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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Marques HM, Yamashita K. The Pnictogen Bond: The Covalently Bound Arsenic Atom in Molecular Entities in Crystals as a Pnictogen Bond Donor. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27113421. [PMID: 35684359 PMCID: PMC9181914 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27113421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
In chemical systems, the arsenic-centered pnictogen bond, or simply the arsenic bond, occurs when there is evidence of a net attractive interaction between the electrophilic region associated with a covalently or coordinately bound arsenic atom in a molecular entity and a nucleophile in another or the same molecular entity. It is the third member of the family of pnictogen bonds formed by the third atom of the pnictogen family, Group 15 of the periodic table, and is an inter- or intramolecular noncovalent interaction. In this overview, we present several illustrative crystal structures deposited into the Cambridge Structure Database (CSD) and the Inorganic Chemistry Structural Database (ICSD) during the last and current centuries to demonstrate that the arsenic atom in molecular entities has a significant ability to act as an electrophilic agent to make an attractive engagement with nucleophiles when in close vicinity, thereby forming σ-hole or π-hole interactions, and hence driving (in part, at least) the overall stability of the system’s crystalline phase. This overview does not include results from theoretical simulations reported by others as none of them address the signatory details of As-centered pnictogen bonds. Rather, we aimed at highlighting the interaction modes of arsenic-centered σ- and π-holes in the rationale design of crystal lattices to demonstrate that such interactions are abundant in crystalline materials, but care has to be taken to identify them as is usually done with the much more widely known noncovalent interactions in chemical systems, halogen bonding and hydrogen bonding. We also demonstrate that As-centered pnictogen bonds are usually accompanied by other primary and secondary interactions, which reinforce their occurrence and strength in most of the crystal structures illustrated. A statistical analysis of structures deposited into the CSD was performed for each interaction type As···D (D = N, O, S, Se, Te, F, Cl, Br, I, arene’s π system), thus providing insight into the typical nature of As···D interaction distances and ∠R–As···D bond angles of these interactions in crystals, where R is the remainder of the molecular entity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (P.R.V.)
| | - Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
- Correspondence: (A.V.); (P.R.V.)
| | - Helder M. Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa;
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
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2
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Ibrahim MAA, Moussa NAM, Saad SMA, Ahmed MN, Shawky AM, Soliman MES, Mekhemer GAH, Rady ASSM. σ-Hole and LP-Hole Interactions of Pnicogen···Pnicogen Homodimers under the External Electric Field Effect: A Quantum Mechanical Study. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:11264-11275. [PMID: 35415328 PMCID: PMC8992284 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c00176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
σ-Hole and lone-pair (lp)-hole interactions within σ-hole···σ-hole, σ-hole···lp-hole, and lp-hole···lp-hole configurations were comparatively investigated on the pnicogen···pnicogen homodimers (PCl3)2, for the first time, under field-free conditions and the influence of the external electric field (EEF). The electrostatic potential calculations emphasized the impressive versatility of the examined PCl3 monomers to participate in σ-hole and lp-hole pnicogen interactions. Crucially, the sizes of σ-hole and lp-hole were enlarged under the influence of the positively directed EEF and decreased in the case of reverse direction. Interestingly, the energetic quantities unveiled more favorability of the σ-hole···lp-hole configuration of the pnicogen···pnicogen homodimers, with significant negative interaction energies, than σ-hole···σ-hole and lp-hole···lp-hole configurations. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules and noncovalent interaction index analyses were adopted to elucidate the nature and origin of the considered interactions, ensuring their closed shell nature and the occurrence of attractive forces within the studied homodimers. Symmetry-adapted perturbation theory-based energy decomposition analysis alluded to the dispersion force as the main physical component beyond the occurrence of the examined interactions. The obtained findings would be considered as a fundamental underpinning for forthcoming studies pertinent to chemistry, materials science, and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Sherif M. A. Saad
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
- Department
of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu
and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science
and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular
Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Gamal A. H. Mekhemer
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Al-shimaa S. M. Rady
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
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3
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Ibrahim MAA, Saeed RRA, Shehata MNI, Ahmed MN, Shawky AM, Khowdiary MM, Elkaeed EB, Soliman MES, Moussa NAM. Type I-IV Halogen⋯Halogen Interactions: A Comparative Theoretical Study in Halobenzene⋯Halobenzene Homodimers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:3114. [PMID: 35328534 PMCID: PMC8953242 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23063114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
In the current study, unexplored type IV halogen⋯halogen interaction was thoroughly elucidated, for the first time, and compared to the well-established types I−III interactions by means of the second-order Møller−Plesset (MP2) method. For this aim, the halobenzene⋯halobenzene homodimers (where halogen = Cl, Br, and I) were designed into four different types, parodying the considered interactions. From the energetic perspective, the preference of scouted homodimers was ascribed to type II interactions (i.e., highest binding energy), whereas the lowest binding energies were discerned in type III interactions. Generally, binding energies of the studied interactions were observed to decline with the decrease in the σ-hole size in the order, C6H5I⋯IC6H5 > C6H5Br⋯BrC6H5 > C6H5Cl⋯ClC6H5 homodimers and the reverse was noticed in the case of type IV interactions. Such peculiar observations were relevant to the ample contributions of negative-belt⋯negative-belt interactions within the C6H5Cl⋯ClC6H5 homodimer. Further, type IV torsional trans → cis interconversion of C6H5X⋯XC6H5 homodimers was investigated to quantify the π⋯π contributions into the total binding energies. Evidently, the energetic features illustrated the amelioration of the considered homodimers (i.e., more negative binding energy) along the prolonged scope of torsional trans → cis interconversion. In turn, these findings outlined the efficiency of the cis configuration over the trans analog. Generally, symmetry-adapted perturbation theory-based energy decomposition analysis (SAPT-EDA) demonstrated the predominance of all the scouted homodimers by the dispersion forces. The obtained results would be beneficial for the omnipresent studies relevant to the applications of halogen bonds in the fields of materials science and crystal engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt; (R.R.A.S.); (M.N.I.S.); (N.A.M.M.)
| | - Rehab R. A. Saeed
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt; (R.R.A.S.); (M.N.I.S.); (N.A.M.M.)
| | - Mohammed N. I. Shehata
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt; (R.R.A.S.); (M.N.I.S.); (N.A.M.M.)
| | - Muhammad Naeem Ahmed
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, Muzaffarabad 13100, Pakistan;
| | - Ahmed M. Shawky
- Science and Technology Unit (STU), Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Manal M. Khowdiary
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Al-Lith Branch, Makkah 24211, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Eslam B. Elkaeed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, AlMaarefa University, Riyadh 13713, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt; (R.R.A.S.); (M.N.I.S.); (N.A.M.M.)
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Chalcogen Bonding in the Molecular Dimers of WCh 2 (Ch = S, Se, Te): On the Basic Understanding of the Local Interfacial and Interlayer Bonding Environment in 2D Layered Tungsten Dichalcogenides. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23031263. [PMID: 35163185 PMCID: PMC8835845 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23031263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Layered two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides and their heterostructures are of current interest, owing to the diversity of their applications in many areas of materials nanoscience and technologies. With this in mind, we have examined the three molecular dimers of the tungsten dichalcogenide series, (WCh2)2 (Ch = S, Se, Te), using density functional theory to provide insight into which interactions, and their specific characteristics, are responsible for the interfacial/interlayer region in the room temperature 2H phase of WCh2 crystals. Our calculations at various levels of theory suggested that the Te···Te chalcogen bonding in (WTe2)2 is weak, whereas the Se···Se and S···S bonding interactions in (WSe2)2 and (WS2)2, respectively, are of the van der Waals type. The presence and character of Ch···Ch chalcogen bonding interactions in the dimers of (WCh2)2 are examined with a number of theoretical approaches and discussed, including charge-density-based approaches, such as the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, interaction region indicator, independent gradient model, and reduced density gradient non-covalent index approaches. The charge-density-based topological features are shown to be concordant with the results that originate from the extrema of potential on the electrostatic surfaces of WCh2 monomers. A natural bond orbital analysis has enabled us to suggest a number of weak hyperconjugative charge transfer interactions between the interacting monomers that are responsible for the geometry of the (WCh2)2 dimers at equilibrium. In addition to other features, we demonstrate that there is no so-called van der Waals gap between the monolayers in two-dimensional layered transition metal tungsten dichalcogenides, which are gapless, and that the (WCh2)2 dimers may be prototypes for a basic understanding of the physical chemistry of the chemical bonding environments associated with the local interfacial/interlayer regions in layered 2H-WCh2 nanoscale systems.
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5
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Ibrahim MAA, Moussa NAM, Soliman MES, Moustafa MF, Al-Fahemi JH, El-Mageed HRA. On the Potentiality of X-T-X 3 Compounds (T = C, Si, and Ge, and X = F, Cl, and Br) as Tetrel- and Halogen-Bond Donors. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:19330-19341. [PMID: 34337270 PMCID: PMC8320108 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c03183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The versatility of the X-T-X3 compounds (where T = C, Si, and Ge, and X = F, Cl, and Br) to participate in tetrel- and halogen-bonding interactions was settled out, at the MP2/aug-cc-pVTZ level of theory, within a series of configurations for (X-T-X3)2 homodimers. The electrostatic potential computations ensured the remarkable ability of the investigated X-T-X3 monomers to participate in σ-hole halogen and tetrel interactions. The energetic findings significantly unveil the favorability of the tetrel···tetrel directional configuration with considerable negative binding energies over tetrel···halogen, type III halogen···halogen, and type II halogen···halogen analogs. Quantum theory of atoms in molecules and noncovalent interaction analyses were accomplished to disclose the nature of the tetrel- and halogen-bonding interactions within designed configurations, giving good correlations between the total electron densities and binding energies. Further insight into the binding energy physical meanings was invoked through using symmetry-adapted perturbation theory-based energy decomposition analysis, featuring the dispersion term as the most prominent force beyond the examined interactions. The theoretical results were supported by versatile crystal structures which were characterized by the same type of interactions. Presumably, the obtained findings would be considered as a solid underpinning for future supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and crystal engineering studies, as well as a fundamental linchpin for a better understanding of the biological activities of chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud A. A. Ibrahim
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Nayra A. M. Moussa
- Computational
Chemistry Laboratory, Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Minia University, Minia 61519, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud E. S. Soliman
- Molecular
Modelling and Drug Design Research Group, School of Health Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Westville, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Mahmoud F. Moustafa
- Department
of Biology, College of Science, King Khalid
University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
- Department
of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, South Valley University, Qena 83523, Egypt
| | - Jabir H. Al-Fahemi
- Chemistry
Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - H. R. Abd El-Mageed
- Micro-Analysis,
Environmental Research and Community Affairs Center (MAESC), Faculty
of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef 62511, Egypt
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6
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Ariyarathna IR, Miliordos E. Be–Be Bond in Action: Lessons from the Beryllium–Ammonia Complexes [Be(NH3)0–4]20,2+. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:9783-9792. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.0c07939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Isuru R. Ariyarathna
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
| | - Evangelos Miliordos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama 36849, United States
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7
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Complexity in Biological Organization: Deconstruction (and Subsequent Restating) of Key Concepts. ENTROPY 2020; 22:e22080885. [PMID: 33286655 PMCID: PMC7517488 DOI: 10.3390/e22080885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The “magic” word complexity evokes a multitude of meanings that obscure its real sense. Here we try and generate a bottom-up reconstruction of the deep sense of complexity by looking at the convergence of different features shared by complex systems. We specifically focus on complexity in biology but stressing the similarities with analogous features encountered in inanimate and artefactual systems in order to track an integrative path toward a new “mainstream” of science overcoming the actual fragmentation of scientific culture.
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8
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Lee JH, Pollert K, Konermann L. Testing the Robustness of Solution Force Fields for MD Simulations on Gaseous Protein Ions. J Phys Chem B 2019; 123:6705-6715. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.9b04014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Justin H. Lee
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Katja Pollert
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
| | - Lars Konermann
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5B7, Canada
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9
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Varadwaj A, Marques HM, Varadwaj PR. Nature of halogen-centered intermolecular interactions in crystal growth and design: Fluorine-centered interactions in dimers in crystalline hexafluoropropylene as a prototype. J Comput Chem 2019; 40:1836-1860. [PMID: 31017721 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The wide occurrence of halogen-centered noncovalent interactions in crystal growth and design prompted this study, which includes a mini review of recent advances in the field. Particular emphasis is placed on providing compelling theoretical evidence of the formation of these interactions between sites of positive electrostatic potential, as well as between sites of negative electrostatic potential, localized on the electrostatic surfaces of the bound fluorine atoms in a prototypical system, hexafluoropropylene (C3 F6 ), upon its interaction with another same molecule to form (C3 F6 )2 dimers. The existence of σ- and π-hole interactions is shown for the stable dimers. Even so, weakly bound interactions locally responsible in holding the molecular fragments together cannot and should not be overlooked since they are partly responsible for determining the overall geometry of the crystal. The results of combined quantum theory of atoms in molecules, molecular electrostatic surface potential, and reduced density gradient noncovalent interaction analyses showed that these latter interactions do indeed play a role in the stability and growth of crystalline C3 F6 itself and the (C3 F6 )2 dimers. A symmetry adapted perturbation theory energy decomposition analysis leads to the conclusion that a great majority of the (C3 F6 )2 dimers examined are the consequence of dispersion (and electrostatics), with nonnegligible contribution from polarization, which together competes with an exchange repulsion component to determine the equilibrium geometries. In a few structures of the (C3 F6 )2 dimer, the fluorine is found to serve as a six-center five-bond donor/acceptor, as found for carbon in other systems (Malischewski and Seppelt, Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2017, 56, 368). © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-8560, Japan
| | - Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2050, South Africa
| | - Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8656, Japan.,National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki Prefecture, 305-8560, Japan
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10
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Abstract
Chemically binding to argon (Ar) at room temperature has remained the privilege of the most reactive electrophiles, all of which are cationic (or even dicationic) in nature. Herein, we report a concept for the rational design of anionic superelectrophiles that are composed of a strong electrophilic center firmly embedded in a negatively charged framework of exceptional stability. To validate our concept, we synthesized the percyano-dodecoborate [B12(CN)12]2-, the electronically most stable dianion ever investigated experimentally. It serves as a precursor for the generation of the monoanion [B12(CN)11]-, which indeed spontaneously binds Ar at 298 K. Our mass spectrometric and spectroscopic studies are accompanied by high-level computational investigations including a bonding analysis of the exceptional B-Ar bond. The detection and characterization of this highly reactive, structurally stable anionic superelectrophile starts another chapter in the metal-free activation of particularly inert compounds and elements.
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11
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Jena P, Sun Q. Super Atomic Clusters: Design Rules and Potential for Building Blocks of Materials. Chem Rev 2018; 118:5755-5870. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.7b00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Puru Jena
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
| | - Qiang Sun
- Physics Department, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23284-2000, United States
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12
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Marques HM, Yamashita K. Revealing Factors Influencing the Fluorine-Centered Non-Covalent Interactions in Some Fluorine-Substituted Molecular Complexes: Insights from First-Principles Studies. Chemphyschem 2018; 19:1486-1499. [PMID: 29569853 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.201800023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
We examine the equilibrium structure and properties of six fully or partially fluorinated hydrocarbons and several of their binary complexes using computational methods. In the monomers, the electrostatic surface of the fluorine is predicted to be either entirely negative or weakly positive. However, its lateral sites are always negative. This enables the fluorine to display an anisotropic distribution of charge density on its electrostatic surface. While this is the electrostatic surface scenario of the fluorine atom, its negative sites in some of these monomers are shown to have the potential to engage in attractive engagements with the negative site(s) on the same atom in another molecule of the same type, or a molecule of a different type, to form bimolecular complexes. This is revealed by analyzing the results of current state-of-the-art computational approaches such as DFT, together with those obtained from the quantum theory of atoms in molecules, molecular electrostatic surface potential and symmetry adapted perturbation theories. We demonstrate that the intermolecular interaction energy arising in part from the universal London dispersion, which has been underappreciated for decades, is an essential factor in explaining the attraction between the negative sites, although energy arising from polarization strengthens the extent of the intermolecular interactions in these complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan 113-8656, and CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-0076
| | - Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan 113-8656, and CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-0076
| | - Helder M Marques
- Molecular Sciences Institute, School of Chemistry, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, 2050, South Africa
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Japan 113-8656, and CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, Japan 102-0076
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13
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Moon J, Baek H, Kim J. Unusually high stability of B12(BO)122− achieved by boronyl ligand manipulation: Theoretical investigation. Chem Phys Lett 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2018.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Yamashita K. Do surfaces of positive electrostatic potential on different halogen derivatives in molecules attract? like attracting like! J Comput Chem 2017; 39:343-350. [PMID: 29226338 DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Coulomb's law states that like charges repel, and unlike charges attract. However, it has recently been theoretically revealed that two similarly charged conducting spheres will almost always attract each other when both are in close proximity. Using multiscale first principles calculations, we illustrate practical examples of several intermolecular complexes that are formed by the consequences of attraction between positive atomic sites of similar or dissimilar electrostatic surface potential on interacting molecules. The results of the quantum theory of atoms in molecules and symmetry adapted perturbation theory support the attraction between the positive sites, characterizing the F•••X (X = F, Cl, Br) intermolecular interactions in a series of 20 binary complexes as closed-shell type, although the molecular electrostatic surface potential approach does not (a failure!). Dispersion that has an r-6 dependence, where r is the equilibrium distance of separation, is found to be the sole driving force pushing the two positive sites to attract. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan.,CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Pradeep R Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan.,CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo 7-3-1, Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, 113-8656, Japan.,CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo, 102-0076, Japan
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15
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Varadwaj A, Varadwaj PR, Yamashita K. Hybrid organic-inorganic CH3NH3PbI3perovskite building blocks: Revealing ultra-strong hydrogen bonding and mulliken inner complexes and their implications in materials design. J Comput Chem 2017; 38:2802-2818. [DOI: 10.1002/jcc.25073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2017] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Arpita Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo 7-3-1; Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-8656 Japan
- CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho; Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Pradeep R. Varadwaj
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo 7-3-1; Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-8656 Japan
- CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho; Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
| | - Koichi Yamashita
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, School of Engineering; The University of Tokyo 7-3-1; Hongo Bunkyo-ku 113-8656 Japan
- CREST-JST, 7 Gobancho; Chiyoda-ku Tokyo 102-0076 Japan
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16
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Zhao T, Zhou J, Wang Q, Jena P. Colossal Stability of Gas‐Phase Trianions: Super‐Pnictogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201706764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshan Zhao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Engineering Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics Simulation, Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA(CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Engineering Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics Simulation, Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA(CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Puru Jena
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
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17
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Zhao T, Zhou J, Wang Q, Jena P. Colossal Stability of Gas‐Phase Trianions: Super‐Pnictogens. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:13421-13425. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201706764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Tianshan Zhao
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Engineering Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics Simulation, Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA(CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Jian Zhou
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Qian Wang
- Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Engineering Key Laboratory of High Energy Density Physics Simulation, Ministry of Education Peking University Beijing 100871 China
- Collaborative Innovation Center of IFSA(CICIFSA) Shanghai Jiao Tong University Shanghai 200240 China
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
| | - Puru Jena
- Department of Physics Virginia Commonwealth University Richmond VA 23284 USA
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18
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Rohdenburg M, Mayer M, Grellmann M, Jenne C, Borrmann T, Kleemiss F, Azov VA, Asmis KR, Grabowsky S, Warneke J. Superelectrophilic Behavior of an Anion Demonstrated by the Spontaneous Binding of Noble Gases to [B 12 Cl 11 ]<sup/>. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017; 56:7980-7985. [PMID: 28560843 DOI: 10.1002/anie.201702237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
It is common and chemically intuitive to assign cations electrophilic and anions nucleophilic reactivity, respectively. Herein, we demonstrate a striking violation of this concept: The anion [B12 Cl11 ]- spontaneously binds to the noble gases (Ngs) xenon and krypton at room temperature in a reaction that is typical of "superelectrophilic" dications. [B12 Cl11 Ng]- adducts, with Ng binding energies of 80 to 100 kJ mol-1 , contain B-Ng bonds with a substantial degree of covalent interaction. The electrophilic nature of the [B12 Cl11 ]- anion is confirmed spectroscopically by the observation of a blue shift of the CO stretching mode in the IR spectrum of [B12 Cl11 CO]- and theoretically by investigation of its electronic structure. The orientation of the electric field at the reactive site of [B12 Cl11 ]- results in an energy barrier for the approach of polar molecules and facilitates the formation of Ng adducts that are not detected with reactive cations such as [C6 H5 ]+ . This introduces the new chemical concept of "dipole-discriminating electrophilic anions."
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Universität Bremen, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Martin Mayer
- Universität Leipzig, Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Max Grellmann
- Universität Leipzig, Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal, Anorganische Chemie, Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften, Gaußstr. 20, 42119, Wuppertal, Germany
| | - Tobias Borrmann
- Universität Bremen, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Universität Bremen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Vladimir A Azov
- Universität Bremen, Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie, Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany.,N. D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, Leninsky prospect 47, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Knut R Asmis
- Universität Leipzig, Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Linnéstr. 2, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Universität Bremen, Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie, Fachbereich 2-Biologie/Chemie, Leobener Str. NW2, 28359, Bremen, Germany
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Physical Science Division, Richland, WA, 99352, USA
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19
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Rohdenburg M, Mayer M, Grellmann M, Jenne C, Borrmann T, Kleemiss F, Azov VA, Asmis KR, Grabowsky S, Warneke J. Superelektrophiles Verhalten eines Anions demonstriert durch spontane Bindung von Edelgasen an [B12
Cl11
]−. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201702237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rohdenburg
- Universität Bremen; Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie; Fachbereich 2 - Biologie/Chemie; Leobener Str. NW2 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Martin Mayer
- Universität Leipzig; Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Max Grellmann
- Universität Leipzig; Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Carsten Jenne
- Bergische Universität Wuppertal; Anorganische Chemie; Fakultät für Mathematik und Naturwissenschaften; Gaußstr. 20 42119 Wuppertal Deutschland
| | - Tobias Borrmann
- Universität Bremen; Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie; Fachbereich 2 - Biologie/Chemie; Leobener Str. NW2 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Florian Kleemiss
- Universität Bremen; Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2 - Biologie/Chemie; Leobener Str. NW2 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Vladimir A. Azov
- Universität Bremen; Institut für Angewandte und Physikalische Chemie; Fachbereich 2 - Biologie/Chemie; Leobener Str. NW2 28359 Bremen Deutschland
- N. D. Zelinsky Institut für Organische Chemie; Russische Akademie der Wissenschaften; Leninsky prospect 47 Moskau 119991 Russland
| | - Knut R. Asmis
- Universität Leipzig; Wilhelm-Ostwald-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie; Linnéstr. 2 04103 Leipzig Deutschland
| | - Simon Grabowsky
- Universität Bremen; Institut für Anorganische Chemie und Kristallographie; Fachbereich 2 - Biologie/Chemie; Leobener Str. NW2 28359 Bremen Deutschland
| | - Jonas Warneke
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory; Physical Science Division; Richland WA 99352 USA
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20
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Decachloro-closo-decaborate anion in copper(II) complexation reactions with N-donor ligands: 35Cl NQR and X-ray studies. Polyhedron 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.poly.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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21
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Abstract
Silver compounds share a rich history in technical applications including photography, catalysis, photocatalysis, cloud seeding and as antimicrobial agents. Here we present a class of silver compounds (Ag2B10H10 and Ag2B12H12) that are semiconductors with a bandgap at 2.3 eV in the green visible light spectrum. The silver boranes have extremely high ion conductivity and dynamic-anion facilitated Ag+ migration is suggested based on the structural model. The ion conductivity is enhanced more than two orders of magnitude at room temperature (up to 3.2 mS cm−1) by substitution with AgI to form new compounds. Furthermore, the closo-boranes show extremely fast silver nano-filament growth when excited by electrons during transmission electron microscope investigations. Ag nano-filaments can also be reabsorbed back into Ag2B12H12. These interesting properties demonstrate the multifunctionality of silver closo-boranes and open up avenues in a wide range of fields including photocatalysis, solid state ionics and nano-wire production. Silver compounds have long been known to possess exceptional solid-state conductivity. Here the authors present silver closo-boranes in which facile Ag+ migration occurs, leading to exceptionally high ion conductivities and potential utility in silver nanowire production and photocatalysis due to their semiconductivity.
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22
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Liu JY, Ma HD, Sun YB, Li Y, Sun WM, Wu D, Li ZR. Hyperhalogen properties of early-transition-metal borates. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra10238k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hyperhalogen character of three series of early-transition-metal borates has been proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Yuan Liu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Hai-Di Ma
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Yan-bo Sun
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Ying Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Wei-Ming Sun
- Department of Basic Chemistry
- The School of Pharmacy
- Fujian Medical University
- Fuzhou 350108
- China
| | - Di Wu
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
| | - Zhi-Ru Li
- Institute of Theoretical Chemistry
- Laboratory of Theoretical and Computational Chemistry
- Jilin University
- Changchun 130023
- China
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