1
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Schlawin F. Two-photon absorption cross sections of pulsed entangled beams. J Chem Phys 2024; 160:144117. [PMID: 38619059 DOI: 10.1063/5.0196817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 03/24/2024] [Indexed: 04/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) could form the basis of nonlinear quantum spectroscopy at very low photon fluxes, since, at sufficiently low photon fluxes, ETPA scales linearly with the photon flux. When different pairs start to overlap temporally, accidental coincidences are thought to give rise to a "classical" quadratic scaling that dominates the signal at large photon fluxes and, thus, recovers a supposedly classical regime, where any quantum advantage is thought to be lost. Here, we scrutinize this assumption and demonstrate that quantum-enhanced absorption cross sections can persist even for very large photon numbers. To this end, we use a minimal model for quantum light, which can interpolate continuously between the entangled pair and a high-photon-flux limit, to analytically derive ETPA cross sections and the intensity crossover regime. We investigate the interplay between spectral and spatial degrees of freedom and how linewidth broadening of the sample impacts the experimentally achievable enhancement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schlawin
- Max Planck Institute for the Structure and Dynamics of Matter, Luruper Chaussee 149, 22761 Hamburg, Germany; University of Hamburg, Luruper Chaussee 149, Hamburg, Germany; and The Hamburg Centre for Ultrafast Imaging, Hamburg, Germany
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2
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Gu B, Sun S, Chen F, Mukamel S. Photoelectron spectroscopy with entangled photons; enhanced spectrotemporal resolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2300541120. [PMID: 37186860 PMCID: PMC10214152 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2300541120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
In this theoretical study, we show how photoelectron signals generated by time-energy entangled photon pairs can monitor ultrafast excited state dynamics of molecules with high joint spectral and temporal resolutions, not limited by the Fourier uncertainty of classical light. This technique scales linearly, rather than quadratically, with the pump intensity, allowing the study of fragile biological samples with low photon fluxes. Since the spectral resolution is achieved by electron detection and the temporal resolution by a variable phase delay, this technique does not require scanning the pump frequency and the entanglement times, which significantly simplifies the experimental setup, making it feasible with current instrumentation. Application is made to the photodissociation dynamics of pyrrole calculated by exact nonadiabatic wave packet simulations in a reduced two nuclear coordinate space. This study demonstrates the unique advantages of ultrafast quantum light spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310030, China
- Institute of Natural Sciences, Westlake Institute for Advanced Study, Hangzhou, Zhejiang310024, China
| | - Shichao Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, CA92697
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3
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Fu M, Tabakaev D, Thew RT, Wesolowski TA. Fine-Tuning of Entangled Two-Photon Absorption by Controlling the One-Photon Absorption Properties of the Chromophore. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2613-2619. [PMID: 36888738 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The detailed analysis of the sum-over-state formula for the entanglement-induced two-photon absorption (ETPA) transition moment shows that the magnitude of the ETPA cross-section is expected to vary significantly depending on the coherence time Te and the relative position of just two electronic states. Moreover, the dependency on Te is periodic. These predictions are confirmed by molecular quantum mechanical calculations for several chromophores.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Fu
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - D Tabakaev
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - R T Thew
- Department of Applied Physics, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - T A Wesolowski
- Department of Physical Chemistry, University of Geneva, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland
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4
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Tabakaev D, Djorović A, La Volpe L, Gaulier G, Ghosh S, Bonacina L, Wolf JP, Zbinden H, Thew RT. Spatial Properties of Entangled Two-Photon Absorption. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2022; 129:183601. [PMID: 36374702 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.129.183601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 09/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We experimentally study entangled two-photon absorption in rhodamine 6G as a function of the spatial properties of a high flux of broadband entangled photon pairs. We first demonstrate a key signature dependence of the entangled two-photon absorption rate on the type of entangled pair flux attenuation: linear, when the laser pump power is attenuated, and quadratic, when the pair flux itself experiences linear loss. We then perform a fluorescence-based Z-scan measurement to study the influence of beam waist size on the entangled two-photon absorption process and compare this to classical single- and two-photon absorption processes. We demonstrate that the entangled two-photon absorption shares a beam waist dependence similar to that of classical two-photon absorption. This result presents an additional argument for the wide range of contrasting values of quoted entangled two-photon absorption cross sections of dyes in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Tabakaev
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - A Djorović
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - L La Volpe
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - G Gaulier
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - S Ghosh
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - L Bonacina
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - J-P Wolf
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - H Zbinden
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
| | - R T Thew
- Département de Physique Appliquée, Université de Genève, 1211 Genève, Switzerland
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5
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Zhang Z, Peng T, Nie X, Agarwal GS, Scully MO. Entangled photons enabled time-frequency-resolved coherent Raman spectroscopy and applications to electronic coherences at femtosecond scale. LIGHT, SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS 2022; 11:274. [PMID: 36104344 PMCID: PMC9474554 DOI: 10.1038/s41377-022-00953-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2022] [Revised: 07/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement has emerged as a great resource for spectroscopy and its importance in two-photon spectrum and microscopy has been demonstrated. Current studies focus on the two-photon absorption, whereas the Raman spectroscopy with quantum entanglement still remains elusive, with outstanding issues of temporal and spectral resolutions. Here we study the new capabilities provided by entangled photons in coherent Raman spectroscopy. An ultrafast frequency-resolved Raman spectroscopy with entangled photons is developed for condensed-phase molecules, to probe the electronic and vibrational coherences. Using quantum correlation between the photons, the signal shows the capability of both temporal and spectral resolutions not accessible by either classical pulses or the fields without entanglement. We develop a microscopic theory for this Raman spectroscopy, revealing the electronic coherence dynamics even at timescale of 50fs. This suggests new paradigms of optical signals and spectroscopy, with potential to push detection below standard quantum limit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhedong Zhang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR, China.
- City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen, Guangdong, 518057, China.
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA.
| | - Tao Peng
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Xiaoyu Nie
- School of Physics, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi, 710049, China
| | - Girish S Agarwal
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
| | - Marlan O Scully
- Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, 77843, USA
- Baylor University, Waco, TX, 76704, USA
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6
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Hickam BP, He M, Harper N, Szoke S, Cushing SK. Single-Photon Scattering Can Account for the Discrepancies among Entangled Two-Photon Measurement Techniques. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4934-4940. [PMID: 35635002 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Entangled photon pairs are predicted to linearize and increase the efficiency of two-photon absorption, allowing continuous wave laser diodes to drive ultrafast time-resolved spectroscopy and nonlinear processes. Despite a range of theoretical studies and experimental measurements, inconsistencies in the value of the entanglement-enhanced interaction cross section persist. A spectrometer that can temporally and spectrally characterize the entangled photon state before, during, and after any potential two-photon excitation event is constructed. For the molecule rhodamine 6G, which has a virtual state pathway, any entangled two-photon interaction is found to be equal to or weaker than classical, single-photon scattering events. This result can account for the discrepancies among the wide variety of entangled two-photon absorption cross sections reported from different measurement techniques. The reported instrumentation can unambiguously separate classical and entangled effects and therefore is important for the growing field of nonlinear and multiphoton entangled spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce P Hickam
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Manni He
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Nathan Harper
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Szilard Szoke
- Division of Engineering and Applied Science, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Scott K Cushing
- Division of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, California Institute of Technology, 1200 East California Boulevard, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
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7
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Lee G, Park J, Jang SH, Lee SY, Seong J, Jung JW, Kim K, Hwang TG, Choi J. Synthesis and Characterization of Diketopyrrolopyrrole-Based Aggregation-Induced Emission Nanoparticles for Bioimaging. Molecules 2022; 27:2984. [PMID: 35566334 PMCID: PMC9103447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional fluorescent dyes have the property of decreasing fluorescence due to aggregation-caused quenching effects at high concentrations, whereas aggregation-induced emission dyes have the property of increasing fluorescence as they aggregate with each other. In this study, diketopyrrolopyrrole-based long-wavelength aggregation-induced emission dyes were used to prepare biocompatible nanoparticles suitable for bioimaging. Aggregation-induced emission nanoparticles with the best morphology and photoluminescence intensity were obtained through a fast, simple preparation method using an ultrasonicator. The optimally prepared nanoparticles from 3,6-bis(4-((E)-4-(bis(40-(1,2,2-triphenylvinyl)-[1,10-biphenyl]-4-yl)amino)styryl)phenyl)-2,5-dihexyl-2,5-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-c]pyrrole-1,4-dione (DP-R2) with two functional groups having aggregation-induced emission properties and additional donating groups at the end of the triphenylamine groups were considered to have the greatest potential as a fluorescent probe for bioimaging. Furthermore, it was found that the tendency for aggregation-induced emission, which was apparent for the dye itself, became much more marked after the dyes were incorporated within nanoparticles. While the photoluminescence intensities of the dyes were observed to decrease rapidly over time, the prepared nanoparticles encapsulated within the biocompatible polymers maintained their initial optical properties very well. Lastly, when the cell viability test was conducted, excellent biocompatibility was demonstrated for each of the prepared nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geonho Lee
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Jongwook Park
- Department of Chemical Engineering, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Seong Hyun Jang
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
- Laboratory of Organic Photo-Functional Materials, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 08826, Korea
| | - Sang Yoon Lee
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology BK21 Four, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Jihyun Seong
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Jae Woong Jung
- Department of Advanced Materials Engineering for Information & Electronics, Integrated Education Institute for Frontier Science & Technology BK21 Four, KyungHee University, Yongin 17104, Korea;
| | - Kyobum Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering, Dongguk University, Seoul 04620, Korea;
| | - Tae Gyu Hwang
- Research Center for Advanced Specialty Chemicals, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44412, Korea
| | - Jun Choi
- Material & Component Convergence R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Korea; (G.L.); (S.H.J.); (S.Y.L.)
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8
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Corona-Aquino S, Calderón-Losada O, Li-Gómez MY, Cruz-Ramirez H, Álvarez-Venicio V, Carreón-Castro MDP, de J León-Montiel R, U'Ren AB. Experimental Study of the Validity of Entangled Two-Photon Absorption Measurements in Organic Compounds. J Phys Chem A 2022; 126:2185-2195. [PMID: 35383460 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.2c00720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) has recently become a topic of lively debate, mainly due to the apparent inconsistencies in the experimentally reported ETPA cross sections of organic molecules obtained by a number of groups. In this work, we provide a thorough experimental study of ETPA in the organic molecules Rhodamine B (RhB) and zinc tetraphenylporphirin (ZnTPP). Our contribution is 3-fold: first, we reproduce previous results from other groups; second, we on the one hand determine the effects of different temporal correlations─introduced as a controllable temporal delay between the signal and idler photons to be absorbed─on the strength of the ETPA signal, and on the other hand, we introduce two concurrent and equivalent detection systems with and without the sample in place as a useful experimental check; third, we introduce, and apply to our data, a novel method to quantify the ETPA rate based on taking into account the full photon-pair behavior rather than focusing on singles or coincidence counts independently. Through this experimental setup we find that, surprisingly, the purported ETPA signal is not suppressed for a temporal delay much greater than the characteristic photon-pair temporal correlation time. While our results reproduce the previous findings from other authors, our full analysis indicates that the signal observed is not actually due to ETPA but simply to linear losses. Interestingly, for higher RhB concentrations, we find a two-photon signal that, contrary to expectations, likewise does not correspond to ETPA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Corona-Aquino
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Omar Calderón-Losada
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mayte Y Li-Gómez
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Hector Cruz-Ramirez
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Violeta Álvarez-Venicio
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - María Del Pilar Carreón-Castro
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roberto de J León-Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Alfred B U'Ren
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Ciudad de México, México
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9
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Eshun A, Varnavski O, Villabona-Monsalve JP, Burdick RK, Goodson T. Entangled Photon Spectroscopy. Acc Chem Res 2022; 55:991-1003. [PMID: 35312287 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.1c00687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The enhanced interest in quantum-related phenomena has provided new opportunities for chemists to push the limits of detection and analysis of chemical processes. As some have called this the second quantum revolution, a time has come to apply the rules learned from previous research in quantum phenomena toward new methods and technologies important to chemists. While there has been great interest recently in quantum information science (QIS), the quest to understand how nonclassical states of light interact with matter has been ongoing for more than two decades. Our entry into this field started around this time with the use of materials to produce nonclassical states of light. Here, the process of multiphoton absorption led to photon-number squeezed states of light, where the photon statistics are sub-Poissonian. In addition to the great interest in generating squeezed states of light, there was also interest in the formation of entangled states of light. While much of the effort is still in foundational physics, there are numerous new avenues as to how quantum entanglement can be applied to spectroscopy, imaging, and sensing. These opportunities could have a large impact on the chemical community for a broad spectrum of applications.In this Account, we discuss the use of entangled (or quantum) light for spectroscopy as well as applications in microscopy and interferometry. The potential benefits of the use of quantum light are discussed in detail. From the first experiments in porphyrin dendrimer systems by Dr. Dong-Ik Lee in our group to the measurements of the entangled two photon absorption cross sections of biological systems such as flavoproteins, the usefulness of entangled light for spectroscopy has been illustrated. These early measurements led the way to more advanced measurements of the unique characteristics of both entangled light and the entangled photon absorption cross-section, which provides new control knobs for manipulating excited states in molecules.The first reports of fluorescence-induced entangled processes were in organic chromophores where the entangled photon cross-section was measured. These results would later have widespread impact in applications such as entangled two-photon microscopy. From our design, construction and implementation of a quantum entangled photon excited microscope, important imaging capabilities were achieved at an unprecedented low excitation intensity of 107 photons/s, which is 6 orders of magnitude lower than the excitation level for the classical two-photon image. New reports have also illustrated an advantage of nonclassical light in Raman imaging as well.From a standpoint of more precise measurements, the use of entangled photons in quantum interferometry may offer new opportunities for chemistry research. Experiments that combine molecular spectroscopy and quantum interferometry, by utilizing the correlations of entangled photons in a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer, have been carried out. The initial experiment showed that the HOM signal is sensitive to the presence of a resonant organic sample placed in one arm of the interferometer. In addition, parameters such as the dephasing time have been obtained with the opportunity for even more advanced phenomenology in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Eshun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Juan P. Villabona-Monsalve
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Ryan K. Burdick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 North UniversityAnn Arbor, Michigan 48103, United States
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10
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Varnavski O, Gunthardt C, Rehman A, Luker GD, Goodson T. Quantum Light-Enhanced Two-Photon Imaging of Breast Cancer Cells. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2772-2781. [PMID: 35318850 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Correct biological interpretation from cell imaging can be achieved only if the observed phenomena proceed with negligible perturbation from the imaging system. Herein, we demonstrate microscopic images of breast cancer cells created by the fluorescence selectively excited in the process of entangled two-photon absorption in a scanning microscope at an excitation intensity orders of magnitude lower than that used for classical two-photon microscopy. Quantum enhanced entangled two-photon microscopy has shown cell imaging capabilities at an unprecedented low excitation intensity of ∼3.6 × 107 photons/s, which is a million times lower than the excitation level for the classical two-photon fluorescence image obtained in the same microscope. The extremely low light probe intensity demonstrated in entangled two-photon microscopy is of critical importance to minimize photobleaching during repetitive imaging and damage to cells in live-cell applications. This technology opens new avenues in cell investigations with light microscopy, such as enhanced selectivity and time-frequency resolution.
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11
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Mikhaylov A, Wilson RN, Parzuchowski KM, Mazurek MD, Camp CH, Stevens MJ, Jimenez R. Hot-Band Absorption Can Mimic Entangled Two-Photon Absorption. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:1489-1493. [PMID: 35129354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
It has been proposed that entangled two-photon absorption (E2PA) can be observed with up to 1010 lower photon flux than its classical counterpart, therefore enabling ultralow-power two-photon fluorescence microscopy. However, there is a significant controversy regarding the magnitude of this quantum enhancement in excitation efficiency. We investigated the fluorescence signals from Rhodamine 6G and LDS798 excited with a CW laser or an entangled photon pair source at ∼1060 nm. We observed a signal that originates from hot-band absorption (HBA), which is one-photon absorption from thermally populated vibrational levels of the ground electronic state. This mechanism, which has not been previously discussed in the context of E2PA, produces a signal with a linear power dependence, as would be expected for E2PA. For the typical conditions under which E2PA measurements are performed, contributions from the HBA process could lead to a several orders of magnitude overestimate of the quantum advantage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Mikhaylov
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Ryan N Wilson
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, 390 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Kristen M Parzuchowski
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Physics, 390 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Michael D Mazurek
- Department of Physics, 390 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Charles H Camp
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Martin J Stevens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 325 Broadway, Boulder, Colorado 80305, United States
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
- Department of Chemistry, 215 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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12
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Chen F, Mukamel S. Entangled Two-Photon Absorption with Brownian-Oscillator Fluctuations. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:074303. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0082500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Chen
- University of California Irvine Department of Chemistry, United States of America
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine Department of Chemistry, United States of America
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13
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Burdick RK, Schatz GC, Goodson T. Enhancing Entangled Two-Photon Absorption for Picosecond Quantum Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:16930-16934. [PMID: 34613733 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c09728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA) is known to create photoinduced transitions with extremely low light intensity, reducing the risk of phototoxicity compared to classical two-photon absorption. Previous works have predicted the ETPA cross-section, σe, to vary inversely with the product of entanglement time (Te) and entanglement area (Ae), i.e., σe ∼ 1/AeTe. The decreasing σe with increasing Te has limited ETPA to fs-scale Te, while ETPA applications for ps-scale spectroscopy have been unexplored. However, we show that spectral-spatial coupling, which reduces Ae as the SPDC bandwidth (σf) decreases, plays a significant role in determining σe when Te > ∼100 fs. We experimentally measured σe for zinc tetraphenylporphyrin at several σf values. For type-I ETPA, σe increases as σf decreases down to 0.1 ps-1. For type-II SPDC, σe is constant for a wide range of σf. With a theoretical analysis of the data, the maximum type-I σe would occur at σf = 0.1 ps-1 (Te = 10 ps). At this maximum, σe is 1 order of magnitude larger than fs-scale σe and 3 orders of magnitude larger than previous predictions of ps-scale σe. By utilizing this spectral-spatial coupling, narrowband type-I ETPA provides a new opportunity to increase the efficiency of measuring nonlinear optical signals and to control photochemical reactions requiring ps temporal precision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Burdick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208-3113, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-1055, United States
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14
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Abstract
Nonlinear optical (NLO) microscopy relies on multiple light-matter interactions to provide unique contrast mechanisms and imaging capabilities that are inaccessible to traditional linear optical imaging approaches, making them versatile tools to understand a wide range of complex systems. However, the strong excitation fields that are necessary to drive higher-order optical processes efficiently are often responsible for photobleaching, photodegradation, and interruption in many systems of interest. This is especially true for imaging living biological samples over prolonged periods of time or in accessing intrinsic dynamics of electronic excited-state processes in spatially heterogeneous materials. This perspective outlines some of the key limitations of two NLO imaging modalities implemented in our lab and highlights the unique potential afforded by the quantum properties of light, especially entangled two-photon absorption based NLO spectroscopy and microscopy. We further review some of the recent exciting advances in this emerging filed and highlight some major challenges facing the realization of quantum-light-enabled NLO imaging modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Zhong Ma
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
| | - Benjamin Doughty
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37831, United States
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15
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Fujihashi Y, Ishizaki A. Achieving two-dimensional optical spectroscopy with temporal and spectral resolution using quantum entangled three photons. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:044101. [PMID: 34340393 DOI: 10.1063/5.0056808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in techniques for generating quantum light have stimulated research on novel spectroscopic measurements using quantum entangled photons. One such spectroscopy technique utilizes non-classical correlations among entangled photons to enable measurements with enhanced sensitivity and selectivity. Here, we investigate the spectroscopic measurement utilizing entangled three photons. In this measurement, time-resolved entangled photon spectroscopy with monochromatic pumping [A. Ishizaki, J. Chem. Phys. 153, 051102 (2020)] is integrated with the frequency-dispersed two-photon counting technique, which suppresses undesired accidental photon counts in the detector and thus allows one to separate the weak desired signal. This time-resolved frequency-dispersed two-photon counting signal, which is a function of two frequencies, is shown to provide the same information as that of coherent two-dimensional optical spectra. The spectral distribution of the phase-matching function works as a frequency filter to selectively resolve a specific region of the two-dimensional spectra, whereas the excited-state dynamics under investigation are temporally resolved in the time region longer than the entanglement time. The signal is not subject to Fourier limitations on the joint temporal and spectral resolution, and therefore, it is expected to be useful for investigating complex molecular systems in which multiple electronic states are present within a narrow energy range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuta Fujihashi
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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16
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Eshun A, Gu B, Varnavski O, Asban S, Dorfman KE, Mukamel S, Goodson T. Investigations of Molecular Optical Properties Using Quantum Light and Hong-Ou-Mandel Interferometry. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:9070-9081. [PMID: 34124903 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c02514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Entangled photon pairs have been used for molecular spectroscopy in the form of entangled two-photon absorption and in quantum interferometry for precise measurements of light source properties and time delays. We present an experiment that combines molecular spectroscopy and quantum interferometry by utilizing the correlations of entangled photons in a Hong-Ou-Mandel (HOM) interferometer to study molecular properties. We find that the HOM signal is sensitive to the presence of a resonant organic sample placed in one arm of the interferometer, and the resulting signal contains information pertaining to the light-matter interaction. We can extract the dephasing time of the coherent response induced by the excitation on a femtosecond time scale. A dephasing time of 102 fs is obtained, which is relatively short compared to times found with similar methods and considering line width broadening and the instrument entanglement time As the measurement is done with coincidence counts as opposed to simply intensity, it is unaffected by even-order dispersion effects, and because interactions with the molecular state affect the photon correlation, the observed measurement contains only these effects and no other classical losses. The experiments are accompanied by theory that predicts the observed temporal shift and captures the entangled photon joint spectral amplitude and the molecule's transmission in the coincidence counting rate. Thus, we present a proof-of-concept experimental method based of entangled photon interferometry that can be used to characterize optical properties in organic molecules and can in the future be expanded on for more complex spectroscopic studies of nonlinear optical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Eshun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Shahaf Asban
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Konstantin E Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry & Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, 930 N University Ave., Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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17
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Asban S, Dorfman KE, Mukamel S. Interferometric spectroscopy with quantum light: Revealing out-of-time-ordering correlators. J Chem Phys 2021; 154:210901. [PMID: 34240992 DOI: 10.1063/5.0047776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We survey the inclusion of interferometric elements in nonlinear spectroscopy performed with quantum light. Controlled interference of electromagnetic fields coupled to matter can induce constructive or destructive contributions of microscopic coupling sequences (histories) of matter. Since quantum fields do not commute, quantum light signals are sensitive to the order of light-matter coupling sequences. Matter correlation functions are thus imprinted by different field factors, which depend on that order. We identify the associated quantum information obtained by controlling the weights of different contributing pathways and offer several experimental schemes for recovering it. Nonlinear quantum response functions include out-of-time-ordering matter correlators (OTOCs), which reveal how perturbations spread throughout a quantum system (information scrambling). Their effect becomes most notable when using ultrafast pulse sequences with respect to the path difference induced by the interferometer. OTOCs appear in quantum-informatics studies in other fields, including black hole, high energy, and condensed matter physics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahaf Asban
- Department of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
| | - Konstantin E Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Physics & Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, USA
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18
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Lum DJ, Mazurek MD, Mikhaylov A, Parzuchowski KM, Wilson RN, Jimenez R, Gerrits T, Stevens MJ, Cicerone MT, Camp CH. Witnessing the survival of time-energy entanglement through biological tissue and scattering media. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2021; 12:3658-3670. [PMID: 34221686 PMCID: PMC8221931 DOI: 10.1364/boe.423743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate the preservation of the time-energy entanglement of near-IR photons through thick biological media (≤1.55 mm) and tissue (≤ 235 μm) at room temperature. Using a Franson-type interferometer, we demonstrate interferometric contrast of over 0.9 in skim milk, 2% milk, and chicken tissue. This work supports the many proposed opportunities for nonclassical light in biological imaging and analyses from sub-shot noise measurements to entanglement-enhanced fluorescence imaging, clearly indicating that the entanglement characteristics of photons can be maintained even after propagation through thick, turbid biological samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J. Lum
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Michael D. Mazurek
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | | | - Kristen M. Parzuchowski
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ryan N. Wilson
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder CO 80309, USA
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Ralph Jimenez
- JILA, 440 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
- Department of Chemistry, 215 UCB, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Thomas Gerrits
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Martin J. Stevens
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Marcus T. Cicerone
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA
| | - Charles H. Camp
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
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19
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Gu B, Mukamel S. Manipulating Two-Photon-Absorption of Cavity Polaritons by Entangled Light. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:8177-8182. [PMID: 32877607 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c02282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We demonstrate that two-photon excitations to bipolariton states created by placing several molecules in an optical cavity can be manipulated by quantum light. Entangled photons can access classically dark bipolariton states by modifying the quantum interferences of two-photon transition pathways involving different single-polariton intermediate states and time-ordering of the two photon beams.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Gu
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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20
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Ishizaki A. Probing excited-state dynamics with quantum entangled photons: Correspondence to coherent multidimensional spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:051102. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0015432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Akihito Ishizaki
- Institute for Molecular Science, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan and School of Physical Sciences, Graduate University for Advanced Studies, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
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21
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Varnavski O, Goodson T. Two-Photon Fluorescence Microscopy at Extremely Low Excitation Intensity: The Power of Quantum Correlations. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:12966-12975. [PMID: 32644814 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c01153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Quantum entanglement has been shown to imply correlations stronger than those allowed by classical models. The possibility of performing tasks that are classically impossible has made quantum entanglement a powerful resource for the development of novel methods and applications in various fields of research such as quantum computing, quantum cryptography, and quantum metrology. There is a great need for the development of next generation instrumentation and technologies utilizing entangled quantum light. Among the many applications of nonclassical states of light, nonlinear microscopy has the potential to make an impact in broad areas of science from physics to biology. Here, the microscopic image created by the fluorescence selectively excited by the process of the entangled two-photon absorption is reported. Entangled two-photon microscopy offers nonlinear imaging capabilities at an unprecedented low excitation intensity 107, which is 6 orders of magnitude lower than the excitation level for the classical two-photon image. The nonmonotonic dependence of the image on the femtosecond delay between the components of the entangled photon pair is demonstrated. This delay dependence is a result of specific quantum interference effects associated with the entanglement and this is not observable with classical excitation light. In combination with novel spectroscopic capabilities provided by a nonclassical light excitation, this is of critical importance for sensing and biological applications.
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22
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Bittner ER, Li H, Piryatinski A, Srimath Kandada AR, Silva C. Probing exciton/exciton interactions with entangled photons: Theory. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:071101. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5139197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Eric R. Bittner
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA and Department of Physics, Durham University, Durham, United Kingdom
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry & Biochemistry and School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
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23
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León-Montiel RDJ, Svozilík J, Torres JP, U'Ren AB. Temperature-Controlled Entangled-Photon Absorption Spectroscopy. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:023601. [PMID: 31386532 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.023601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Entangled two-photon absorption spectroscopy (TPA) has been widely recognized as a powerful tool for revealing relevant information about the structure of complex molecular systems. However, to date, the experimental implementation of this technique has remained elusive, mainly because of two major difficulties: first, the need to perform multiple experiments with two-photon states bearing different temporal correlations, which translates into the necessity to have at the experimenter's disposal tens, if not hundreds, of sources of entangled photons; second, the need to have a priori knowledge of the absorbing medium's lowest-lying intermediate energy level. In this work, we put forward a simple experimental scheme that successfully overcomes these two limitations. By making use of a temperature-controlled entangled-photon source, which allows the tuning of the central frequencies of the absorbed photons, we show that the TPA signal, measured as a function of the temperature of the nonlinear crystal that generates the paired photons, and a controllable delay between them, carries all information about the electronic level structure of the absorbing medium, which can be revealed by a simple Fourier transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto de J León-Montiel
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Cd. Mx., México
| | - Jiří Svozilík
- Yachay Tech University, School of Physical Sciences & Nanotechnology, 100119, Urcuquí, Ecuador
- Joint Laboratory of Optics of Palacký University and Institute of Physics of CAS, Faculty of Science, Palacký University, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Juan P Torres
- ICFO-Institut de Ciencies Fotoniques, Mediterranean Technology Park, 08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona), Spain
- Department of Signal Theory and Communications, Campus Nord D3, Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alfred B U'Ren
- Instituto de Ciencias Nucleares, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Apartado Postal 70-543, 04510 Cd. Mx., México
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24
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Avanaki KN, Schatz GC. Entangled Photon Resonance Energy Transfer in Arbitrary Media. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:3181-3188. [PMID: 31117677 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b00902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the unique nonclassical character of two-photon interactions induced by entangled photons, we develop a new comprehensive Förster-type formulation for entangled-two-photon resonance energy transfer (E2P-RET) mediated by inhomogeneous, dispersive, and absorptive media with any space-dependent and frequency-dependent dielectric function and with any size of donor/acceptor. In our theoretical framework, two uncoupled particles are jointly excited by the temporally entangled field associated with two virtual photons that are produced by three-level radiative cascade decay in a donor particle. The temporal entanglement leads to frequency anticorrelation in the virtual photon's field, and vanishing of one of the time-ordered excitation pathways. The underlying mechanism leads to more than 3 orders of magnitude enhancement in the E2P-RET rate compared with the uncorrelated photon case. With the power of our new formulation, we propose a way to characterize E2P-RET through an effective rate coefficient KE2P, introduced here. This coefficient shows how energy transfer can be enhanced or suppressed depending on rate parameters in the radiative cascade, and by varying the donor-acceptor frequency differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nasiri Avanaki
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology , Harvard University , 12 Oxford Street , Cambridge , Massachusetts 02138 , United States
| | - George C Schatz
- Department of Chemistry , Northwestern University , 2145 Sheridan Road , Evanston , Illinois 60208-3113 , United States
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25
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Li H, Piryatinski A, Srimath Kandada AR, Silva C, Bittner ER. Photon entanglement entropy as a probe of many-body correlations and fluctuations. J Chem Phys 2019; 150:184106. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5083613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
| | - Andrei Piryatinski
- Theoretical Division, Los Alamos National Lab, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | - Ajay Ram Srimath Kandada
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Giovanni Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Carlos Silva
- School of Chemistry and Biochemistry, School of Physics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 901 Atlantic Drive, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, USA
| | - Eric R. Bittner
- Department of Chemistry and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204, USA
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26
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Villabona-Monsalve JP, Varnavski O, Palfey BA, Goodson T. Two-Photon Excitation of Flavins and Flavoproteins with Classical and Quantum Light. J Am Chem Soc 2018; 140:14562-14566. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b08515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bruce A. Palfey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-0606, United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
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27
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Burdick RK, Varnavski O, Molina A, Upton L, Zimmerman P, Goodson T. Predicting and Controlling Entangled Two-Photon Absorption in Diatomic Molecules. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8198-8212. [PMID: 30223648 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b07466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The use of nonclassical states of light to probe organic molecules has received great attention due to the possibility of providing new and detailed information regarding molecular excitations. Experimental and theoretical results have been reported which show large enhancements of the nonlinear optical responses in organic materials due to possible virtual-electronic-state interactions with entangled photons. In order to predict molecular excitations with nonclassical light, more detailed investigations of the parameters involved must be carried out. In this report we investigate the details of the state-to-state parameters important in calculating the contribution of particular transitions involved in the entangled two-photon absorption process for diatomic molecules. The theoretical discussion of the entangled two-photon process is described for a set of diatomic molecules. Specifically, we provide detailed quantum chemical calculations which give accurate energies and transition moments for selection-rule allowed intermediate states important in the entangled nonlinear effect for the diatomic molecules. These results are used to estimate in a more accurate manner the nonmonotonic behavior of the entangled two-photon absorption cross-section. We also derive accurate approximations that can be used to predict the period between entanglement-induced transparencies without needing exact values of the transition dipole moments. These results suggest that with the additional parameters allotted by the entangled two-photon absorption (in comparison to the classical case), it may be possible to predict and later control the nonlinear absorption and transparency of a molecule at a constant incident photon frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan K Burdick
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Oleg Varnavski
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Andrew Molina
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Leslie Upton
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Paul Zimmerman
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Theodore Goodson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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28
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Eshun A, Cai Z, Awies M, Yu L, Goodson T. Investigations of Thienoacene Molecules for Classical and Entangled Two-Photon Absorption. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:8167-8182. [PMID: 30251540 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b06312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Investigations of the optical effects in thienoacene chromophores with different central atoms were performed. These chromophores provide a basis for the comparison of the linear, two-photon, and entangled two-photon properties in organic molecules with varying degrees of dipolar or quadrupolar character. Linear absorption and emission as well as time-dependent density functional theory calculations were performed for the chromophores investigated. Measurements of the classical two-photon absorption (TPA), entangled two-photon absorption (ETPA), as well as entangled two-photon fluorescence were experimentally performed for the four chromophores. Electronic structure calculations were utilized to provide estimates of the classical two-photon absorption coefficients. The results of the measured entangled two-photon cross sections were compared with theoretical estimates for the molecules investigated. It is found that the dipole (transition or permanent) pathway can have an effect on the trends in the entangled photon absorption process in dipolar organic chromophores. This study helps predict the properties of the entangled two-photon effect in chromophores with different dipolar and quadrupolar character.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey Eshun
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
| | - Zhengxu Cai
- School of Material Science and Engineering , Beijing Institute of Technology , 5 South Zhongguancun Street , Haidan District, Beijing , China
| | - Mohammed Awies
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - Luping Yu
- Department of Chemistry and The James Franck Institute , The University of Chicago , 929 East 57th Street , Chicago , Illinois 60637 , United States
| | - T Goodson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Michigan , 930 N University Avenue , Ann Arbor , Michigan 48109 , United States
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29
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Abstract
The application of quantum states of light such as entangled photons, for example, created by parametric down conversion, has experienced tremendous progress in the almost 40 years since their first experimental realization. Initially, they were employed in the investigation of the foundations of quantum physics, such as the violation of Bell's inequalities and studies of quantum entanglement. They later emerged as basic platforms for quantum communication protocols and, in the recent experiments on single-photon interactions, in photonic quantum computation. These applications aim at the controlled manipulation of the photonic degrees of freedom, and therefore rely on simple models of matter, where the analysis is simpler. Furthermore, quantum imaging with entangled light can achieve enhanced resolution, and quantum metrology can overcome the shot noise limit for classical light. This Account focuses on an entirely different emerging class of applications using quantum light as a powerful spectroscopic tool to reveal novel information about complex molecules. These applications utilize two appealing properties of quantum light: its distinct intensity fluctuations and its nonclassical bandwidth properties. These give rise to new and surprising behavior of nonlinear optical signals. Nonclassical intensity fluctuations can enhance nonlinear optical signals relative to linear absorption. For instance, the two-photon absorption of entangled photon pairs scales linearly (rather than quadratically) in the photon flux, just like a single photon absorption. This enables nonlinear quantum spectroscopy of photosensitive, for example, biological, samples at low light intensities. We will discuss how the two-photon absorption cross section becomes a function of the photonic quantum state, which can be manipulated by properties of the entangled photon pairs. In addition, the quantum correlations in entangled photon states further influence the nonlinear signals in a variety of ways. Apart from affecting the signal's scaling with intensity, they also constitute an entirely new approach to shaping and controlling excitation pathways in molecular aggregates in a way that cannot be achieved with shaped classical pulses. This is because between the two absorption events in entangled two-photon absorption, the light and material system are entangled. Classical constraints for the simultaneous time and frequency resolution can thus be circumvented, since the two are not Fourier conjugates. Here we review the simplest manifestation of quantum light spectroscopy, two-photon absorption spectroscopy with entangled photons. This will allow us to discuss exemplarily the impact of quantum properties of light on a nonlinear optical signal and explore the opportunities for future applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frank Schlawin
- Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 1PU, United Kingdom
| | - Konstantin E. Dorfman
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Spectroscopy, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Shaul Mukamel
- Chemistry Department and Physics and Astronomy Department, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-2025, United States
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