INUB, Departament d'Electronica, Universitat de Barcelona, C. Martı i Franques 1, 08028, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Victor Izquierdo-Roca
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC), Jardins de les Dones de Negre 1, 08930, Sant Adria de Besos, Barcelona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Guc M, Neuschitzer M, Hariskos D, Bauer A, Witte W, Hempel W, Calvo-Barrio L, Pistor P, Perez-Rodriguez A, Izquierdo-Roca V. Raman scattering quantitative assessment of the anion composition ratio in Zn(O,S) layers for Cd-free chalcogenide-based solar cells. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra26261e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This work reports the use of Raman scattering for the chemical characterization of Zn(O,S) layers that are being developed as a Cd-free alternative for the buffer layer in advanced chalcogenide solar cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. Guc
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - M. Neuschitzer
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - D. Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW)
- Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - A. Bauer
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW)
- Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - W. Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW)
- Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - W. Hempel
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW)
- Stuttgart
- Germany
| | - L. Calvo-Barrio
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics CCiTUB
- Universitat de Barcelona
- 08028 Barcelona
- Spain
| | - P. Pistor
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
| | - A. Perez-Rodriguez
- Catalonia Institute for Energy Research (IREC)
- Barcelona
- Spain
- IN2UB
- Departament d'Electrònica
| | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Eicke A, Ciba T, Hariskos D, Menner R, Tschamber C, Witte W. Depth profiling with SNMS and SIMS of Zn(O,S) buffer layers for Cu(In,Ga)Se2
thin-film solar cells. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Axel Eicke
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Industriestraße 6 D-70565 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Thomas Ciba
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Industriestraße 6 D-70565 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Dimitrios Hariskos
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Industriestraße 6 D-70565 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Richard Menner
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Industriestraße 6 D-70565 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Carsten Tschamber
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Industriestraße 6 D-70565 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Wolfram Witte
- Zentrum für Sonnenenergie-und Wasserstoff-Forschung Baden-Württemberg (ZSW); Industriestraße 6 D-70565 Stuttgart Germany
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gal D, Beier J, Moons E, Hodes G, Cahen D, Kronik L, Burstein L, Mishori B, Leibovitch M, Shapira Y, Hariskos D, Klenk R, Schock HW. Band diagram and band line-up of the polycrystalline CdS/Cu(In,Ga)Se2 heterojunction and its response to air annealing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1063/1.49432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
|