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Malpathak S, Ananth N. Semiclassical dynamics in Wigner phase space I: Adiabatic hybrid Wigner dynamics. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:094109. [PMID: 39234962 DOI: 10.1063/5.0223185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/06/2024] Open
Abstract
The Wigner phase space formulation of quantum mechanics is a complete framework for quantum dynamic calculations that elegantly highlights connections with classical dynamics. In this series of two articles, building upon previous efforts, we derive the full hierarchy of approximate semiclassical (SC) dynamic methods for adiabatic and non-adiabatic problems in Wigner phase space. In Paper I, focusing on adiabatic single surface processes, we derive the well-known double Herman-Kluk (DHK) approximation for real-time correlation functions in Wigner phase space and connect it to the linearized SC (LSC) approximation through a stationary phase approximation. We exploit this relationship to introduce a new hybrid SC method, termed Adiabatic Hybrid Wigner Dynamics (AHWD) that allows for a few important "system" degrees of freedom (dofs) to be treated at the DHK level, while treating the rest of the dofs (the "bath") at the LSC level. AHWD is shown to accurately capture quantum interference effects in models of coupled oscillators and the decoherence of vibrational probability density of a model I2 Morse oscillator coupled to an Ohmic thermal bath. We show that AHWD significantly mitigates the sign problem and employs reduced dimensional prefactors bringing calculations of complex system-bath problems within the reach of SC methods. Paper II focuses on extending this hybrid SC dynamics to nonadiabatic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Malpathak
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Nandini Ananth
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
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2
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Litman Y, Kapil V, Feldman YMY, Tisi D, Begušić T, Fidanyan K, Fraux G, Higer J, Kellner M, Li TE, Pós ES, Stocco E, Trenins G, Hirshberg B, Rossi M, Ceriotti M. i-PI 3.0: A flexible and efficient framework for advanced atomistic simulations. J Chem Phys 2024; 161:062504. [PMID: 39140447 DOI: 10.1063/5.0215869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/11/2024] [Indexed: 08/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Atomic-scale simulations have progressed tremendously over the past decade, largely thanks to the availability of machine-learning interatomic potentials. These potentials combine the accuracy of electronic structure calculations with the ability to reach extensive length and time scales. The i-PI package facilitates integrating the latest developments in this field with advanced modeling techniques thanks to a modular software architecture based on inter-process communication through a socket interface. The choice of Python for implementation facilitates rapid prototyping but can add computational overhead. In this new release, we carefully benchmarked and optimized i-PI for several common simulation scenarios, making such overhead negligible when i-PI is used to model systems up to tens of thousands of atoms using widely adopted machine learning interatomic potentials, such as Behler-Parinello, DeePMD, and MACE neural networks. We also present the implementation of several new features, including an efficient algorithm to model bosonic and fermionic exchange, a framework for uncertainty quantification to be used in conjunction with machine-learning potentials, a communication infrastructure that allows for deeper integration with electronic-driven simulations, and an approach to simulate coupled photon-nuclear dynamics in optical or plasmonic cavities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yair Litman
- Y. Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
| | - Venkat Kapil
- Y. Hamied Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Lensfield Road, Cambridge CB2 1EW, United Kingdom
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, 17-19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
- Thomas Young Centre and London Centre for Nanotechnology, 19 Gordon St, London WC1H 0AH, United Kingdom
| | | | - Davide Tisi
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tomislav Begušić
- Div. of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA
| | - Karen Fidanyan
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guillaume Fraux
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jacob Higer
- School of Physics, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Matthias Kellner
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Tao E Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, USA
| | - Eszter S Pós
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Elia Stocco
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - George Trenins
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Barak Hirshberg
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
| | - Mariana Rossi
- MPI for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michele Ceriotti
- Laboratory of Computational Science and Modeling, Institut des Matériaux, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
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3
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Li TE. Mesoscale Molecular Simulations of Fabry-Pérot Vibrational Strong Coupling. J Chem Theory Comput 2024. [PMID: 38912683 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.4c00349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/25/2024]
Abstract
Developing theoretical frameworks for vibrational strong coupling (VSC) beyond the single-mode approximation is crucial for a comprehensive understanding of experiments with planar Fabry-Pérot cavities. Herein, a generalized cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed to simulate VSC of a large ensemble of realistic molecules coupled to an arbitrary 1D or 2D photonic environment. This approach is built upon the Power-Zienau-Woolley Hamiltonian in the normal mode basis and uses a grid representation of the molecular ensembles to reduce the computational cost. When simulating the polariton dispersion relation for a homogeneous distribution of molecules in planar Fabry-Pérot cavities, our data highlight the importance of preserving the in-plane translational symmetry of the molecular distribution. In this homogeneous limit, CavMD yields the consistent polariton dispersion relation as an analytic theory, i.e., incorporating many cavity modes with varying in-plane wave vectors (k∥) produces the same spectrum as the system with a single cavity mode. Furthermore, CavMD reveals that the validity of the single-mode approximation is challenged when nonequilibrium polariton dynamics are considered, as polariton-polariton scattering occurs between modes with the nearest neighbor k∥. The procedure for numerically approaching the macroscopic limit is also demonstrated with CavMD by increasing the system size. Looking forward, our generalized CavMD approach may facilitate understanding vibrational polariton transport and condensation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware 19716, United States
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4
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Ruggenthaler M, Sidler D, Rubio A. Understanding Polaritonic Chemistry from Ab Initio Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:11191-11229. [PMID: 37729114 PMCID: PMC10571044 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
In this review, we present the theoretical foundations and first-principles frameworks to describe quantum matter within quantum electrodynamics (QED) in the low-energy regime, with a focus on polaritonic chemistry. By starting from fundamental physical and mathematical principles, we first review in great detail ab initio nonrelativistic QED. The resulting Pauli-Fierz quantum field theory serves as a cornerstone for the development of (in principle exact but in practice) approximate computational methods such as quantum-electrodynamical density functional theory, QED coupled cluster, or cavity Born-Oppenheimer molecular dynamics. These methods treat light and matter on equal footing and, at the same time, have the same level of accuracy and reliability as established methods of computational chemistry and electronic structure theory. After an overview of the key ideas behind those ab initio QED methods, we highlight their benefits for understanding photon-induced changes of chemical properties and reactions. Based on results obtained by ab initio QED methods, we identify open theoretical questions and how a so far missing detailed understanding of polaritonic chemistry can be established. We finally give an outlook on future directions within polaritonic chemistry and first-principles QED.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max-Planck-Institut
für Struktur und Dynamik der Materie, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron Institute, 162 Fifth Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
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5
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Schnappinger T, Sidler D, Ruggenthaler M, Rubio A, Kowalewski M. Cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock Ansatz: Light-Matter Properties of Strongly Coupled Molecular Ensembles. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:8024-8033. [PMID: 37651603 PMCID: PMC10510432 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies indicate that optical cavities can affect chemical reactions through either vibrational or electronic strong coupling and the quantized cavity modes. However, the current understanding of the interplay between molecules and confined light modes is incomplete. Accurate theoretical models that take into account intermolecular interactions to describe ensembles are therefore essential to understand the mechanisms governing polaritonic chemistry. We present an ab initio Hartree-Fock ansatz in the framework of the cavity Born-Oppenheimer approximation and study molecules strongly interacting with an optical cavity. This ansatz provides a nonperturbative, self-consistent description of strongly coupled molecular ensembles, taking into account the cavity-mediated dipole self-energy contributions. To demonstrate the capability of the cavity Born-Oppenheimer Hartree-Fock ansatz, we study the collective effects in ensembles of strongly coupled diatomic hydrogen fluoride molecules. Our results highlight the importance of the cavity-mediated intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions, which lead to energetic changes of individual molecules in the coupled ensemble.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Schnappinger
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dominik Sidler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Michael Ruggenthaler
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
| | - Angel Rubio
- Max
Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter and Center
for Free-Electron Laser Science, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- The
Hamburg Center for Ultrafast Imaging, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany
- Center
for Computational Quantum Physics, Flatiron
Institute, 162 Fifth
Avenue, New York, New York 10010, United States
- Nano-Bio
Spectroscopy Group, University of the Basque
Country (UPV/EHU), 20018 San Sebastián, Spain
| | - Markus Kowalewski
- Department
of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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6
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Mandal A, Taylor MA, Weight BM, Koessler ER, Li X, Huo P. Theoretical Advances in Polariton Chemistry and Molecular Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics. Chem Rev 2023; 123:9786-9879. [PMID: 37552606 PMCID: PMC10450711 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 08/10/2023]
Abstract
When molecules are coupled to an optical cavity, new light-matter hybrid states, so-called polaritons, are formed due to quantum light-matter interactions. With the experimental demonstrations of modifying chemical reactivities by forming polaritons under strong light-matter interactions, theorists have been encouraged to develop new methods to simulate these systems and discover new strategies to tune and control reactions. This review summarizes some of these exciting theoretical advances in polariton chemistry, in methods ranging from the fundamental framework to computational techniques and applications spanning from photochemistry to vibrational strong coupling. Even though the theory of quantum light-matter interactions goes back to the midtwentieth century, the gaps in the knowledge of molecular quantum electrodynamics (QED) have only recently been filled. We review recent advances made in resolving gauge ambiguities, the correct form of different QED Hamiltonians under different gauges, and their connections to various quantum optics models. Then, we review recently developed ab initio QED approaches which can accurately describe polariton states in a realistic molecule-cavity hybrid system. We then discuss applications using these method advancements. We review advancements in polariton photochemistry where the cavity is made resonant to electronic transitions to control molecular nonadiabatic excited state dynamics and enable new photochemical reactivities. When the cavity resonance is tuned to the molecular vibrations instead, ground-state chemical reaction modifications have been demonstrated experimentally, though its mechanistic principle remains unclear. We present some recent theoretical progress in resolving this mystery. Finally, we review the recent advances in understanding the collective coupling regime between light and matter, where many molecules can collectively couple to a single cavity mode or many cavity modes. We also lay out the current challenges in theory to explain the observed experimental results. We hope that this review will serve as a useful document for anyone who wants to become familiar with the context of polariton chemistry and molecular cavity QED and thus significantly benefit the entire community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arkajit Mandal
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027, United States
| | - Michael A.D. Taylor
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Braden M. Weight
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United
States
| | - Eric R. Koessler
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Xinyang Li
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Theoretical
Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, United States
| | - Pengfei Huo
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Rochester, 120 Trustee Road, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- The
Institute of Optics, Hajim School of Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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7
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Anderson MC, Woods EJ, Fay TP, Wales DJ, Limmer DT. On the Mechanism of Polaritonic Rate Suppression from Quantum Transition Paths. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:6888-6894. [PMID: 37494137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
Polariton chemistry holds promise for facilitating mode-selective chemical reactions, but the underlying mechanism behind the rate modifications observed under strong vibrational coupling is not well understood. Using the recently developed quantum transition path theory, we have uncovered a mechanism of resonant suppression of a thermal reaction rate in a simple model polaritonic system consisting of a reactive mode in a bath confined to a lossless microcavity with a single photon mode. We observed the formation of a polariton during rate-limiting transitions on reactive pathways and identified the concomitant rate suppression as being due to hybridization between the reactive mode and the cavity mode, which inhibits bath-mediated tunneling. The transition probabilities that define the quantum master equation can be directly translated into a visualization of the corresponding polariton energy landscape. This landscape exhibits a double funnel structure with a large barrier between the initial and final states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle C Anderson
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
| | - Esmae J Woods
- Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB3 0HE, U.K
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - Thomas P Fay
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
| | - David J Wales
- Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1EW, U.K
| | - David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
- Kavli Energy NanoSciences Institute, University of California, Berkeley 94720, United States
- Chemical Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, United States
- Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley 94720, United States
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8
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Lieberherr AZ, Furniss STE, Lawrence JE, Manolopoulos DE. Vibrational strong coupling in liquid water from cavity molecular dynamics. J Chem Phys 2023; 158:234106. [PMID: 37326163 DOI: 10.1063/5.0156808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023] Open
Abstract
We assess the cavity molecular dynamics method for the calculation of vibrational polariton spectra using liquid water as a specific example. We begin by disputing a recent suggestion that nuclear quantum effects may lead to a broadening of polariton bands, finding instead that they merely result in anharmonic red shifts in the polariton frequencies. We go on to show that our simulated cavity spectra can be reproduced to graphical accuracy with a harmonic model that uses just the cavity-free spectrum and the geometry of the cavity as input. We end by showing that this harmonic model can be combined with the experimental cavity-free spectrum to give results in good agreement with optical cavity measurements. Since the input to our harmonic model is equivalent to the input to the transfer matrix method of applied optics, we conclude that cavity molecular dynamics cannot provide any more insight into the effect of vibrational strong coupling on the absorption spectrum than this transfer matrix method, which is already widely used by experimentalists to corroborate their cavity results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annina Z Lieberherr
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Seth T E Furniss
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph E Lawrence
- Laboratory of Physical Chemistry, ETH Zürich, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - David E Manolopoulos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Physical and Theoretical Chemistry Laboratory, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QZ, United Kingdom
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9
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Li TE, Hammes-Schiffer S. QM/MM Modeling of Vibrational Polariton Induced Energy Transfer and Chemical Dynamics. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:377-384. [PMID: 36574620 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c10170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Vibrational strong coupling (VSC) provides a novel means to modify chemical reactions and energy transfer pathways. To efficiently model chemical dynamics under VSC in the collective regime, herein a hybrid quantum mechanical/molecular mechanical (QM/MM) cavity molecular dynamics (CavMD) scheme is developed and applied to an experimentally studied chemical system. This approach can achieve linear scaling with respect to the number of molecules for a dilute solution under VSC by assuming that each QM solute molecule is surrounded by an independent MM solvent bath. Application of this approach to a dilute solution of Fe(CO)5 in n-dodecane under VSC demonstrates polariton dephasing to the dark modes and polariton-enhanced molecular nonlinear absorption. These simulations predict that strongly exciting the lower polariton may provide an energy transfer pathway that selectively excites the equatorial CO vibrations rather than the axial CO vibrations. Moreover, these simulations also directly probe the cavity effect on the dynamics of the Fe(CO)5 Berry pseudorotation reaction for comparison to recent two-dimensional infrared spectroscopy experiments. This theoretical approach is applicable to a wide range of other polaritonic systems and provides a tool for exploring the use of VSC for selective infrared photochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao E Li
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, United States
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10
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Mondal S, Wang DS, Keshavamurthy S. Dissociation dynamics of a diatomic molecule in an optical cavity. J Chem Phys 2022; 157:244109. [PMID: 36586980 DOI: 10.1063/5.0124085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We study the dissociation dynamics of a diatomic molecule, modeled as a Morse oscillator, coupled to an optical cavity. A marked suppression of the dissociation probability, both classical and quantum, is observed for cavity frequencies significantly below the fundamental transition frequency of the molecule. We show that the suppression in the probability is due to the nonlinearity of the dipole function. The effect can be rationalized entirely in terms of the structures in the classical phase space of the model system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subhadip Mondal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
| | - Derek S Wang
- Harvard John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
| | - Srihari Keshavamurthy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh 208 016, India
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