1
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Javitt LF, Curland S, Weissbuch I, Ehre D, Lahav M, Lubomirsky I. Chemical Nature of Heterogeneous Electrofreezing of Supercooled Water Revealed on Polar (Pyroelectric) Surfaces. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:1383-1394. [PMID: 35504292 PMCID: PMC9118552 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.2c00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
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The ability to control the icing temperature
of supercooled water
(SCW) is of supreme importance in subfields of pure and applied sciences.
The ice freezing of SCW can be influenced heterogeneously by electric
effects, a process known as electrofreezing. This effect was first
discovered during the 19th century; however, its mechanism is still
under debate. In this Account we demonstrate, by capitalizing on the
properties of polar crystals, that heterogeneous electrofreezing of
SCW is a chemical process influenced by an electric field and specific
ions. Polar crystals possess a net dipole moment. In addition, they
are pyroelectric, displaying short-lived surface charges at their
hemihedral faces at the two poles of the crystals as a result of temperature
changes. Accordingly, during cooling or heating, an electric field
is created, which is negated by the attraction of compensating charges
from the environment. This process had an impact in the following
experiments. The icing temperatures of SCW within crevices of polar
crystals are higher in comparison to icing temperatures within crevices
of nonpolar analogs. The role played by the electric effect was extricated
from other effects by the performance of icing experiments on the
surfaces of pyroelectric quasi-amorphous SrTiO3. During
those studies it was found that on positively charged surfaces the
icing temperature of SCW is elevated, whereas on negatively charged
surfaces it is reduced. Following investigations discovered that the
icing temperature of SCW is impacted by an ionic current created within
a hydrated layer on top of hydrophilic faces residing parallel to
the polar axes of the crystals. In the absence of such current on
analogous hydrophobic surfaces, the pyroelectric effect does not influence
the icing temperature of SCW. Those results implied that electrofreezing
of SCW is a process influenced by specific compensating ions attracted
by the pyroelectric field from the aqueous solution. When freezing
experiments are performed in an open atmosphere, bicarbonate and hydronium
ions, created by the dissolution of atmospheric CO2 in
water, influence the icing temperature. The bicarbonate ions, when
attracted by positively charged pyroelectric surfaces, elevate the
icing temperature, whereas their counterparts, hydronium ions, when
attracted by the negatively charged surfaces reduce the icing temperature.
Molecular dynamic simulations suggested that bicarbonate ions, concentrated
within the near positively charged interfacial layer, self-assemble
with water molecules to create stabilized slightly distorted “ice-like”
hexagonal assemblies which mimic the hexagons of the crystals of ice.
This occurs by replacing, within those ice-like hexagons, two hydrogen
bonds of water by C–O bonds of the HCO3– ion. On the basis of these simulations, it was predicted and experimentally
confirmed that other trigonal planar ions such as NO3–, guanidinium+, and the quasi-hexagonal
biguanidinium+ ion elevate the icing temperature. These
ions were coined as “ice makers”. Other ions including
hydronium, Cl–, and SO4–2 interfere with the formation of ice-like assemblies and operate
as “ice breakers”. The higher icing temperatures induced
within the crevices of the hydrophobic polar crystals in comparison
to the nonpolar analogs can be attributed to the proton ordering of
the water molecules. In contrast, the icing temperatures on related
hydrophilic surfaces are influenced both by compensating charges and
by proton ordering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah Fuhrman Javitt
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Sofia Curland
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - David Ehre
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
| | - Igor Lubomirsky
- Department of Molecular Chemistry and Materials Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 7610001, Israel
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2
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Curland S, Javitt L, Weissbuch I, Ehre D, Lahav M, Lubomirsky I. Heterogeneous Electrofreezing Triggered by CO 2 on Pyroelectric Crystals: Qualitatively Different Icing on Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:15570-15574. [PMID: 32621797 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202006433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
By performing icing experiments on hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces of pyroelectric amino acids and on the x-cut faces of LiTaO3 , we discovered that the effect of electrofreezing of super cooled water is triggered by ions of carbonic acid. During the cooling of the hydrophilic pyroelectric crystals, a continuous water layer is created between the charged hemihedral faces, as confirmed by impedance measurements. As a result, a current of carbonic acid ions, produced by dissolved environmental CO2 , flows through the wetted layer towards the hemihedral faces and elevates the icing temperature. This proposed mechanism is based on the following: (i) on hydrophilic surfaces, water with dissolved CO2 (pH 4) freezes at higher temperatures than pure water of pH 7. (ii) In the absence of the ionic current, achieved by linking the two hemihedral faces of hydrophilic crystals by a conductive paint, water of the two pH levels freeze at the same temperature. (iii) On hydrophobic crystals with similar pyroelectric coefficients, where there is no continuous wetted layer, no electrofreezing effect is observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Curland
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100-, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Leah Javitt
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100-, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100-, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Ehre
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100-, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100-, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Igor Lubomirsky
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, The Weizmann Institute of Science, 76100-, Rehovot, Israel
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3
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Curland S, Javitt L, Weissbuch I, Ehre D, Lahav M, Lubomirsky I. Heterogeneous Electrofreezing Triggered by CO
2
on Pyroelectric Crystals: Qualitatively Different Icing on Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Surfaces. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202006433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Curland
- Department of Materials and Interfaces The Weizmann Institute of Science 76100- Rehovot Israel
| | - Leah Javitt
- Department of Materials and Interfaces The Weizmann Institute of Science 76100- Rehovot Israel
| | - Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces The Weizmann Institute of Science 76100- Rehovot Israel
| | - David Ehre
- Department of Materials and Interfaces The Weizmann Institute of Science 76100- Rehovot Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces The Weizmann Institute of Science 76100- Rehovot Israel
| | - Igor Lubomirsky
- Department of Materials and Interfaces The Weizmann Institute of Science 76100- Rehovot Israel
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4
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Sun CQ. Water electrification: Principles and applications. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 282:102188. [PMID: 32610204 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2020.102188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Deep engineering of liquid water by charge and impurity injection, charged support, current flow, hydrophobic confinement, or applying a directional field has becoming increasingly important to the mankind toward overcoming energy and environment crisis. One can mediate the processes or temperatures of molecular evaporation for clean water harvesting, HO bond dissociation for H2 fuel generation, solidification for living-organism cryopreservation, structure stiffening for bioengineering, etc., with mechanisms being still puzzling. We show that the framework of "hydrogen bonding and electronic dynamics" has substantiated the progress in the fundamental issues and the aimed engineering. The segmental disparity of the coupled hydrogen bond (O:HO or HB with ":" being lone pair of oxygen) resolves their specific-heat curves and turns out a quasisolid phase (QS, bound at -15 and 4 °C). Electrification shows dual functionality that not only aligns, orders, polarizes water molecules but also stretches the O:HO bond. The O:HO segmental cooperative relaxation and polarization shift the QS boundary through Einstein's relation, ΔΘDx ∝ Δωx, resulting in a gel-like, viscoelastic, and stable supersolid phase with raised melting point Tm and lowered temperatures for vaporization TV and ice nucleation TN. The supersolidity and electro structure ordering provide additional forces to reinforce Armstrong's water bridge. QS dispersion and the secondary effect of electrification such as compression define the TN for Dufour's electro-freezing. The TV depression, surface stress disruption, and electrostatic attraction raise Asakawa's molecular evaporability. Composition of opposite, compatible fields eases the HO dissociation and soil wetting. Progress evidences not only the essentiality of the coupled O:HO bond theory but also the feasibility of engineering water and solutions by programmed electrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Q Sun
- School of EEE, Nanyang Technological University, 639798, Singapore; School of Material Science and Engineering, Jilin University, Changchun 130022, China.
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5
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Yang H, Diao Y, Huang B, Li K, Wang J. Metal-catechol complexes mediate ice nucleation. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:6413-6416. [PMID: 31094369 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc02987g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The capability of mediating ice nucleation is pertinent to a broad range of fields. Herein, inspired by metal-catechol coordination found in adhesive proteins in which catechol moieties can construct strong complexes with a diverse array of metal ions, we develop a platform for mediating ice nucleation based on metal-catechol complexes and demonstrate that ice nucleation can be successively mediated by varying the characteristics and valence of the metal in metal-catechol complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huige Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.
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6
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Meirzadeh E, Weissbuch I, Ehre D, Lahav M, Lubomirsky I. Polar Imperfections in Amino Acid Crystals: Design, Structure, and Emerging Functionalities. Acc Chem Res 2018; 51:1238-1248. [PMID: 29676901 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.8b00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Crystals are physical arrays delineated by polar surfaces and often contain imperfections of a polar nature. Understanding the structure of such defects on the molecular level is of topical importance since they strongly affect the macroscopic properties of materials. Moreover, polar imperfections in crystals can be created intentionally and specifically designed by doping nonpolar crystals with "tailor-made" additives as dopants, since their incorporation generally takes place in a polar mode. Insertion of dopants also induces a polar deformation of neighboring host molecules, resulting in the creation of polar domains within the crystals. The contribution of the distorted host molecules to the polarity of such domains should be substantial, particularly in crystals composed of molecules with large dipole moments, such as the zwitterionic amino acids, which possess dipole moments as high as ∼14 D. Polar materials are pyroelectric, i.e., they generate surface charge as a result of temperature change. With the application of recent very sensitive instruments for measuring electric currents, coupled with theoretical computations, it has become possible to determine the structure of polar imperfections, including surfaces, at a molecular level. The detection of pyroelectricity requires attachment of electrodes, which might induce various artifacts and modify the surface of the crystal. Therefore, a new method for contactless pyroelectric measurement using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy was developed and compared to the traditional periodic temperature change technique. Here we describe the molecular-level determination of the structure of imperfections of different natures in molecular crystals and how they affect the macroscopic properties of the crystals, with the following specific examples: (i) Experimental support for the nonclassical crystal growth mechanism as provided by the detection of pyroelectricity from near-surface solvated polar layers present at different faces of nonpolar amino acid crystals. (ii) Enantiomeric disorder in dl-alanine crystals disclosed by detection of anomalously strong pyroelectricity along their nonpolar directions. The presence of such disorder, which is not revealed by accurate diffraction techniques, explains the riddle of their needlelike morphology. (iii) The design of mixed polar crystals of l-asparagine·H2O/l-aspartic acid with controlled degrees of polarity, as determined by pyroelectricity and X-ray diffraction, and their use in mechanistic studies of electrofreezing of supercooled water. (iv) Pyroelectricity coupled with dispersion-corrected density functional theory calculations and molecular dynamics simulations as an analytical method for the molecular-level determination of the structure of polar domains created by doping of α-glycine crystals with different l-amino acids at concentrations below 0.5%. (v) Selective insertion of minute amounts of alcohols within the bulk of α-glycine crystals, elucidating their role as inducers of the metastable β-glycine polymorph. In conclusion, the various examples demonstrate that although these imperfections are present in minute amounts, they can be detected by the sensitive pyroelectric measurement, and by combining them with theoretical computations one can elucidate their diverse emerging functionalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Isabelle Weissbuch
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - David Ehre
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Igor Lubomirsky
- Department of Materials and Interfaces, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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7
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Curland S, Meirzadeh E, Cohen H, Ehre D, Maier J, Lahav M, Lubomirsky I. The Contribution of Pyroelectricity of AgI Crystals to Ice Nucleation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201802291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Curland
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - David Ehre
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Joachim Maier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Igor Lubomirsky
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
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8
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Curland S, Meirzadeh E, Cohen H, Ehre D, Maier J, Lahav M, Lubomirsky I. The Contribution of Pyroelectricity of AgI Crystals to Ice Nucleation. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:7076-7079. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201802291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Curland
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Elena Meirzadeh
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Hagai Cohen
- Department of Chemical Research Support; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - David Ehre
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Joachim Maier
- Max Planck Institute for Solid State Research; 70569 Stuttgart Germany
| | - Meir Lahav
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
| | - Igor Lubomirsky
- Department of Materials and Interfaces; The Weizmann Institute of Science; 76100 Rehovot Israel
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9
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Fundamental interfacial mechanisms underlying electrofreezing. Adv Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 251:26-43. [PMID: 29289337 DOI: 10.1016/j.cis.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
This article reviews the fundamental interfacial mechanisms underlying electrofreezing (promotion of ice nucleation via the application of an electric field). Electrofreezing has been an active research topic for many decades, with applications in food preservation, cryopreservation, cryogenics and ice formation. There is substantial literature detailing experimental and simulations-based studies, which aim to understand the complex mechanisms underlying accelerated ice nucleation in the presence of electric fields and electrical charge. This work provides a critical review of all such studies. It is noted that application-focused studies of electrofreezing are excluded from this review; such studies have been previously reviewed in literature. This review focuses only on fundamental studies, which analyze the physical mechanisms underlying electrofreezing. Topics reviewed include experimental studies on electrofreezing (DC and AC electric fields), pyroelectricity-based control of freezing, molecular dynamics simulations of electrofreezing, and thermodynamics-based explanations of electrofreezing. Overall, it is seen that electrofreezing can enable disruptive advancements in the control of liquid-to-solid phase change, and that our current understanding of the underlying mechanisms can be significantly improved through further studies of various interfacial effects coming into play.
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10
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Grabowska J, Kuffel A, Zielkiewicz J. The accretion of the new ice layer on the surface of hexagonal ice crystal and the influence of the local electric field on this process. J Chem Phys 2017; 147:174502. [PMID: 29117699 DOI: 10.1063/1.4994612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of creation of a new layer of ice on the basal plane and on the prism plane of a hexagonal ice crystal is analyzed. It is demonstrated that the ordering of water molecules in the already existing crystal affects the freezing. On the basal plane, when the orientations of water molecules in the ice block are random, the arrangement of the new layer in a cubic manner is observed more frequently-approximately 1.7 times more often than in a hexagonal manner. When the water molecules in the ice block are more ordered, it results in the predominance of the oxygen atoms or the hydrogen atoms on the most outer part of the surface of the ice block. In this case, the hexagonal structure is formed more frequently when the supercooling of water exceeds 10 K. This phenomenon is explained by the influence of the oriented electric field, present as a consequence of the ordering of the dipoles of water molecules in the ice block. This field modifies the structure of solvation water (i.e., the layer of water in the immediate vicinity of the ice surface). We showed that the structure of solvation water predetermines the kind of the newly created layer of ice. This effect is temperature-dependent: when the temperature draws nearer to the melting point, the cubic structure becomes the prevailing form. The temperature at which the cubic and the hexagonal structures are formed with the same probabilities is equal to about 260 K. In the case of the prism plane, the new layer that is formed is always the hexagonal one, which is independent of the arrangement of water molecules in the ice block and is in agreement with previous literature data. For the basal plane, as well as for the prism plane, no evident dependence on the ordering of water molecules that constitute the ice block on the rate of crystallization can be observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Grabowska
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Anna Kuffel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Jan Zielkiewicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Gdansk University of Technology, Narutowicza 11/12, 80-233 Gdansk, Poland
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11
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He Z, Xie WJ, Liu Z, Liu G, Wang Z, Gao YQ, Wang J. Tuning ice nucleation with counterions on polyelectrolyte brush surfaces. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2016; 2:e1600345. [PMID: 27386581 PMCID: PMC4928907 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1600345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Heterogeneous ice nucleation (HIN) on ionic surfaces is ubiquitous in a wide range of atmospheric aerosols and at biological interfaces. Despite its great importance in cirrus cloud formation and cryopreservation of cells, organs, and tissues, it remains unclear whether the ion-specific effect on ice nucleation exists. Benefiting from the fact that ions at the polyelectrolyte brush (PB)/water interface can be reversibly exchanged, we report the effect of ions on HIN on the PB surface, and we discover that the distinct efficiency of ions in tuning HIN follows the Hofmeister series. Moreover, a large HIN temperature window of up to 7.8°C is demonstrated. By establishing a correlation between the fraction of ice-like water molecules and the kinetics of structural transformation from liquid- to ice-like water molecules at the PB/water interface with different counterions, we show that our molecular dynamics simulation analysis is consistent with the experimental observation of the ion-specific effect on HIN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan He
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wen Jun Xie
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Zhenqi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Guangming Liu
- Department of Chemical Physics, Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Zuowei Wang
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading RG6 6AX, UK
| | - Yi Qin Gao
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences, Institute of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
- Corresponding author. (J.W.); (Y.Q.G.)
| | - Jianjun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Green Printing, Institute of Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
- Corresponding author. (J.W.); (Y.Q.G.)
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