1
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Krämer M, Favelukis B, El-Zoka AA, Sokol M, Rosen BA, Eliaz N, Kim SH, Gault B. Near-Atomic-Scale Perspective on the Oxidation of Ti 3 C 2 T x MXenes: Insights from Atom Probe Tomography. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2024; 36:e2305183. [PMID: 37608621 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
MXenes are a family of 2D transition metal carbides and nitrides with remarkable properties, bearing great potential for energy storage and catalysis applications. However, their oxidation behavior is not yet fully understood, and there are still open questions regarding the spatial distribution and precise quantification of surface terminations, intercalated ions, and possible uncontrolled impurities incorporated during synthesis and processing. Here, atom probe tomography (APT) analysis of as-synthesized Ti3 C2 Tx MXenes reveals the presence of alkali (Li, Na) and halogen (Cl, F) elements as well as unetched Al. Following oxidation of the colloidal solution of MXenes, it is observed that the alkalis are enriched in TiO2 nanowires. Although these elements are tolerated through the incorporation by wet chemical synthesis, they are often overlooked when the activity of these materials is considered, particularly during catalytic testing. This work demonstrates how the capability of APT to image these elements in 3D at the near-atomic scale can help to better understand the activity and degradation of MXenes, in order to guide their synthesis for superior functional properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mathias Krämer
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Bar Favelukis
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
| | - Maxim Sokol
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Brian A Rosen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Noam Eliaz
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Tel Aviv University, P.O.B 39040, Ramat Aviv, 6997801, Israel
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ, UK
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2
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Thermodynamics-guided alloy and process design for additive manufacturing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:4361. [PMID: 35896545 PMCID: PMC9329330 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31969-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In conventional processing, metals go through multiple manufacturing steps including casting, plastic deformation, and heat treatment to achieve the desired property. In additive manufacturing (AM) the same target must be reached in one fabrication process, involving solidification and cyclic remelting. The thermodynamic and kinetic differences between the solid and liquid phases lead to constitutional undercooling, local variations in the solidification interval, and unexpected precipitation of secondary phases. These features may cause many undesired defects, one of which is the so-called hot cracking. The response of the thermodynamic and kinetic nature of these phenomena to high cooling rates provides access to the knowledge-based and tailored design of alloys for AM. Here, we illustrate such an approach by solving the hot cracking problem, using the commercially important IN738LC superalloy as a model material. The same approach could also be applied to adapt other hot-cracking susceptible alloy systems for AM.
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3
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Licata OG, Mazumder B. Understanding the Nature of Crystallographic Bonds by Establishing the Correlation between Ion-Pair Chemistry and Their Separation in Detector Space. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-9. [PMID: 35289265 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927622000460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of multi-hit events and the separation distance between multi-hit ion pairs field evaporated from III-nitride semiconductors can potentially provide insights on neighboring chemistry, crystal structure, and field conditions. In this work, we quantify the range of variation in major III-N and III-III ion-pair separation to establish correlations with bulk composition, growth method, and ion-pair chemistry. The analysis of ion-pair separation along the AlGaN/GaN heterostructure system allows for comparison of Ga-N and Ga-Ga ion-pair separation between events evaporated from pure GaN and Al0.3Ga0.7N. From this, we aim to define a relative measure for the bond length of ion pairs within an AlGaN/GaN heterostructure. The distributions of pair separation revealed a distinct bimodal behavior that is unique to Al-N2+ ion pairs, suggesting the occurrence of both co-evaporation and molecular dissociation. Finally, we demonstrated that the two modes of ion-pair events align with the known variation in the surface electric field of the AlGaN(0001) structure. These findings demonstrate the utility of atom probe tomography in studying the crystallographic nature of nitride semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Licata
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260, USA
| | - Baishakhi Mazumder
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260, USA
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4
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Khanchandani H, Kim SH, Varanasi RS, Prithiv TS, Stephenson LT, Gault B. Hydrogen and deuterium charging of lifted-out specimens for atom probe tomography. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:122. [PMID: 37645172 PMCID: PMC10445872 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14176.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement can cause a dramatic deterioration of the mechanical properties of high-strength metallic materials. Despite decades of experimental and modelling studies, the exact underlying mechanisms behind hydrogen embrittlement remain elusive. To unlock understanding of the mechanism and thereby help mitigate the influence of hydrogen and the associated embrittlement, it is essential to examine the interactions of hydrogen with structural defects such as grain boundaries, dislocations and stacking faults. Atom probe tomography (APT) can, in principle, analyse hydrogen located specifically at such microstructural features but faces strong challenges when it comes to charging specimens with hydrogen or deuterium. Here, we describe three different workflows enabling hydrogen/deuterium charging of site-specific APT specimens: namely cathodic, plasma and gas charging. All the experiments in the current study have been performed on a model twinning induced plasticity steel alloy. We discuss in detail the caveats of the different approaches in order to help future research efforts and facilitate further studies of hydrogen in metals. Our study demonstrates successful cathodic and gas charging, with the latter being more promising for the analysis of the high-strength steels at the core of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khanchandani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | | | - TS Prithiv
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Leigh T. Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
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5
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Khanchandani H, Kim SH, Varanasi RS, Prithiv TS, Stephenson LT, Gault B. Hydrogen and deuterium charging of lifted-out specimens for atom probe tomography. OPEN RESEARCH EUROPE 2022; 1:122. [PMID: 37645172 PMCID: PMC10445872 DOI: 10.12688/openreseurope.14176.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen embrittlement can cause a dramatic deterioration of the mechanical properties of high-strength metallic materials. Despite decades of experimental and modelling studies, the exact underlying mechanisms behind hydrogen embrittlement remain elusive. To unlock understanding of the mechanism and thereby help mitigate the influence of hydrogen and the associated embrittlement, it is essential to examine the interactions of hydrogen with structural defects such as grain boundaries, dislocations and stacking faults. Atom probe tomography (APT) can, in principle, analyse hydrogen located specifically at such microstructural features but faces strong challenges when it comes to charging specimens with hydrogen or deuterium. Here, we describe three different workflows enabling hydrogen/deuterium charging of site-specific APT specimens: namely cathodic, plasma and gas charging. All the experiments in the current study have been performed on a model twinning induced plasticity steel alloy. We discuss in detail the caveats of the different approaches in order to help future research efforts and facilitate further studies of hydrogen in metals. Our study demonstrates successful cathodic and gas charging, with the latter being more promising for the analysis of the high-strength steels at the core of our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heena Khanchandani
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | | | - TS Prithiv
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Leigh T. Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf, 40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP, UK
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6
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Stender P, Gault B, Schwarz TM, Woods EV, Kim SH, Ott J, Stephenson LT, Schmitz G, Freysoldt C, Kästner J, El-Zoka AA. Status and Direction of Atom Probe Analysis of Frozen Liquids. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2022; 28:1-18. [PMID: 35039105 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621013994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Imaging of liquids and cryogenic biological materials by electron microscopy has been recently enabled by innovative approaches for specimen preparation and the fast development of optimized instruments for cryo-enabled electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Yet, cryo-EM typically lacks advanced analytical capabilities, in particular for light elements. With the development of protocols for frozen wet specimen preparation, atom probe tomography (APT) could advantageously complement insights gained by cryo-EM. Here, we report on different approaches that have been recently proposed to enable the analysis of relatively large volumes of frozen liquids from either a flat substrate or the fractured surface of a wire. Both allowed for analyzing water ice layers which are several micrometers thick consisting of pure water, pure heavy water, and aqueous solutions. We discuss the merits of both approaches and prospects for further developments in this area. Preliminary results raise numerous questions, in part concerning the physics underpinning field evaporation. We discuss these aspects and lay out some of the challenges regarding the APT analysis of frozen liquids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Tim M Schwarz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Eric V Woods
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Se-Ho Kim
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Jonas Ott
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Guido Schmitz
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Pfaffenwaldring 55, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Ayman A El-Zoka
- Institute of Materials Science, Chair of Materials Physics, University of Stuttgart, Heisenbergstrasse 3, 70569Stuttgart, Germany
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7
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Xia Y, Liu J, Zhang X, Zhou R. Theoretical Insights into Energy Absorption and Charge Draining during Field Evaporation Assisted by Femtosecond Laser Pulses. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:9338-9345. [PMID: 34652158 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c06523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Manipulation of laser-assisted field evaporation taking place at a sub-picosecond time scale relies on a full understanding of the dynamics at a microscopic level. We use first-principles methods to investigate the mechanism of energy absorption and charge draining during fast evaporation of silicon in a high electrostatic field with ultrafast-laser illumination. The results show that laser energy absorption to trigger field evaporation can be described by an effective cross section, which depends on the photon frequency and the static field strength. The cross section is not affected by pulse duration or laser intensity, indicating that the absorption is first-order. It is found that the charge state of the evaporating ion fluctuates due to the collective excitation of electrons. The average charge state does not depend on laser parameters but only on the static field strength, in agreement with experimental observations. Our work provides theoretical insights into the manipulation of modern atom probe tomography and other ultrafast-laser-induced phenomena in high electric fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Xia
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Jiaming Liu
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Xingchu Zhang
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
| | - Renlong Zhou
- School of Physics and Information Engineering, Guangdong University of Education, No. 351 Xingang Zhong Road, Guangzhou 510303, China
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8
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Gault B, Klaes B, Morgado FF, Freysoldt C, Li Y, De Geuser F, Stephenson LT, Vurpillot F. Reflections on the Spatial Performance of Atom Probe Tomography in the Analysis of Atomic Neighborhoods. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-11. [PMID: 34666868 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) is often introduced as providing “atomic-scale” mapping of the composition of materials and as such is often exploited to analyze atomic neighborhoods within a material. Yet quantifying the actual spatial performance of the technique in a general case remains challenging, as it depends on the material system being investigated as well as on the specimen's geometry. Here, by using comparisons with field-ion microscopy experiments, field-ion imaging and field evaporation simulations, we provide the basis for a critical reflection on the spatial performance of APT in the analysis of pure metals, low alloyed systems and concentrated solid solutions (i.e., akin to high-entropy alloys). The spatial resolution imposes strong limitations on the possible interpretation of measured atomic neighborhoods, and directional neighborhood analyses restricted to the depth are expected to be more robust. We hope this work gets the community to reflect on its practices, in the same way, it got us to reflect on our work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, LondonSW7 2BP, UK
| | - Benjamin Klaes
- Groupe Physique des Matériaux, Université de Rouen, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, Normandie76800, France
| | - Felipe F Morgado
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - Christoph Freysoldt
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - Yue Li
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - Frederic De Geuser
- Université Grenoble Alpes, CNRS, Grenoble INP, SIMAP, Grenoble38000, France
| | - Leigh T Stephenson
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Str. 1, Düsseldorf40237, Germany
| | - François Vurpillot
- Groupe Physique des Matériaux, Université de Rouen, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, Normandie76800, France
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9
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Dumas P, Duguay S, Borrel J, Hilario F, Blavette D. Composition of Carbon Clusters in Implanted Silicon Using Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2021; 28:1-4. [PMID: 34544518 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927621012800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography was employed to observe and derive the composition of carbon clusters in implanted silicon. This value, which is of interest to the microelectronic industry when considering ion implantation defects, was estimated not to exceed 2 at%. This measurement has been done by fitting the distribution of first nearest neighbor distances between monoatomic carbon ions (C+ and C2+). Carbon quantification has been considerably improved through the detection of molecular ions, using lower electric field conditions as well as equal proportions of 12C and 13C. In these conditions and using another quantification method, we have shown that the carbon content in clusters approaches 50 at%. This result very likely indicates that clusters are nuclei of the SiC phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Dumas
- STMicroelectronics Crolles, Crolles, France
- Université de Rouen, GPM, UMR CNRS, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | - Sebastien Duguay
- Université de Rouen, GPM, UMR CNRS, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
| | | | | | - Didier Blavette
- Université de Rouen, GPM, UMR CNRS, Saint Etienne du Rouvray, France
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10
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Gault B, Chiaramonti A, Cojocaru-Mirédin O, Stender P, Dubosq R, Freysoldt C, Makineni SK, Li T, Moody M, Cairney JM. Atom probe tomography. NATURE REVIEWS. METHODS PRIMERS 2021; 1:10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w. [PMID: 37719173 PMCID: PMC10502706 DOI: 10.1038/s43586-021-00047-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Atom probe tomography (APT) provides three-dimensional compositional mapping with sub-nanometre resolution. The sensitivity of APT is in the range of parts per million for all elements, including light elements such as hydrogen, carbon or lithium, enabling unique insights into the composition of performance-enhancing or lifetime-limiting microstructural features and making APT ideally suited to complement electron-based or X-ray-based microscopies and spectroscopies. Here, we provide an introductory overview of APT ranging from its inception as an evolution of field ion microscopy to the most recent developments in specimen preparation, including for nanomaterials. We touch on data reconstruction, analysis and various applications, including in the geosciences and the burgeoning biological sciences. We review the underpinnings of APT performance and discuss both strengths and limitations of APT, including how the community can improve on current shortcomings. Finally, we look forwards to true atomic-scale tomography with the ability to measure the isotopic identity and spatial coordinates of every atom in an ever wider range of materials through new specimen preparation routes, novel laser pulsing and detector technologies, and full interoperability with complementary microscopy techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, London, UK
| | - Ann Chiaramonti
- National Institute of Standards and Technology, Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Boulder, CO, USA
| | | | - Patrick Stender
- Institute of Materials Science, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Renelle Dubosq
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | | | - Tong Li
- Institute for Materials, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Julie M. Cairney
- Australian Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
- School of Aerospace, Mechanical and Mechatronic Engineering, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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11
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Dumas P, Duguay S, Borrel J, Hilario F, Blavette D. Atom probe tomography quantification of carbon in silicon. Ultramicroscopy 2020; 220:113153. [PMID: 33128965 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2020.113153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 10/16/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Atom Probe Tomography (APT) was used to quantify carbon in implanted silicon at two various electric fields (~ 15 and 20 V/nm). Using equal proportions of implanted 12C and 13C, the numerous molecular ions that were observed were identified and their contribution to the carbon content statistically derived. Much more accurate carbon quantification was obtained in the lowest electric field analysis by comparing APT with Secondary Ion Mass Spectroscopy profiles. This was assigned to a lower amount of molecular ion dissociations. Furthermore, the number of self-interstitials trapped per carbon atom in clusters was derived. This value of interest for the microelectronics industry regarding dopant diffusion and implantation induced defects was estimated close to one, in agreement with the expected stoichiometry of the SiC phase present in the phase diagram. However, this was obtained only when using low electric field conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Dumas
- STMicroelectronics Crolles, France; Université de Rouen, GPM, UMR CNRS 6634, France.
| | - S Duguay
- Université de Rouen, GPM, UMR CNRS 6634, France
| | - J Borrel
- STMicroelectronics Crolles, France
| | | | - D Blavette
- Université de Rouen, GPM, UMR CNRS 6634, France
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12
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Petrishcheva E, Tiede L, Schweinar K, Habler G, Li C, Gault B, Abart R. Spinodal decomposition in alkali feldspar studied by atom probe tomography. PHYSICS AND CHEMISTRY OF MINERALS 2020; 47:30. [PMID: 32624637 PMCID: PMC7319307 DOI: 10.1007/s00269-020-01097-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We used atom probe tomography to complement electron microscopy for the investigation of spinodal decomposition in alkali feldspar. To this end, gem-quality alkali feldspar of intermediate composition with a mole fraction of a K = 0.43 of the K end-member was prepared from Madagascar orthoclase by ion-exchange with (NaK)Cl molten salt. During subsequent annealing at 550 ∘ C and close to ambient pressure the ion-exchanged orthoclase unmixed producing a coherent lamellar intergrowth of Na-rich and K-rich lamellae. The chemical separation was completed, and equilibrium Na-K partitioning between the different lamellae was attained within four days, which was followed by microstructural coarsening. After annealing for 4 days, the wavelength of the lamellar microstructure was ≈ 17 nm and it increased to ≈ 30 nm after annealing for 16 days. The observed equilibrium compositions of the Na-rich and K-rich lamellae are in reasonable agreement with an earlier experimental determination of the coherent solvus. The excess energy associated with compositional gradients at the lamellar interfaces was quantified from the initial wavelength of the lamellar microstructure and the lamellar compositions as obtained from atom probe tomography using the Cahn-Hilliard theory. The capability of atom probe tomography to deliver quantitative chemical compositions at nm resolution opens new perspectives for studying the early stages of exsolution. In particular, it helps to shed light on the phase relations in nm scaled coherent intergrowth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Petrishcheva
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Tiede
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Kevin Schweinar
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Gerlinde Habler
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Chen Li
- Electron microscopy for Materials research (EMAT), University Antwerpen, Groenenborgerlaan 171, 2020 Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung GmbH, Max-Planck-Straße 1, 40237 Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Royal School of Mines, Imperial College, Prince Consort Road, London, SW7 2BP UK
| | - Rainer Abart
- Department of Lithospheric Research, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, 1090 Vienna, Austria
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13
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Jenkins BM, Danoix F, Gouné M, Bagot PAJ, Peng Z, Moody MP, Gault B. Reflections on the Analysis of Interfaces and Grain Boundaries by Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:247-257. [PMID: 32186276 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927620000197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Interfaces play critical roles in materials and are usually both structurally and compositionally complex microstructural features. The precise characterization of their nature in three-dimensions at the atomic scale is one of the grand challenges for microscopy and microanalysis, as this information is crucial to establish structure-property relationships. Atom probe tomography is well suited to analyzing the chemistry of interfaces at the nanoscale. However, optimizing such microanalysis of interfaces requires great care in the implementation across all aspects of the technique from specimen preparation to data analysis and ultimately the interpretation of this information. This article provides critical perspectives on key aspects pertaining to spatial resolution limits and the issues with the compositional analysis that can limit the quantification of interface measurements. Here, we use the example of grain boundaries in steels; however, the results are applicable for the characterization of grain boundaries and transformation interfaces in a very wide range of industrially relevant engineering materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin M Jenkins
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Frédéric Danoix
- Normandie Univ, UNIROUEN, INSA Rouen, CNRS, Groupe de Physique des Matériaux, Rouen76000, France
| | - Mohamed Gouné
- Institut de la Matière Condensée de Bordeaux (ICMCB), CNRS, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Paul A J Bagot
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Zirong Peng
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Michael P Moody
- Department of Materials, University of Oxford, Parks Road, OxfordOX1 3PH, UK
| | - Baptiste Gault
- Max-Planck-Institut für Eisenforschung, Max-Planck-Straße 1, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, Royal School of Mine, Exhibition Road, LondonSW7 2AZ, UK
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Licata OG, Broderick SR, Mazumder B. Correlation of Multiplicity and Chemistry in Al x Ga 1-xN Heterostructure via Atom Probe Tomography. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2020; 26:95-101. [PMID: 32014067 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927619015277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the correlation between composition and relative evaporation field was investigated by tracking the statistics of multi-hit detector events in atom probe tomography (APT). This approach is applied systematically to a GaN-based nitride heterostructure with five AlxGa1-xN layers of varying Al composition. The relative field evaporation and the percentage of multi-hit events were found to increase with higher Al concentration. Furthermore, the comparison of the relative evaporation fields of AlN with respect to the constituent ions is found to be less than GaN with respect to its constituent ions. Despite equivalent compositions between opposing interfaces of the same AlxGa1-xN interlayer, the rate of change in multiplicity exhibits a consistent asymmetric trend with a steeper slope across the AlxGa1-xN/GaN interface compared to the GaN/AlxGa1-xN interface. The AlxGa1-xN/GaN heterostructure serves as a test structure for exploring field evaporation and neighborhood chemistry, which can be applied to any material chemistry and particularly other nitride systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia G Licata
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260, USA
| | - Scott R Broderick
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260, USA
| | - Baishakhi Mazumder
- Department of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, Buffalo, NY14260, USA
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15
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Potential sources of compositional inaccuracy in the atom probe tomography of In xGa 1-xAs. Ultramicroscopy 2019; 210:112918. [PMID: 31918069 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultramic.2019.112918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Revised: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
With the objective of applying laser-assisted atom probe tomography to compositional analysis within nanoscale InGaAs devices, experimental conditions that may provide an accurate composition estimate were sought by extensively studying an InGaAs blanket film. Overall, the determined arsenic atomic fraction was found to exhibit an electric field dependent deficiency, which was more pronounced at low field conditions. Although the determined group III site-fraction also showed a (weak) field-dependent deficiency at low field conditions, it remained invariant with analysis conditions and in close agreement with the nominal value at higher field. In this study, we investigate and discuss the mechanisms that could potentially contribute to As underestimation. Given the field dependence observed, the phenomena occurring between low and high field conditions are compared. At low field, the tendency of As to field evaporate in significant amounts as multiply charged cluster ions (Asni+ with n as large as 9 and i = 1,2,3) is shown to be a significant source of compositional inaccuracy. These clusters may lead to peak overlap in the mass spectrum (e.g. the peak at 150 Da may represent As42+ or As2+ or both), thereby creating an uncertainty in the quantification. Emitted clusters may also dissociate with the likelihood of neutral generation and multi-hit losses being non-negligible. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations are presented to characterize cluster stability and its contribution to measurement uncertainty. Under high field conditions, although fewer clusters are detected and the composition appears more accurate, the emergence of two additional mechanisms, i.e., multi-hits and DC evaporation, may degrade the data quality. The challenges in evaluating the impact of all these loss mechanisms are examined in detail. Finally, we show that for InGaAs under UV illumination, due to the laser-tip interaction, the resulting asymmetric electric field distribution across the apex introduces local atomic fraction variations.
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