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Limmer DT, Götz AW, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Molecular Insights into Chemical Reactions at Aqueous Aerosol Interfaces. Annu Rev Phys Chem 2024; 75:111-135. [PMID: 38360527 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physchem-083122-121620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
Atmospheric aerosols facilitate reactions between ambient gases and dissolved species. Here, we review our efforts to interrogate the uptake of these gases and the mechanisms of their reactions both theoretically and experimentally. We highlight the fascinating behavior of N2O5 in solutions ranging from pure water to complex mixtures, chosen because its aerosol-mediated reactions significantly impact global ozone, hydroxyl, and methane concentrations. As a hydrophobic, weakly soluble, and highly reactive species, N2O5 is a sensitive probe of the chemical and physical properties of aerosol interfaces. We employ contemporary theory to disentangle the fate of N2O5 as it approaches pure and salty water, starting with adsorption and ending with hydrolysis to HNO3, chlorination to ClNO2, or evaporation. Flow reactor and gas-liquid scattering experiments probe even greater complexity as added ions, organic molecules, and surfactants alter the interfacial composition and reaction rates. Together, we reveal a new perspective on multiphase chemistry in the atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- David T Limmer
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, California, USA;
- Materials Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, Berkeley, California, USA
- Chemical Science Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, California, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA;
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, USA; ,
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2
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Liu Y, Jia Y, Chu B, Li S, Cao Q, Liu J, Ma W, Li Y, Wang L, Nie W, Ma Q, He H. An Alternative Calibration Method for Measuring N 2O 5 with an Iodide-Chemical Ionization Mass Spectrometer and Influencing Factors. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4048-4056. [PMID: 38373182 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c04089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/21/2024]
Abstract
In this work, we developed an alternative calibration method for measuring N2O5 with an iodide adduct mass spectrometer (I-CIMS). In this calibration method, N2O5 is heated and then quantified based on the decrease in the amount of NO due to its reaction with the pyrolysis product (NO3). This alternative calibration method was compared with the commonly used method utilizing NOx analyzers equipped with a photolytic converter, which gauge NO2 reduction as a result of its reaction with O3 to quantify N2O5. It is notable that the two methodologies demonstrate favorable consistency in terms of calibrating N2O5, with a variance of less than 10 %. The alternative calibration method is a more reliable way to quantify N2O5 with CIMS, considering the instability of the NO2 conversion efficiency of photolytic converters in NOx analyzers and the loss of N2O5 in the sampling line. The effects of O3 and relative humidity (RH) on the sensitivity toward N2O5 were further examined. There was minimal perturbation of N2O5 quantification upon exposure to O3 even at high concentrations. The N2O5 sensitivity exhibited a nonlinear dependence on RH as it initially rose and then fell. Besides I(N2O5)-, the collisional interaction between I(H2O)- and N2O5 also forms I(HNO3)-, which may interfere with the accurate quantification of HNO3. As a consequence of the pronounced dependence on humidity, it is advisable to implement humidity correction procedures when conducting measurements of N2O5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yongcheng Jia
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Biwu Chu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Shuying Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qing Cao
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Wei Ma
- Aerosol and Haze Laboratory, Advanced Innovation Center for Soft Matter Science and Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Wei Nie
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Research, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
- National Observation and Research Station for Atmospheric Processes and Environmental Change in Yangtze River Delta, Nanjing 210023 Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qingxin Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hong He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Lu QB. Formulation of the cosmic ray-driven electron-induced reaction mechanism for quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2303048120. [PMID: 37364123 PMCID: PMC10319005 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2303048120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This paper formulates the cosmic ray-driven electron-induced reaction as a universal mechanism to provide a quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion. Based on a proposed electrostatic bonding mechanism for charge-induced adsorption of molecules on surfaces and on the measured dissociative electron transfer (DET) cross sections of ozone-depleting substances (ODSs) adsorbed on ice, an analytical equation is derived to give atmospheric chlorine atom concentration: [Formula: see text] where Φe is the prehydrated electron (epre-) flux produced by cosmic ray ionization on atmospheric particle surfaces, [Formula: see text] is the surface coverage of an ODS, and ki is the ODS's effective DET coefficient that is the product of the DET cross section, the lifetimes of surface-trapped epre- and Cl-, and the particle surface area density. With concentrations of ODSs as the sole variable, our calculated results of time-series ozone depletion rates in global regions in the 1960s, 1980s, and 2000s show generally good agreement with observations, particularly with ground-based ozonesonde data and satellite-measured data over Antarctica and with satellite data in a narrow altitude band at 13 to 20 km of the tropics. Good agreements with satellite data in the Arctic and midlatitudes are also found. A previously unreported effect of denitrification on ozone loss is found and expressed quantitatively. But this equation overestimates tropospheric ozone loss at northern midlatitudes and the Arctic, likely due to increased ozone production by the halogen chemistry in polluted regions. The results render confidence in applying the equation to achieve a quantitative understanding of global ozone depletion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing-Bin Lu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, ONN2L 3G1, Canada
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McCaslin LM, Götz AW, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. Effects of Microhydration on the Mechanisms of Hydrolysis and Cl - Substitution in Reactions of N 2 O 5 and Seawater. Chemphyschem 2023; 24:e202200819. [PMID: 36385485 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202200819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The reaction of N2 O5 at atmospheric interfaces has recently received considerable attention due to its importance in atmospheric chemistry. N2 O5 reacts preferentially with Cl- to form ClNO2 /NO3 - (Cl- substitution), but can also react with H2 O to form 2HNO3 (hydrolysis). In this paper, we explore these competing reactions in a theoretical study of the clusters N2 O5 /Cl- /nH2 O (n=2-5), resulting in the identification of three reaction motifs. First, we uncovered an SN 2-type Cl- substitution reaction of N2 O5 that occurs very quickly due to low barriers to reaction. Second, we found a low-lying pathway to hydrolysis via a ClNO2 intermediate (two-step hydrolysis). Finally, we found a direct hydrolysis pathway where H2 O attacks N2 O5 (one-step hydrolysis). We find that Cl- substitution is the fastest reaction in every cluster. Between one-step and two-step hydrolysis, we find that one-step hydrolysis barriers are lower, making two-step hydrolysis (via ClNO2 intermediate) likely only when concentrations of Cl- are high.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M McCaslin
- Combustion Research Facility, Sandia National Laboratories, Livermore, CA 94550, USA
| | - Andreas W Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Mark A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, 9190401, Israel.,Department of Chemistry, University of California Irvine, Irvine, CA 92597, USA
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Karimova NV, Chen J, Gord JR, Staudt S, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM, Gerber RB. S N2 Reactions of N 2O 5 with Ions in Water: Microscopic Mechanisms, Intermediates, and Products. J Phys Chem A 2020; 124:711-720. [PMID: 31880456 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b09095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Reactions of dinitrogen pentoxide (N2O5) greatly affect the concentrations of NO3, ozone, OH radicals, methane, and more. In this work, we employ ab initio molecular dynamics and other tools of computational chemistry to explore reactions of N2O5 with anions hydrated by 12 water molecules to shed light on this important class of reactions. The ions investigated are Cl-, SO42-, ClO4-, and RCOO- (R = H, CH3, C2H5). The following main results are obtained: (i) all the reactions take place by an SN2-type mechanism, with a transition state that involves a contact ion pair (NO2+NO3-) that interacts strongly with water molecules. (ii) Reactions of a solvent-separated nitronium ion (NO2+) are not observed in any of the cases. (iii) An explanation is provided for the suppression of ClNO2 formation from N2O5 reacting with salty water when sulfate or acetate ions are present, as found in recent experiments. (iv) Formation of novel intermediate species, such as (SO4NO2-) and RCOONO2, in these reactions is predicted. The results suggest atomistic-level mechanisms for the reactions studied and may be useful for the development of improved modeling of reaction kinetics in aerosol particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia V Karimova
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine 92697 , California , United States
| | - James Chen
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine 92697 , California , United States
| | - Joseph R Gord
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - Sean Staudt
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - Timothy H Bertram
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - Gilbert M Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry , University of Wisconsin-Madison , Madison 53706 , Wisconsin , United States
| | - R Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry , University of California, Irvine , Irvine 92697 , California , United States.,Institute of Chemistry and Fritz Haber Research Center , Hebrew University of Jerusalem , Jerusalem 91904 , Israel
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Sobyra TB, Pliszka H, Bertram TH, Nathanson GM. Production of Br2 from N2O5 and Br– in Salty and Surfactant-Coated Water Microjets. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:8942-8953. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b04225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B. Sobyra
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Helena Pliszka
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Timothy H. Bertram
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Gilbert M. Nathanson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin−Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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McCaslin LM, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. Mechanisms and competition of halide substitution and hydrolysis in reactions of N 2O 5 with seawater. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaav6503. [PMID: 31183400 PMCID: PMC6551187 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aav6503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
SN2-type halide substitution and hydrolysis are two of the most ubiquitous reactions in chemistry. The interplay between these processes is fundamental in atmospheric chemistry through reactions of N2O5 and seawater. N2O5 plays a major role in regulating levels of O3, OH, NO x , and CH4. While the reactions of N2O5 and seawater are of central importance, little is known about their mechanisms. Of interest is the activation of Cl in seawater by the formation of gaseous ClNO2, which occurs despite the fact that hydrolysis (to HNO3) is energetically more favorable. We determine key features of the reaction landscape that account for this behavior in a theoretical study of the cluster N2O5/Cl-/H2O. This was carried out using ab initio molecular dynamics to determine reaction pathways, structures, and time scales. While hydrolysis of N2O5 occurs in the absence of Cl-, results here reveal that a low-lying pathway featuring halide substitution intermediates enhances hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura M. McCaslin
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
| | - Mark A. Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06525, USA
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem 9190401, Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
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Bajaj P, Riera M, Lin JK, Mendoza Montijo YE, Gazca J, Paesani F. Halide Ion Microhydration: Structure, Energetics, and Spectroscopy of Small Halide–Water Clusters. J Phys Chem A 2019; 123:2843-2852. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.9b00816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Karimova N, McCaslin LM, Gerber RB. Ion reactions in atmospherically-relevant clusters: mechanisms, dynamics and spectroscopic signatures. Faraday Discuss 2019; 217:342-360. [DOI: 10.1039/c8fd00230d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Exploring models of reactions of N2O4 with ions in water in order to provide molecular-level understanding of these processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laura M. McCaslin
- Institute of Chemistry
- Fritz Haber Research Center
- Hebrew University of Jerusalem
- Jerusalem 91904
- Israel
| | - R. Benny Gerber
- Department of Chemistry
- University of California
- Irvine
- USA
- Institute of Chemistry
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Hirshberg B, Rossich Molina E, Götz AW, Hammerich AD, Nathanson GM, Bertram TH, Johnson MA, Gerber RB. N2O5at water surfaces: binding forces, charge separation, energy accommodation and atmospheric implications. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:17961-17976. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cp03022g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Studying the interactions between N2O5and water in nano-sized clusters, in bulk and on the surface of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barak Hirshberg
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics
- the Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 9190401
- Israel
| | - Estefanía Rossich Molina
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics
- the Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 9190401
- Israel
| | - Andreas W. Götz
- San Diego Supercomputer Center
- University of California
- San Diego, La Jolla
- USA
| | | | | | | | | | - R. Benny Gerber
- The Institute of Chemistry and the Fritz Haber Center for Molecular Dynamics
- the Hebrew University
- Jerusalem 9190401
- Israel
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine
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