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Kalita A, Mrozek-McCourt M, Kaldawi TF, Willmott PR, Loh ND, Marte S, Sierra RG, Laksmono H, Koglin JE, Hayes MJ, Paul RH, Guillet SAH, Aquila AL, Liang M, Boutet S, Stan CA. Microstructure and crystal order during freezing of supercooled water drops. Nature 2023; 620:557-561. [PMID: 37587300 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06283-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Supercooled water droplets are widely used to study supercooled water1,2, ice nucleation3-5 and droplet freezing6-11. Their freezing in the atmosphere affects the dynamics and climate feedback of clouds12,13 and can accelerate cloud freezing through secondary ice production14-17. Droplet freezing occurs at several timescales and length scales14,18 and is sufficiently stochastic to make it unlikely that two frozen drops are identical. Here we use optical microscopy and X-ray laser diffraction to investigate the freezing of tens of thousands of water microdrops in vacuum after homogeneous ice nucleation around 234-235 K. On the basis of drop images, we developed a seven-stage model of freezing and used it to time the diffraction data. Diffraction from ice crystals showed that long-range crystalline order formed in less than 1 ms after freezing, whereas diffraction from the remaining liquid became similar to that from quasi-liquid layers on premelted ice19,20. The ice had a strained hexagonal crystal structure just after freezing, which is an early metastable state that probably precedes the formation of ice with stacking defects8,9,18. The techniques reported here could help determine the dynamics of freezing in other conditions, such as drop freezing in clouds, or help understand rapid solidification in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armin Kalita
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Maximillian Mrozek-McCourt
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, Lehigh University, Bethlehem, PA, USA
| | - Thomas F Kaldawi
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
| | - Philip R Willmott
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, Switzerland
| | - N Duane Loh
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Department of Biological Sciences, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Physics, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Sebastian Marte
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Raymond G Sierra
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Hartawan Laksmono
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- KLA-Tencor, Milpitas, CA, USA
| | - Jason E Koglin
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
- Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM, USA
| | - Matt J Hayes
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Robert H Paul
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Serge A H Guillet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Andrew L Aquila
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Mengning Liang
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Sébastien Boutet
- Linac Coherent Light Source, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | - Claudiu A Stan
- Department of Physics, Rutgers University-Newark, Newark, NJ, USA.
- Stanford PULSE Institute, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA.
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2
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Buttersack T, Haak H, Bluhm H, Hergenhahn U, Meijer G, Winter B. Imaging temperature and thickness of thin planar liquid water jets in vacuum. STRUCTURAL DYNAMICS (MELVILLE, N.Y.) 2023; 10:034901. [PMID: 37398627 PMCID: PMC10314331 DOI: 10.1063/4.0000188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023]
Abstract
We present spatially resolved measurements of the temperature of a flat liquid water microjet for varying ambient pressures, from vacuum to 100% relative humidity. The entire jet surface is probed in a single shot by a high-resolution infrared camera. Obtained 2D images are substantially influenced by the temperature of the apparatus on the opposite side of the infrared camera; a protocol to correct for the thermal background radiation is presented. In vacuum, we observe cooling rates due to water evaporation on the order of 105 K/s. For our system, this corresponds to a temperature decrease in approximately 15 K between upstream and downstream positions of the flowing leaf. Making reasonable assumptions on the absorption of the thermal background radiation in the flatjet, we can extend our analysis to infer a thickness map. For a reference system, our value for the thickness is in good agreement with the one reported from white light interferometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tillmann Buttersack
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Henrik Haak
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Hendrik Bluhm
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Uwe Hergenhahn
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Gerard Meijer
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernd Winter
- Fritz-Haber-Institut der Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, Faradayweg 4-6, 14195 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Luo S, Jin Y, Tao R, Li H, Li C, Wang J, Li Z. Molecular understanding of ion rejection in the freezing of aqueous solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:13292-13299. [PMID: 34095926 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01733k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In this work, we investigate the microscopic mechanism of ion rejection phenomena during the freezing of aqueous NaCl solutions through molecular dynamics simulations. It is found that the hydration energy for the ion-water interaction is stronger than that between ions and ice, which is the fundamental reason giving rise to the phenomenon of ion rejection. The probability of ions being rejected by ice is determined by the competition between the energy barrier at the ice-water interface and the thermal effect. The ion rejection rate increases with increasing temperature. Furthermore, it is found that the rejection rate of Na+ is higher than that of Cl- because of the relatively large hydration energy difference between Na+-water and Na+-ice interactions. The role of temperature in the applications of ion rejection in freeze desalination is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Luo
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Yakang Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Ran Tao
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
| | - Haiyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China.
| | - Chu Li
- Department of Chemistry, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong
| | - Jun Wang
- Key Laboratory of Enhanced Heat Transfer and Energy Conservation, Ministry of Education, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, P. R. China.
| | - Zhigang Li
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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Rolle K, Butt HJ, Fytas G. Flash Brillouin Scattering: A Confocal Technique for Measuring Glass Transitions at High Scan Rates. ACS PHOTONICS 2021; 8:531-539. [PMID: 33634207 PMCID: PMC7898954 DOI: 10.1021/acsphotonics.0c01533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Glass transition temperatures T g are most commonly measured by differential scanning calorimetry, a method that has been extended to the flash scanning calorimetry (FSC) regime by reducing sample volumes. However, significant manual preparation effort can render FSC impractical for, e.g., local probing of spatially heterogeneous specimens. Another strategy can be to select a small volume by focusing down a laser beam, where Brillouin Light Scattering (BLS) is a proven method for confocal T g measurement. Here, we introduce Flash Brillouin Scattering, which extends BLS to fast scan rates, achieved by periodically heating the probed region with an infrared laser. For comparison with conventional BLS, we first characterize T g of pure glycerol, and show how rapid quenching produces a less packed glass with downshifted sound velocity. We then turn toward its aqueous solutions, which crystallize too fast for a nonflash approach, and demonstrate scan rates in excess of 105 K/s. These results are of interest not only because glycerol is a model system for hydrogen-bonded glass formers, but also because of its applications as a cryoprotectant for frozen biological samples. Light scattering studies of the latter, currently limited to cryo-Raman spectroscopy, are likely to be complemented by the technique introduced here.
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Chavan S, Park D, Singla N, Sokalski P, Boyina K, Miljkovic N. Effect of Latent Heat Released by Freezing Droplets during Frost Wave Propagation. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6636-6644. [PMID: 29733606 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Frost spreads on nonwetting surfaces during condensation frosting via an interdroplet frost wave. When a supercooled condensate water droplet freezes on a hydrophobic or superhydrophobic surface, neighboring droplets still in the liquid phase begin to evaporate. Two possible mechanisms govern the evaporation of neighboring water droplets: (1) The difference in saturation pressure of the water vapor surrounding the liquid and frozen droplets induces a vapor pressure gradient, and (2) the latent heat released by freezing droplets locally heats the substrate, leading to evaporation of nearby droplets. The relative significance of these two mechanisms is still not understood. Here, we study the significance of the latent heat released into the substrate by freezing droplets, and its effect on adjacent droplet evaporation, by studying the dynamics of individual water droplet freezing on aluminum-, copper-, and glass-based hydrophobic and superhydrophobic surfaces. The latent heat flux released into the substrate was calculated from the measured droplet sizes and the respective freezing times ( tf), defined as the time from initial ice nucleation within the droplet to complete droplet freezing. To probe the effect of latent heat release, we performed three-dimensional transient finite element simulations showing that the transfer of latent heat to neighboring droplets is insignificant and accounts for a negligible fraction of evaporation during microscale frost wave propagation. Furthermore, we studied the effect of substrate thermal conductivity on the transfer of latent heat transfer to neighboring droplets by investigating the velocity of ice bridge formation. The velocity of the ice bridge was independent of the substrate thermal conductivity, indicating that adjacent droplet evaporation during condensation frosting is governed solely by vapor pressure gradients. This study not only provides key insights into the individual droplet freezing process but also elucidates the negligible role of latent heat released into the substrate during frost wave propagation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shreyas Chavan
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Deokgeun Park
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Nitish Singla
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Peter Sokalski
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Kalyan Boyina
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
| | - Nenad Miljkovic
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering , University of Illinois , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Frederick Seitz Materials Research Laboratory , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign , Urbana , Illinois 61801 , United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER) , Kyushu University , 744 Moto-oka , Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395 , Japan
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