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Xu YN, Mei B, Xu Q, Fu HQ, Zhang XY, Liu PF, Jiang Z, Yang HG. In situ/Operando Synchrotron Radiation Analytical Techniques for CO 2/CO Reduction Reaction: From Atomic Scales to Mesoscales. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202404213. [PMID: 38600431 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202404213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 04/12/2024]
Abstract
Electrocatalytic carbon dioxide/carbon monoxide reduction reaction (CO(2)RR) has emerged as a prospective and appealing strategy to realize carbon neutrality for manufacturing sustainable chemical products. Developing highly active electrocatalysts and stable devices has been demonstrated as effective approach to enhance the conversion efficiency of CO(2)RR. In order to rationally design electrocatalysts and devices, a comprehensive understanding of the intrinsic structure evolution within catalysts and micro-environment change around electrode interface, particularly under operation conditions, is indispensable. Synchrotron radiation has been recognized as a versatile characterization platform, garnering widespread attention owing to its high brightness, elevated flux, excellent directivity, strong polarization and exceptional stability. This review systematically introduces the applications of synchrotron radiation technologies classified by radiation sources with varying wavelengths in CO(2)RR. By virtue of in situ/operando synchrotron radiationanalytical techniques, we also summarize relevant dynamic evolution processes from electronic structure, atomic configuration, molecular adsorption, crystal lattice and devices, spanning scales from the angstrom to the micrometer. The merits and limitations of diverse synchrotron characterization techniques are summarized, and their applicable scenarios in CO(2)RR are further presented. On the basis of the state-of-the-art fourth-generation synchrotron facilities, a perspective for further deeper understanding of the CO(2)RR process using synchrotron radiation analytical techniques is proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Ning Xu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Bingbao Mei
- Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Science, Shanghai, 201800, P. R. China
| | - Qiucheng Xu
- Surface Physics and Catalysis (Surf Cat) Section, Department of Physics, Technical University of Denmark, 2800, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Huai Qin Fu
- Center for Catalysis and Clean Energy, Gold Coast Campus, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD 4222, Australia
| | - Xin Yu Zhang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Peng Fei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
| | - Zheng Jiang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230029, P. R. China
| | - Hua Gui Yang
- Key Laboratory for Ultrafine Materials of Ministry of Education, Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Hierarchical Nanomaterials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, P. R. China
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Degerman D, Goodwin CM, Lömker P, García-Martínez F, Shipilin M, Gloskovskii A, Nilsson A. Demonstrating Pressure Jumping as a Tool to Address the Pressure Gap in High Pressure Photoelectron Spectroscopy of CO and CO 2 Hydrogenation on Rh(211). Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202300523. [PMID: 37877432 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202300523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 10/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023]
Abstract
Operando probing by x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) of certain hydrogenation reactions are often limited by the scattering of photoelectrons in the gas phase. This work describes a method designed to partially circumvent this so called pressure gap. By performing a rapid switch from a high pressure (where acquisition is impossible) to a lower pressure we can for a short while probe a "remnant" of the high pressure surface as well as the time dynamics during the re-equilibration to the new pressure. This methodology is demonstrated using the CO2 and the CO hydrogenation reaction over Rh(211). In the CO2 hydrogenation reaction, the remnant surface of a 2 bar pressure shows an adsorbate distribution which favors chemisorbed CHx adsorbates over chemisorbed CO. This contrasts against previous static operando spectra acquired at lower pressures. Furthermore, the pressure jumping method yields a faster acquisition and more detailed spectra than static operando measurements above 1 bar. In the CO hydrogenation reaction, we observe that CHx accumulated faster during the 275 mbar low pressure regime, and different hypotheses are presented regarding this observation.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Degerman
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christopher M Goodwin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden
- Present Address: ALBA Synchrotron Light Facility, Carrer de la Llum 2, 26, 08290, Cerdanyola del Vallés, Spain
| | - Patrick Lömker
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Mikhail Shipilin
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrei Gloskovskii
- Deutsches Elektronen Synchrotron DESY, Notkestraße 85, 226 07, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Anders Nilsson
- Department of Physics, Stockholm University, AlbaNova University Center, Roslagstullsbacken 21, 114 21, Stockholm, Sweden
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Liu P, Klyushin A, Chandramathy Surendran P, Fedorov A, Xie W, Zeng C, Huang X. Carbon Encapsulation of Supported Metallic Iridium Nanoparticles: An in Situ Transmission Electron Microscopy Study and Implications for Hydrogen Evolution Reaction. ACS NANO 2023. [PMID: 38047675 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.3c10850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Carbon-supported metal nanoparticles (NPs) comprise an important class of heterogeneous catalysts. The interaction between the metal and carbon support influences the overall material properties, viz., the catalytic performance. Herein we use in situ and ex situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in combination with in situ X-ray spectroscopy (XPS) to investigate the encapsulation of metallic iridium NPs by carbon in an Ir/C catalyst. Real-time atomic-scale imaging visualizes particle reshaping and increased graphitization of the carbon support upon heating of Ir/C in vacuum. According to in situ TEM results, carbon overcoating grows over Ir NPs during the heating process, starting from ca. 550 °C. With the carbon overlayers formed, no sintering and migration of Ir NPs is observed at 800 °C, yet the initial Ir NPs sinter at or below 550 °C, i.e., at a temperature associated with an incomplete particle encapsulation. The carbon overlayer corrugates when the temperature is decreased from 800 to 200 °C and this process is associated with the particle surface reconstruction and is reversible, such that the corrugated carbon overlayer can be smoothed out by increasing the temperature back to 800 °C. The catalytic performance (activity and stability) of the encapsulated Ir NPs in the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is higher than that of the initial (nonencapsulated) state of Ir/C. Overall, this work highlights microscopic details of the currently understudied phenomenon of the carbon encapsulation of supported noble metal NPs and demonstrates additionally that the encapsulation by carbon is an effective measure for tuning the catalytic performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panpan Liu
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108 Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 362100 Quanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Alexander Klyushin
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
- Research Group Catalysis for Energy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin for Materials and Energy (BESSY II), Albert-Einstein-Str. 15, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Alexey Fedorov
- Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Wangjing Xie
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108 Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 362100 Quanzhou, P. R. China
| | - Chaobin Zeng
- Hitachi High-Tech Scientific Solutions (Beijing) Co., Ltd., 100015 Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Xing Huang
- College of Chemistry, Fuzhou University, 350108 Fuzhou, P. R. China
- Qingyuan Innovation Laboratory, 362100 Quanzhou, P. R. China
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Fritz-Haber Institute of Max Planck Society, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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Bischof D, Radiev Y, Tripp MW, Hofmann PE, Geiger T, Bettinger HF, Koert U, Witte G. Chemical Doping by Fluorination and Its Impact on All Energy Levels of π-Conjugated Systems. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2551-2557. [PMID: 36877682 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Halogenation of organic molecules causes chemical shifts of C1s core-level binding energies that are commonly used as fingerprints to identify chemical species. Here, we use synchrotron-based X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and density functional theory calculations to unravel such chemical shifts by examining different partially fluorinated pentacene derivatives. Core-level shifts occur even for carbon atoms distant from the fluorination positions, yielding a continuous shift of about 1.8 eV with increasing degree of fluorination for pentacenes. Since also their LUMO energies shift markedly with the degree of fluorination of the acenes, core-level shifts result in a nearly constant excitation energy of the leading π* resonance as obtained in complementary recorded K-edge X-ray absorption spectra, hence demonstrating that local fluorination affects the entire π-system, including valence and core levels. Our results thus challenge the common picture of characteristic chemical core-level energies as fingerprint signatures of fluorinated π-conjugated molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Bischof
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Yurii Radiev
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Matthias W Tripp
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Philipp E Hofmann
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Geiger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Holger F Bettinger
- Institut für Organische Chemie, Eberhard Karls Universität Tübingen, Auf der Morgenstelle 18, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
| | - Ulrich Koert
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein Straße 4, 35043 Marburg, Germany
| | - Gregor Witte
- Fachbereich Physik, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Renthof 7, 35032 Marburg, Germany
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Shen X, Wu D, Zhang H, Liu X, Cao L, Yao T. Application of Time-Resolved Synchrotron X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy in an Energy Conversion Reaction. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:645-652. [PMID: 36637141 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c03433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The rational design of high-efficiency catalysts is hindered by the knowledge of active sites, which always experience dynamic transformations within different time scales. In this regard, tracking these time-dependent processes is essential to building the correlation between the active site and catalytic performance. Achieving this goal requires powerful characterization techniques to overcome the obstacle induced by the time mismatch. By virtue of the local structure sensitivity, synchrotron X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) comprising step-scanning XAS, quick-scanning XAS, and energy-dispersive XAS has been widely applied to record structural evolution events. In this Perspective, we highlight the substantial accomplishments achieved by these time-resolved XAS techniques. Their principles, advantages, and limitations involved in monitoring energy-involving electrocatalysis were also introduced. Meanwhile, the key challenges that we are encountering and the further directions of time-resolved XAS are also provided. We sincerely hope that these insights could offer a reliable guideline for other researchers to design more efficient in situ experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Shen
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Dan Wu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Huijuan Zhang
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Xiaokang Liu
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Linlin Cao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
| | - Tao Yao
- National Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230029, China
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