1
|
Jiang J, McCartt AD. Mid-infrared trace detection with parts-per-quadrillion quantitation accuracy: Expanding frontiers of radiocarbon sensing. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2024; 121:e2314441121. [PMID: 38513090 PMCID: PMC11009668 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2314441121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Detection sensitivity is a critical characteristic to consider during selection of spectroscopic techniques. However, high sensitivity alone is insufficient for spectroscopic measurements in spectrally congested regions. Two-color cavity ringdown spectroscopy (2C-CRDS), based on intra-cavity pump-probe detection, simultaneously achieves high detection sensitivity and selectivity. This combination enables mid-infrared detection of radiocarbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text]) molecules in room-temperature CO[Formula: see text] samples, with 1.4 parts-per-quadrillion (ppq, 10[Formula: see text]) sensitivity (average measurement precision) and 4.6-ppq quantitation accuracy (average calibrated measurement error for 21 samples from four separate trials) demonstrated on samples with [Formula: see text]C/C up to [Formula: see text]1.5[Formula: see text] natural abundance ([Formula: see text]1,800 ppq). These highly reproducible measurements, which are the most sensitive and quantitatively accurate in the mid-infrared, are accomplished despite the presence of orders-of-magnitude stronger, one-photon signals from other CO[Formula: see text] isotopologues. This is a major achievement in laser spectroscopy. A room-temperature-operated, compact, and low-cost 2C-CRDS sensor for [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] benefits a wide range of scientific fields that utilize [Formula: see text]C for dating and isotope tracing, most notably atmospheric [Formula: see text]CO[Formula: see text] monitoring to track CO[Formula: see text] emissions from fossil fuels. The 2C-CRDS technique significantly enhances the general utility of high-resolution mid-infrared detection for analytical measurements and fundamental chemical dynamics studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Atmospheric, Earth, and Energy Division, Physical and Life Sciences Directorate, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA94550
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Truong GW, Perner LW, Bailey DM, Winkler G, Cataño-Lopez SB, Wittwer VJ, Südmeyer T, Nguyen C, Follman D, Fleisher AJ, Heckl OH, Cole GD. Mid-infrared supermirrors with finesse exceeding 400 000. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7846. [PMID: 38057298 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43367-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
For trace gas sensing and precision spectroscopy, optical cavities incorporating low-loss mirrors are indispensable for path length and optical intensity enhancement. Optical interference coatings in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) spectral regions have achieved total optical losses below 2 parts per million (ppm), enabling a cavity finesse in excess of 1 million. However, such advancements have been lacking in the mid-infrared (MIR), despite substantial scientific interest. Here, we demonstrate a significant breakthrough in high-performance MIR mirrors, reporting substrate-transferred single-crystal interference coatings capable of cavity finesse values from 200 000 to 400 000 near 4.5 µm, with excess optical losses (scatter and absorption) below 5 ppm. In a first proof-of-concept demonstration, we achieve the lowest noise-equivalent absorption in a linear cavity ring-down spectrometer normalized by cavity length. This substantial improvement in performance will unlock a rich variety of MIR applications for atmospheric transport and environmental sciences, detection of fugitive emissions, process gas monitoring, breath-gas analysis, and verification of biogenic fuels and plastics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gar-Wing Truong
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA.
| | - Lukas W Perner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
- Vienna Doctoral School in Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - D Michelle Bailey
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Georg Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
| | - Seth B Cataño-Lopez
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Valentin J Wittwer
- Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, Institut de Physique, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Südmeyer
- Laboratoire Temps-Fréquence, Institut de Physique, Université de Neuchâtel, Avenue de Bellevaux 51, 2000, Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Nguyen
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - David Follman
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| | - Adam J Fleisher
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Oliver H Heckl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, A-1090, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Garrett D Cole
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA, 93101, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhou Y, Zhang Z, Li Y, Zhao G, Zhou X, Zhang B, Jiao K, Yan X, Li C, Axner O, Ma W. Self-calibrated NICE-OHMS based on an asymmetric signal: theoretical analysis and experimental validation. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:27830-27842. [PMID: 37710850 DOI: 10.1364/oe.497862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
As an ultra-sensitive detection technique, the noise-immune cavity enhanced optical heterodyne molecular spectroscopy (NICE-OHMS) technique has great potential for assessment of the concentration of trace gases. To determine gas concentrations at the ppt or lower level with high accuracy, it is desirable that the technique exhibits self-calibration (or calibration-free) capabilities. Although being sensitive, NICE-OHMS has so far not demonstrated any such ability. To remedy this, this paper provides a self-calibrated realization of NICE-OHMS that is based on a switching of the feedback target of the DeVoe-Brewer (DVB) locking procedure from the modulation frequency of the frequency modulation spectroscopy (FMS) to the cavity length, which creates an asymmetrical signal whose form and size can be used to unambiguously assess the gas concentration. A comprehensive theoretical model for self-calibrated NICE-OHMS is established by analyzing the shift of cavity modes caused by intracavity absorption, demonstrating that gas absorption information can be encoded in both the laser frequency and the NICE-OHMS signal. To experimentally verify the methodology, we measure a series of dispersion signals under different levels of absorbance using a built experimental setup. An instrument factor and the partial pressure are obtained by fitting the measured signal through theoretical expressions. Our results demonstrate that fitted values are more accurate for higher partial pressures than for lower. To improve on the accuracy at low partial pressures, it is shown that the instrument factor obtained by fitting the signal at large partial pressures (in this case, above 7.8 µTorr) can be set to a fixed value for all fits. By this, the partial pressures can be assessed with a relative error below 0.65%. This technique has the potential to enable calibration-free ultra-sensitive gas detection.
Collapse
|
4
|
Karhu J, Nyman M, Siitari-Kauppi M, Hieta T. Cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic measurement of HTO in water vapor. PHOTOACOUSTICS 2023; 29:100443. [PMID: 36632604 PMCID: PMC9826848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pacs.2022.100443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A photoacoustic detection of tritiated water (HTO) is presented. The method uses cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (CEPAS) to reach sub-ppb sensitivity for HTO in the gas phase. A noise equivalent concentration of 0.88 ppb is reached with a sampling time of 1 min. The high performance and small sample volume of CEPAS allows sensitive detection of HTO from a sample with low total activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juho Karhu
- Metrology Research Institute, Aalto University, Maarintie 8, Espoo, 02150, Finland
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Markus Nyman
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Marja Siitari-Kauppi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Helsinki, P.O. Box 55, Helsinki, 00014, Finland
| | - Tuomas Hieta
- Gasera Ltd., Lemminkäisenkatu 59, Turku, 20520, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
McCartt D, Jiang J. Room-Temperature Optical Detection of 14CO 2 below the Natural Abundance with Two-Color Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. ACS Sens 2022; 7:3258-3264. [PMID: 36315969 PMCID: PMC10289126 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.2c01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Radiocarbon's natural production, radiative decay, and isotopic rarity make it a unique tool to probe carbonaceous systems in the life and earth sciences. However, the difficulty of current radiocarbon (14C) detection methods limits scientific adoption. Here, two-color cavity ring-down spectroscopy detects 14CO2 in room-temperature samples with an accuracy of one-tenth the natural abundance in 3 min. The intracavity pump-probe measurement uses two cavity-enhanced lasers to cancel out cavity ring-down rate fluctuations and strong one-photon absorption interference (>10 000 1/s) from hot-band transitions of CO2 isotopologues. Selective, room-temperature detection of small 14CO2 absorption signals (<1 1/s) reduces the technical and operational burdens for cavity-enhanced measurements of radiocarbon, which can benefit a wide range of applications like biomedical research and field-detection of combusted fossil fuels.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| | - Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, 7000 East Avenue, Livermore, California 94550, United States
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Precise radiocarbon determination in radioactive waste by a laser-based spectroscopic technique. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2122122119. [PMID: 35867750 PMCID: PMC9282372 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2122122119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The precise and accurate determination of the radionuclide inventory in radioactive waste streams, including those generated during nuclear decommissioning, is a key aspect in establishing the best-suited nuclear waste management and disposal options. Radiocarbon ([Formula: see text]) is playing a crucial role in this scenario because it is one of the so-called difficult to measure isotopes; currently, [Formula: see text] analysis requires complex systems, such as accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) or liquid scintillation counting (LSC). AMS has an outstanding limit of detection, but only a few facilities are available worldwide; LSC, which can have similar performance, is more widespread, but sample preparation can be nontrivial. In this paper, we demonstrate that the laser-based saturated-absorption cavity ring-down (SCAR) spectroscopic technique has several distinct advantages and represents a mature and accurate alternative for [Formula: see text] content determination in nuclear waste. As a proof-of-principle experiment, we show consistent results of AMS and SCAR for samples of concrete and graphite originating from nuclear installations. In particular, we determined mole fractions of 1.312(9) F[Formula: see text] and 30.951(7) F[Formula: see text] corresponding to ∼1.5 and 36.2 parts per trillion (ppt), respectively, for two different graphite samples originating from different regions of the Adiabatic Resonance Crossing activator prototype installed on one irradiation line of an MC40 Scanditronix cyclotron. Moreover, we measure a mole fraction of 0.593(8) F[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] ppt) from a concrete sample originating from an external wall of the Ispra-1 nuclear research reactor currently in the decommissioning phase.
Collapse
|
7
|
Nataraj A, Gianella M, Prokhorov I, Tuzson B, Bertrand M, Mohn J, Faist J, Emmenegger L. Quantum cascade laser absorption spectrometer with a low temperature multipass cell for precision clumped CO 2 measurement. OPTICS EXPRESS 2022; 30:4631-4641. [PMID: 35209695 DOI: 10.1364/oe.447172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
We present a quantum cascade laser-based absorption spectrometer deploying a compact (145 mL volume) segmented circular multipass cell (SC-MPC) with 6 m optical path length. This SC-MPC is embedded into an effective cooling system to facilitate operation at cryogenic temperatures. For CO2, the sample is cooled to 153 K, i.e. close to the sublimation point at 10 mbar. This enables efficient suppression of interfering hot-band transitions of the more abundant isotopic species and thereby enhances analytical precision. As a demonstration, the amount fractions of all three CO2 isotopologues involved in the kinetic isotope exchange reaction of 12C16O2 + 12C18O2⇌ 2·12C16O18O are measured. The precision in the ratios [12C18O2]/[12C16O2] and [12C16O18O]/[12C16O2] is 0.05 ‰ with 25 s integration time. In addition, we determine the variation of the equilibrium constant, K, of the above exchange reaction for carbon-dioxide samples equilibrated at 300 K and 1273 K, respectively.
Collapse
|
8
|
Lehmuskoski J, Vasama H, Hämäläinen J, Hokkinen J, Kärkelä T, Heiskanen K, Reinikainen M, Rautio S, Hirvelä M, Genoud G. On-Line Monitoring of Radiocarbon Emissions in a Nuclear Facility with Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2021; 93:16096-16104. [PMID: 34814685 PMCID: PMC8655739 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
There are currently no suitable methods for sensitive automated in situ monitoring of gaseous radiocarbon, one of the main sources of radioactive gas emissions from nuclear power plants. Here, we present a transportable instrument for in situ airborne radiocarbon detection based on mid-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy and report its performance in a 1-week field measurement at the Loviisa nuclear power plant. Radiocarbon is detected by measuring an absorption line of the 14CO2 molecule. The time resolution of the measurements is 45 min, significantly less than the few days' resolution of the currently used technique, while maintaining a comparable sensitivity. The method can also assess the prevalence of radiocarbon in different molecular species in the airborne emissions. The optical in situ monitoring presented is a completely new method for monitoring emissions from nuclear facilities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Lehmuskoski
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Hannu Vasama
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Jussi Hämäläinen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Jouni Hokkinen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Teemu Kärkelä
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Katja Heiskanen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Matti Reinikainen
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| | - Satu Rautio
- Fortum
Power & Heat Oy Loviisan Voimalaitos, P.O. Box 23, 07901 Loviisa, Finland
| | - Miska Hirvelä
- Fortum
Power & Heat Oy Loviisan Voimalaitos, P.O. Box 23, 07901 Loviisa, Finland
| | - Guillaume Genoud
- VTT
Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 Espoo, VTT, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Jiang J, McCartt AD. Two-color, intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown spectroscopy. J Chem Phys 2021; 155:104201. [PMID: 34525821 PMCID: PMC8428946 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We report a proof-of-principle demonstration of intracavity pump-probe, cavity ringdown (CRD) detection in a three-mirror, traveling-wave cavity. With cavity-enhanced pump power and probe absorption path length, the technique is a generally applicable, high-sensitivity, high-selectivity detection method. In our experiments, the pump radiation is switched off during every other probe ringdown, which allows uncorrelated measurements of analyte and background cavity decay rates. The net, two-color signal from the difference between the pump-on and pump-off decay rates is immune to empty-CRD drifts and spectral overlaps from non-target molecular transitions. The immunity to the ringdown drifts allows longer signal-averaging and, thus, higher detection sensitivity. The ability to compensate for the background absorption enhances the detection selectivity in spectrally congested regions. Our technique is well-suited for trace-detection in the mid-IR region, where pump-probe schemes based on strong rovibrational transitions can be applied. In this work, two-color CRD detection is implemented on a ladder-type, three-level system based on the N2O, ν3 = 1 ← 0, P(19) (pump) and ν3 = 2 ← 1, R(18) (probe), rovibrational transitions. By frequency-locking two-quantum cascade lasers to the p-polarization (pump, Finesse = 5280) and s-polarization (probe, Finesse = 67 700) cavity modes, we achieve high intracavity pump power (36 W) and high probe ringdown rates (>2 kHz). The observed two-color spectra are simulated by a density-matrix, three-level system model that is solved under the constraints of the cavity resonance conditions. In addition to its background compensation capability, experimental flexibility in the selection of pump-probe schemes and signal insensitivity to intracavity laser power are further features that enhance the utility of our technique for mid-IR trace-detection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Jiang
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| | - A. Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, California 94550, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Tan YD, Cheng CF, Sheng D, Hu SM. Detection of radiocarbon dioxide with double-resonance absorption spectroscopy. CHINESE J CHEM PHYS 2021. [DOI: 10.1063/1674-0068/cjcp2103045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan-dong Tan
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Cun-feng Cheng
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 China
| | - Dong Sheng
- Department of Precision Machinery and Precision Instrumentation, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 China
| | - Shui-ming Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026 China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Hu CL, Wang J, Hua TP, Liu AW, Sun YR, Hu SM. Comb-locked cavity-assisted double-resonance molecular spectroscopy based on diode lasers. THE REVIEW OF SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 2021; 92:073003. [PMID: 34340416 DOI: 10.1063/5.0054592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between a molecule and two or more laser fields are of great interest in various studies, but weak and highly overlapping transitions hinder precision measurements. We present the method of comb-locked cavity-assisted double resonance spectroscopy based on narrow-linewidth continuous-wave lasers, which allows for state-selective pumping and probing of molecules. By locking two near-infrared diode lasers to one cavity with a finesse at the order of 105, we measured all three types of double resonances. Carbon monoxide molecules with selected speeds along the laser beam were excited to vibrationally excited states, and absorption spectra with sub-MHz linewidths were observed. Positions of double resonance transitions were determined with an accuracy of 3.7 kHz, which was verified by comparing to Lamb-dip measurements. The present work paves the way to the pump-probe study of highly excited molecules with unprecedented precision.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C-L Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - J Wang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - T-P Hua
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - A-W Liu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - Y R Sun
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| | - S-M Hu
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at Microscale, iChem Center, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Fatima M, Hausmaninger T, Tomberg T, Karhu J, Vainio M, Hieta T, Genoud G. Radiocarbon dioxide detection using cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2021; 46:2083-2086. [PMID: 33929424 DOI: 10.1364/ol.420199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In this Letter, we report on the sub-parts-per-billion-level radiocarbon dioxide detection using cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy. The 14C/C ratio of samples is measured by targeting a 14CO2 absorption line with minimal interference from other CO2 isotopes. Using a quantum cascade laser as a light source allows for a compact experimental setup. In addition, measurements of sample gases with 14CO2 concentrations as low as 100 parts-per-trillion (ppt) are presented. The Allan deviation demonstrates a noise equivalent concentration of 30 ppt at an averaging time of 9 min. The achieved sensitivity validates this method as a suitable alternative to more complex optical detection methods for radiocarbon dioxide detection used so far, and it can be envisioned for future in situ radiocarbon detection.
Collapse
|
13
|
Dell'Orco S, Christensen ED, Iisa K, Starace AK, Dutta A, Talmadge MS, Magrini KA, Mukarakate C. Online Biogenic Carbon Analysis Enables Refineries to Reduce Carbon Footprint during Coprocessing Biomass- and Petroleum-Derived Liquids. Anal Chem 2021; 93:4351-4360. [PMID: 33645225 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
To mitigate green-house gas (GHG) emissions, governments around the world are enacting legislation to reduce carbon intensity in transportation fuels. Coprocessing biomass and petroleum-derived liquids in existing refineries is a near-term, cost-effective approach for introducing renewable carbon in fuels and enabling refineries to meet regulatory mandates. However, coprocessing biomass-derived liquids in refineries results in variable degrees of biogenic carbon incorporation, necessitating accurate quantification to verify compliance with mandates. Existing refinery control and instrumentation systems lack the means to measure renewable carbon accurately, reliably, and quickly. Thus, accurate measurement of biogenic carbon is key to ensuring refineries meet regulatory mandates. In this Perspective, we present existing methods for measuring biogenic carbon, point out their challenges, and discuss the need for new online analytical capabilities to measure biogenic carbon in fuel intermediates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Dell'Orco
- Department of Industrial Engineering, University of Florence, Viale Morgagni 40, 50135 Florence, Italy.,Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Earl D Christensen
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Kristiina Iisa
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Anne K Starace
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Abhijit Dutta
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Michael S Talmadge
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Kimberly A Magrini
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| | - Calvin Mukarakate
- Catalytic Carbon Transformation and Scale-up Center, National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 15523 Denver West Parkway, Golden, Colorado 80401-3393, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Winkler G, Perner LW, Truong GW, Zhao G, Bachmann D, Mayer AS, Fellinger J, Follman D, Heu P, Deutsch C, Bailey DM, Peelaers H, Puchegger S, Fleisher AJ, Cole GD, Heckl OH. Mid-infrared interference coatings with excess optical loss below 10 ppm. OPTICA 2021; 8:10.1364/OPTICA.405938. [PMID: 36578655 PMCID: PMC9793494 DOI: 10.1364/optica.405938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We present high-reflectivity substrate-transferred single-crystal GaAs/AlGaAs interference coatings at a center wavelength of 4.54 μm with record-low excess optical loss below 10 parts per million. These high-performance mirrors are realized via a novel microfabrication process that differs significantly from the production of amorphous multilayers generated via physical vapor deposition processes. This new process enables reduced scatter loss due to the low surface and interfacial roughness, while low background doping in epitaxial growth ensures strongly reduced absorption. We report on a suite of optical measurements, including cavity ring-down, transmittance spectroscopy, and direct absorption tests to reveal the optical losses for a set of prototype mirrors. In the course of these measurements, we observe a unique polarization-orientation-dependent loss mechanism which we attribute to elastic anisotropy of these strained epitaxial multilayers. A future increase in layer count and a corresponding reduction of transmittance will enable optical resonators with a finesse in excess of 100 000 in the mid-infrared spectral region, allowing for advances in high resolution spectroscopy, narrow-linewidth laser stabilization, and ultrasensitive measurements of various light-matter interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Winkler
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - L W Perner
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - G-W Truong
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - G Zhao
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - D Bachmann
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
| | - A S Mayer
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - J Fellinger
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - D Follman
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - P Heu
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
| | - C Deutsch
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
| | - D M Bailey
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - H Peelaers
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Kansas, 1251 Wescoe Hall Dr., Lawrence, KS 66045 USA
| | - S Puchegger
- Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - A J Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20899 USA
| | - G D Cole
- Crystalline Mirror Solutions, Santa Barbara, CA and Vienna, Austria
- Thorlabs Crystalline Solutions, 114 E Haley St., Suite G, Santa Barbara, CA 93101 USA
| | - O H Heckl
- Christian Doppler Laboratory for Mid-IR Spectroscopy and Semiconductor Optics, Faculty Center for Nano Structure Research, Faculty of Physics, University of Vienna, Boltzmanngasse 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Fleisher AJ, Yi H, Srivastava A, Polyansky OL, Zobov NF, Hodges JT. Absolute 13C/ 12C Isotope Amount Ratio for Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite from Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy. NATURE PHYSICS 2021; 17:10.1038/s41567-021-01226-y. [PMID: 36873572 PMCID: PMC9982939 DOI: 10.1038/s41567-021-01226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Measurements of isotope ratios are predominantly made with reference to standard specimens that have been characterized in the past. In the 1950s, the carbon isotope ratio was referenced to a belemnite sample collected by Heinz Lowenstam and Harold Urey1 in South Carolina's Pee Dee region. Due to the exhaustion of the sample since then, reference materials that are traceable to the original artefact are used to define the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite (VPDB) scale for stable carbon isotope analysis2. However, these reference materials have also become exhausted or proven to exhibit unstable composition over time3, mirroring issues with the international prototype of the kilogram that led to a revised International System of Units4. A campaign to elucidate the stable carbon isotope ratio of VPDB is underway5, but independent measurement techniques are required to support it. Here we report an accurate value for the stable carbon isotope ratio inferred from infrared absorption spectroscopy, fulfilling the promise of this fundamentally accurate approach6. Our results agree with a value recently derived from mass spectrometry5, and therefore advance the prospects of SI-traceable isotope analysis. Further, our calibration-free method could improve mass balance calculations and enhance isotopic tracer studies in CO2 source apportionment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam J. Fleisher
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Adam J. Fleisher, Hongming Yi
- To whom correspondence should be addressed: , phone: 301-975-4864, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive, Mailstop 8320, Gaithersburg, MD 20899, USA
| | - Hongming Yi
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
- These authors contributed equally: Adam J. Fleisher, Hongming Yi
- Present affiliation: The Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, USA
| | - Abneesh Srivastava
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| | - Oleg L. Polyansky
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, London, UK
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Nikolai F. Zobov
- Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Joseph T. Hodges
- Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Maity A, Maithani S, Pradhan M. Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy: Recent Technological Advancements, Techniques, and Applications. Anal Chem 2020; 93:388-416. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c04329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Maity
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Sanchi Maithani
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| | - Manik Pradhan
- Department of Chemical, Biological and Macromolecular Sciences, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
- Technical Research Centre, S. N. Bose National Centre for Basic Sciences, Salt Lake, JD Block, Sector III, Kolkata 700106, India
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Zhang ZT, Cheng CF, Sun YR, Liu AW, Hu SM. Cavity ring-down spectroscopy based on a comb-locked optical parametric oscillator source. OPTICS EXPRESS 2020; 28:27600-27607. [PMID: 32988050 DOI: 10.1364/oe.404944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Spectroscopy of molecules in the mid-infrared (MIR) region has important applications in various fields, such as astronomical observation, environmental detection, and fundamental physics. However, compared to that in the near-infrared, precision spectroscopy in the MIR is often limited by the light source and has not shown full potential in sensitivity. Here we report a cavity ring-down spectroscopy system using a tunable narrow-linewidth optical parametric oscillator, which fulfills the requirement of high sensitivity and high precision in the MIR region. The Lamb-dip spectrum of the N2O molecule at 2.7 μm was measured as a demonstration of spectroscopy in the MIR with kilohertz accuracy.
Collapse
|
18
|
Larnimaa S, Halonen L, Karhu J, Tomberg T, Metsälä M, Genoud G, Hieta T, Bell S, Vainio M. High-resolution analysis of the ν3 band of radiocarbon methane 14CH4. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2020.137488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
|
19
|
Zhang ZT, Tan Y, Wang J, Cheng CF, Sun YR, Liu AW, Hu SM. Seeded optical parametric oscillator light source for precision spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2020; 45:1013-1016. [PMID: 32058529 DOI: 10.1364/ol.384582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Precision spectroscopy of fundamental bands of molecules in the mid-infrared (MIR) region is of great interest in applications of trace detection and testing fundamental physics, where high-power and narrow-linewidth MIR lasers are needed. By using a frequency-stabilized near-infrared laser as a seed of the signal light of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator, we established a broadly tunable MIR light source that has an output power of several hundred milliwatts and a linewidth of a few tens of kilohertz. The MIR laser frequency drift was reduced to below 1 kHz by using an optical frequency comb to stabilize the frequency of the 1064 nm pumping laser. The performance of the light source was investigated and tested by measuring the saturated absorption spectroscopy of a few molecular transitions at 3.3 µm.
Collapse
|
20
|
Human ADME for YH12852 using wavelength scanning cavity ring-down spectroscopy (WS-CRDS) after a low radioactivity dose. Bioanalysis 2020; 12:87-98. [PMID: 31928227 DOI: 10.4155/bio-2019-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Human 14C radiotracer studies provide information-rich data sets that enable informed decision making in clinical drug development. These studies are supported by liquid scintillation counting after conventional-sized 14C doses (50-200 μCi) or complex accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) after microtracer-sized doses (∼0.1-1 μCi). Mid-infrared laser-based 'cavity ring-down spectroscopy' (CRDS) is an emerging platform for the sensitive quantitation of 14C tracers. Results & methodology: We compared the total 14C concentrations in plasma and urine samples from a microtracer study using both CRDS and AMS technology. The data were evaluated using statistical and pharmacokinetic modeling. Conclusion: The CRDS method closely reproduced the AMS method for total 14C concentrations. With optimization of the automated sample interface and further testing, it promises to be an accessible, robust system for pivotal microtracer investigations.
Collapse
|
21
|
Genoud G, Lehmuskoski J, Bell S, Palonen V, Oinonen M, Koskinen-Soivi ML, Reinikainen M. Laser Spectroscopy for Monitoring of Radiocarbon in Atmospheric Samples. Anal Chem 2019; 91:12315-12320. [PMID: 31500419 PMCID: PMC7076718 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.9b02496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
![]()
In-situ
monitoring of radiocarbon emissions is challenging due
to the lack of a suitable method for sensitive online detection of
this isotope. Here we report on a complete system for automatized
continuous on-site monitoring of radiocarbon gaseous emissions from
nuclear facilities. By combining radiocarbon detection using mid-infrared
cavity ring-down spectroscopy and an advanced sampling system, an
elevated amount of radiocarbon in an atmospheric-like gas matrix was
detected. Radiocarbon was detected in the form of 14CO2 after extraction of the carbon dioxide from the air sample.
The system is also able to discriminate between radiocarbon in organic
or inorganic molecular form by converting 14CH4 into 14CO2. This work lays the groundwork
for further use of this technology in nuclear facilities for online
on-site monitoring of radioactive gaseous emissions as well as future
work on in-situ monitoring of atmospheric radiocarbon.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Genoud
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Limited , Espoo FI-02044 VTT , Finland
| | | | - Steven Bell
- National Physical Laboratory , Hampton Road, Teddington , Middlesex TW11 0LW , United Kingdom
| | | | | | | | - Matti Reinikainen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Limited , Espoo FI-02044 VTT , Finland
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Murnick DE. Laser-based radiocarbon detection in the laboratory: How soon? J Labelled Comp Radiopharm 2019; 62:768-775. [PMID: 31369168 DOI: 10.1002/jlcr.3794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 07/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Research over the past 25 years and the use of accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) have demonstrated benefits of single-atom counting of 14 C compared with scintillation monitoring of 14 C radioactive decay for a multitude of applications in drug development studies. These include pharmacokinetics and metabolism studies, microdosing studies, and quantification of DNA adducts. In the last decade, the possibility of single-atom counting using lasers has been demonstrated, providing the possibility of simplified laboratory-based systems, which can equal or excel AMS sensitivity and provide scintillation system convenience without high levels of radioactivity. To achieve the required sensitivity, optical storage cavities have been used to enhance the laser interaction of the low densities of radiocarbon present. Two types of laser technologies have been used-cavity ring-down spectroscopy (CRDS) and intracavity opto-galvanic spectroscopy (ICOGS). Problems to be overcome to achieve routine use have included separation of the 14 C signal from backgrounds, achievement of acceptable precision and accuracy, reduction of measurement times for small samples, and improvement in the ease of use for the operator. Both technologies have achieved impressive results to date using samples of order 1 mg with CRDS and 10 μg with ICOGS. Commercial development is the next step.
Collapse
|
23
|
Malfatti MA, Buchholz BA, Enright HA, Stewart BJ, Ognibene TJ, McCartt AD, Loots GG, Zimmermann M, Scharadin TM, Cimino GD, Jonas BA, Pan CX, Bench G, Henderson PT, Turteltaub KW. Radiocarbon Tracers in Toxicology and Medicine: Recent Advances in Technology and Science. TOXICS 2019; 7:E27. [PMID: 31075884 PMCID: PMC6631948 DOI: 10.3390/toxics7020027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes recent developments in radiocarbon tracer technology and applications. Technologies covered include accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS), including conversion of samples to graphite, and rapid combustion to carbon dioxide to enable direct liquid sample analysis, coupling to HPLC for real-time AMS analysis, and combined molecular mass spectrometry and AMS for analyte identification and quantitation. Laser-based alternatives, such as cavity ring down spectrometry, are emerging to enable lower cost, higher throughput measurements of biological samples. Applications covered include radiocarbon dating, use of environmental atomic bomb pulse radiocarbon content for cell and protein age determination and turnover studies, and carbon source identification. Low dose toxicology applications reviewed include studies of naphthalene-DNA adduct formation, benzo[a]pyrene pharmacokinetics in humans, and triclocarban exposure and risk assessment. Cancer-related studies covered include the use of radiocarbon-labeled cells for better defining mechanisms of metastasis and the use of drug-DNA adducts as predictive biomarkers of response to chemotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael A Malfatti
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Bruce A Buchholz
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Heather A Enright
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Benjamin J Stewart
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Ted J Ognibene
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - A Daniel McCartt
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Gabriela G Loots
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Maike Zimmermann
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - Tiffany M Scharadin
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - George D Cimino
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - Brian A Jonas
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Chong-Xian Pan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
| | - Graham Bench
- Center for Accelerator Mass Spectrometry, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| | - Paul T Henderson
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology and Oncology and UC Davis Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California Davis Medical School, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.
- Accelerated Medical Diagnostics Incorporated, Berkeley, CA 94708, USA.
| | - Kenneth W Turteltaub
- Biosciences and Biotechnology Division, Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA 94550, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Burt T, Vuong LT, Baker E, Young GC, McCartt AD, Bergstrom M, Sugiyama Y, Combes R. Phase 0, including microdosing approaches: Applying the Three Rs and increasing the efficiency of human drug development. Altern Lab Anim 2019; 46:335-346. [PMID: 30657329 DOI: 10.1177/026119291804600603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phase 0 approaches, including microdosing, involve the use of sub-therapeutic exposures to the tested drugs, thus enabling safer, more-relevant, quicker and cheaper first-in-human (FIH) testing. These approaches also have considerable potential to limit the use of animals in human drug development. Recent years have witnessed progress in applications, methodology, operations, and drug development culture. Advances in applications saw an expansion in therapeutic areas, developmental scenarios and scientific objectives, in, for example, protein drug development and paediatric drug development. In the operational area, the increased sensitivity of Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), expansion of the utility of Positron Emission Tomography (PET) imaging, and the introduction of Cavity Ring-Down Spectroscopy (CRDS), have led to the increased accessibility and utility of Phase 0 approaches, while reducing costs and exposure to radioactivity. PET has extended the application of microdosing, from its use as a predominant tool to record pharmacokinetics, to a method for recording target expression and target engagement, as well as cellular and tissue responses. Advances in methodology include adaptive Phase 0/Phase 1 designs, cassette and cocktail microdosing, and Intra-Target Microdosing (ITM), as well as novel modelling opportunities and simulations. Importantly, these methodologies increase the predictive power of extrapolation from microdose to therapeutic level exposures. However, possibly the most challenging domain in which progress has been made, is the culture of drug development. One of the main potential values of Phase 0 approaches is the opportunity to terminate development early, thus not only applying the principle of 'kill-early-kill-cheap' to enhance the efficiency of drug development, but also obviating the need for the full package of animal testing required for therapeutic level Phase 1 studies. Finally, we list developmental scenarios that utilised Phase 0 approaches in novel drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tal Burt
- Burt Consultancy, LLC, Durham, NC, USA
| | | | - Elizabeth Baker
- Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Graeme C Young
- Translational Medicine, Research, GSK, David Jack Centre for R&D, Ware, Hertfordshire, UK
| | | | - Mats Bergstrom
- Department of Pharmacology and PET-centre, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Yuichi Sugiyama
- Sugiyama Laboratory, RIKEN Innovation Center, RIKEN (The Institute of Physical and Chemical Research(, Yokohama, Kanagawa, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Karhu J, Tomberg T, Senna Vieira F, Genoud G, Hänninen V, Vainio M, Metsälä M, Hieta T, Bell S, Halonen L. Broadband photoacoustic spectroscopy of CH 414 with a high-power mid-infrared optical frequency comb. OPTICS LETTERS 2019; 44:1142-1145. [PMID: 30821733 DOI: 10.1364/ol.44.001142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
We report a photoacoustic spectroscopy setup with a high-power mid-infrared frequency comb as the light source. The setup is used in broadband spectroscopy of radiocarbon methane. Owing to the high sensitivity of a cantilever-enhanced photoacoustic cell and the high-power light source, we can reach a detection limit below 100 ppb in a broadband measurement with a sample volume of only a few milliliters. The first infrared spectrum of CH414 is reported and given a preliminary assignment. The results lay a foundation for the development of optical detection systems for radiocarbon methane.
Collapse
|
26
|
Nanotracing and cavity-ring down spectroscopy: A new ultrasensitive approach in large molecule drug disposition studies. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0205435. [PMID: 30332475 PMCID: PMC6192596 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0205435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
New therapeutic biological entities such as bispecific antibodies targeting tissue or specific cell populations form an increasingly important part of the drug development portfolio. However, these biopharmaceutical agents bear the risk of extensive target-mediated drug disposition or atypical pharmacokinetic properties as compared to canonical antibodies. Pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies become therefore more and more important during lead optimization. Biologics present, however, greater analytical challenges than small molecule drugs due to the mass and selectivity limitation of mass spectrometry and ligand-binding assay, respectively. Radiocarbon (14C) and its detection methods, such as the emerging 14C cavity ring down spectroscopy (CRDS), thus can play an important role in the large molecule quantitation where a 14C-tag is covalently bound through a stable linker. CRDS has the advantage of a simplified sample preparation and introduction system as compared to accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) and can be accommodated within an ordinary research laboratory. In this study, we report on the labeling of an anti-IL17 IgG1 model antibody with 14C propionate tag and its detection by CRDS using it as nanotracer (2.1 nCi or 77.7 Bq blended with the therapeutic dose) in a pharmacokinetics study in a preclinical species. We compare these data to data generated by AMS in parallel processed samples. The derived concentration time profiles for anti-IL17 by CRDS were in concordance with the ones derived by AMS and γ-counting of an 125I-labeled anti-IL17 radiotracer and were well described by a 2-compartment population pharmacokinetic model. In addition, antibody tissue distribution coefficients for anti-IL17 were determined by CRDS, which proved to be a direct and sensitive measurement of the extravascular tissue concentration of the antibody when tissue perfusion was applied. Thus, this proof-of-concept study demonstrates that trace 14C-radiolabels and CRDS are an ultrasensitive approach in (pre)clinical pharmacokinetics and bio-distribution studies of new therapeutic entities.
Collapse
|
27
|
Phillips MC, Brumfield BE, Harilal SS. Real-time standoff detection of nitrogen isotopes in ammonia plumes using a swept external cavity quantum cascade laser. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:4065-4068. [PMID: 30160717 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.004065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A swept-wavelength external cavity quantum cascade laser is used to measure time-resolved NH315 and NH314 concentrations and isotope ratios in a turbulent plume source located at 10 m standoff distance. Measurements show excellent agreement with expected values of isotope ratios for samples with natural and enriched N15 abundance. Detection sensitivity of 150 ppb*m is demonstrated for a 50 ms measurement interval, improving to 10 ppb*m with 10 s averaging, with isotopic precision as good as 0.8%.
Collapse
|
28
|
Gibson BM. Adjacent-resonance etalon cancellation in ring-down spectroscopy. OPTICS LETTERS 2018; 43:3257-3260. [PMID: 30004480 DOI: 10.1364/ol.43.003257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Adjacent-resonance etalon cancellation provides a means of significantly reducing both systematic and random errors introduced in cavity ring-down spectroscopy by unwanted etalons. By stretching the ring-down cavity symmetrically about its center point and collecting two data sets at cavity lengths separated by λ/2, two fringing components offset in phase by 180 deg are obtained. When these two data sets are averaged, oscillations in effective mirror reflectivities due to fringing are dramatically reduced. The technique is demonstrated in a 12 cm monolithic ring-down spectrometer. Long-term time constant measurements show a decrease in noise-equivalent absorption and an increase in maximum effective averaging time due to a reduction in noise coupled in by etalons; trace water spectra demonstrate how removing the systematic fringing components eases absorption peak identification.
Collapse
|
29
|
Determining Biogenic Content of Biogas by Measuring Stable Isotopologues 12CH₄, 13CH₄, and CH₃D with a Mid-Infrared Direct Absorption Laser Spectrometer. SENSORS 2018; 18:s18020496. [PMID: 29414879 PMCID: PMC5855934 DOI: 10.3390/s18020496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A tunable laser absorption spectrometer (TLAS) was developed for the simultaneous measurement of δ13C and δD values of methane (CH₄). A mid-infrared interband cascade laser (ICL) emitting around 3.27 µm was used to measure the absorption of the three most abundant isotopologues in CH₄ with a single, mode-hop free current sweep. The instrument was validated against methane samples of fossil and biogenic origin with known isotopic composition. Three blended mixtures with varied biogenic content were prepared volumetrically, and their δ13C and δD values were determined. Analysis demonstrated that, provided the isotopic composition of the source materials was known, the δ13C and δD values alone were sufficient to determine the biogenic content of the blended samples to within 1.5%.
Collapse
|