1
|
Fortenberry RC. A Vision for the Future of Astrochemistry in the Interstellar Medium by 2050. ACS PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY AU 2024; 4:31-39. [PMID: 38283789 PMCID: PMC10811777 DOI: 10.1021/acsphyschemau.3c00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2023] [Revised: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
By 2050, many, but not nearly all, unattributed astronomical spectral features will be conclusively linked to molecular carriers (as opposed to nearly none today in the visible and IR); amino acids will have been observed remotely beyond our solar system; the largest observatories ever constructed on the surface of the Earth or launched beyond it will be operational; high-throughput computation either from brute force or machine learning will provide unprecedented amounts of reference spectral and chemical reaction data; and the chemical fingerprints of the universe delivered by those of us who call ourselves astrochemists will provide astrophysicists with unprecedented resolution for determining how the stars evolve, planets form, and molecules that lead to life originate. Astrochemistry is a relatively young field, but with the entire universe as its playground, the discipline promises to persist as long as telescopic observations are made that require reference data and complementary chemical modeling. While the recent commissionings of the James Webb Space Telescope and Atacama Large Millimeter Array are ushering in the second "golden age" of astrochemistry (with the first being the radio telescopic boom period of the 1970s), this current period of discovery should facilitate unprecedented advances within the next 25 years. Astrochemistry forces the asking of hard questions beyond the physical conditions of our "pale blue dot", and such questions require creative solutions that are influential beyond astrophysics. By 2050, more creative solutions will have been provided, but even more will be needed to answer the continuing question of our astrochemical ignorance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan C. Fortenberry
- Department of Chemistry &
Biochemistry, University of Mississippi, University, Mississippi 38677-1848, United
States
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kappe M, Schiller A, Gruber E, Jank D, Gatt M, Schöpfer G, Ončák M, Ellis AM, Scheier P. Spectroscopy of C60+ and C120+ in the mid-infrared. J Chem Phys 2023; 159:204302. [PMID: 38010328 DOI: 10.1063/5.0176407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Infrared spectra of C60+ and C120+, obtained via helium messenger spectroscopy, are reported. For C60+, new absorption features have been found just above the discrete vibrational spectrum of the ion. The absorption profile, which is broad and contains little structure, is assigned to one or more electronic absorption transitions and is in good agreement with predictions from time-dependent density functional theory. It seems likely that the transitions observed correspond to excitation from the 2A1u electronic ground state to one or both of the low-lying 2E1u and 2E2u electronic states previously identified as dark states of C60+. These states presumably become optically bright through vibronic coupling and specifically the Jahn-Teller effect. In the case of C120+, the simplest positively charged oligomer of C60, we present the first vibrational spectrum of this ion. Through a comparison with theory, vibrational features are best explained by a peanut-shaped structure for C120+, maintained by covalent bonding between the two C60 units. We have also discovered electronic transitions for C120+, which, similar to C60+, lie just above the vibrational spectrum.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Miriam Kappe
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Arne Schiller
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Institute for Breath Research, Universität Innsbruck, Innrain 66, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Elisabeth Gruber
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dominik Jank
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Michael Gatt
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Gabriel Schöpfer
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Milan Ončák
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Andrew M Ellis
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Scheier
- Institut für Ionenphysik und Angewandte Physik, Universität Innsbruck, Technikerstr. 25, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Oliveira RR, Molpeceres G, Montserrat R, Fantuzzi F, Rocha AB, Kästner J. Gas-phase C 60H n+q ( n = 0-4, q = 0,1) fullerenes and fulleranes: spectroscopic simulations shed light on cosmic molecular structures. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25746-25760. [PMID: 37724022 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp03254j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of C60, C60+, and C70 in the interstellar medium has ignited a profound interest in the astrochemistry of fullerene and related systems. In particular, the presence of diffuse interstellar bands and their association with C60+ has led to the hypothesis that hydrogenated derivatives, known as fulleranes, may also exist in the interstellar medium and contribute to these bands. In this study, we systematically investigated the structural and spectroscopic properties of C60Hn+q (n = 0-4, q = 0,1) using an automated global minimum search and density functional theory calculations. Our results revealed novel global minimum structures for C60H2 and C60H4, distinct from previous reports. Notably, all hydrogenated fullerenes exhibited lower ionization potentials and higher proton affinities compared to C60. From an astrochemical perspective, our results exposed the challenges in establishing definitive spectroscopic criteria for detecting fulleranes using mid-infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopies. However, we successfully identified distinct electronic transitions in the near-infrared range that serve as distinctive signatures of cationic fulleranes. We strongly advocate for further high-resolution experimental studies to fully explore the potential of these transitions for the interstellar detection of fulleranes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo R Oliveira
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Germán Molpeceres
- Department of Astronomy, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 113 0033, Japan
| | - Ricardo Montserrat
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Felipe Fantuzzi
- School of Chemistry and Forensic Science, University of Kent, Canterbury CT2 7NH, UK
| | - Alexandre B Rocha
- Chemistry Institute, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
| | - Johannes Kästner
- Institute for Theoretical Chemistry, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rademacher J, Reedy ES, Negri F, Alom S, Whitby RJ, Levitt MH, Campbell EK. Gas-phase electronic spectroscopy of nuclear spin isomer separated H 2O@C and D 2O@C. Mol Phys 2023. [DOI: 10.1080/00268976.2023.2173507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Fabrizia Negri
- Dipartimento di Chimica ‘Giacomo Ciamician’ and INSTM, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Shamim Alom
- Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lacinbala O, Calvo F, Dubosq C, Falvo C, Parneix P, Rapacioli M, Simon A, Pino T. Radiative relaxation in isolated large carbon clusters: Vibrational emission versus recurrent fluorescence. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:144305. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0080494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recurrent fluorescence (RF) from isolated carbon clusters containing between 24 and 60 atoms is theoretically investigated as a function of internal energy, cluster size, and structural features. The vibrational relaxation kinetics and the associated IR emission spectra are determined by means of a Monte Carlo approach with vibrational density of states computed in the harmonic approximation. RF is generally found to be highly competitive with vibrational emission. The behaviors predicted for clusters of various sizes and archetypal structures indicate that the IR emission spectra are strongly influenced by RF, an energy gap law being obtained for the evolution of the RF rate constant depending on the electronic excitation state. The present results are relevant to the photophysics of the interstellar medium and could contribute to elucidating the carriers of the extended red emission bands and the continuum emission lying below the aromatic infrared bands believed to originate from mixed aromatic–aliphatic compounds.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O. Lacinbala
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - F. Calvo
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - C. Dubosq
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Fédération FeRMI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - C. Falvo
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), 91405 Orsay, France
- Université Grenoble-Alpes, CNRS, LIPhy, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - P. Parneix
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), 91405 Orsay, France
| | - M. Rapacioli
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Fédération FeRMI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - A. Simon
- Laboratoire de Chimie et Physique Quantiques (LCPQ), Fédération FeRMI, Université de Toulouse, CNRS, 31062 Toulouse, France
| | - T. Pino
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut des Sciences Moléculaires d’Orsay (ISMO), 91405 Orsay, France
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Valence-, Dipole- and Quadropole-Bound Electronically Excited States of Closed-Shell Anions Formed by Deprotonation of Cyano- and Ethynyl-Disubstituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. CHEMISTRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/chemistry4010004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicyano-functionalized benzene and naphthalene anion derivatives exhibit a relatively rich population of electronically excited states in stark contrast to many assumptions regarding the photophysics of anions in general. The present work has quantum chemically analyzed the potential electronically excited states of closed-shell anions created by replacing hydrogen atoms with valence-bound lone pairs in benzene and naphthalene difunctionalized with combinations of -CN and -C2H. Dicyanobenzene anion derivatives can exhibit dipole-bound excited states as long as the cyano groups are not in para position to one another. This also extends to cyanoethynylbenzene anions as well as deprotonated dicyano- and cyanoethynylnaphthalene anion derivatives. Diethynyl functionalization is less consistent. While large dipole moments are created in some cases for deprotonation on the -C2H group itself, the presence of electronically excited states beyond those that are dipole-bound is less consistent. Beyond these general trends, 2-dicyanonaphthalene-34 gives strong indication for exhibiting a quadrupole-bound excited state, and the 1-cyanoethynylnaphthalene-29 and -36 anion derivatives are shown to possess as many as two valence-bound excited states and one dipole-bound excited state. These photophysical properties may have an influence on regions where polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are known to exist such as in various astrochemical environments or even in combustion flames.
Collapse
|
7
|
Przypis L, Ahmad T, Misztal K, Honisz D, Radicchi E, Mosconi E, Domagala W, De Angelis F, Wojciechowski K. Designing New Indene-Fullerene Derivatives as Electron-Transporting Materials for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2021; 125:27344-27353. [PMID: 35116086 PMCID: PMC8802170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a family of indene-C60 adducts obtained via Diels-Alder cycloaddition [4 + 2] are reported. The new C60 derivatives include indenes with a variety of functional groups. These adducts show lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels to be at the right position to consider these compounds as electron-transporting materials for planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Selected derivatives were applied into inverted (p-i-n configuration) perovskite device architectures, fabricated on flexible polymer substrates, with large active areas (1 cm2). The highest power conversion efficiency, reaching 13.61%, was obtained for the 6'-acetamido-1',4'-dihydro-naphtho[2',3':1,2][5,6]fullerene-C60 (NHAc-ICMA). Spectroscopic characterization was applied to visualize possible passivation effects of the perovskite's surface induced by these adducts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Przypis
- Saule
Research Institute, Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Taimoor Ahmad
- Saule
Technologies Ltd., Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
- Department
of Electronics Engineering, University of
Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Kasjan Misztal
- Saule
Research Institute, Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Damian Honisz
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Marcina Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Eros Radicchi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Wojciech Domagala
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Marcina Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet,
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,
P.O. Box 1664, 31952 Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Konrad Wojciechowski
- Saule
Research Institute, Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
- Saule
Technologies Ltd., Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- E. K. Campbell
- School of Chemistry, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hrodmarsson HR, Garcia GA, Linnartz H, Nahon L. VUV photoionization dynamics of the C 60 buckminsterfullerene: 2D-matrix photoelectron spectroscopy in an astrophysical context. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:13880-13892. [PMID: 32396927 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp01210f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We present the photoionization dynamics of the C60 buckminsterfullerene from threshold up to 14.0 eV recorded with VUV synchrotron radiation at the DESIRS beamline at the SOLEIL synchrotron. The recorded data is obtained using a double-imaging photoelectron photoion coincidence spectrometer and is presented as a two-dimensional photoelectron matrix which contains a wealth of spectroscopic data. We present these data in an astrophysical context which relates to (i) the threshold photoelectron spectrum which is compared to data relevant to the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs), (ii) the kinetic photoelectron distribution at the Lyman-α line which is relevant to the dominant heating source in the ISM, and (iii) the absolute photoionization cross section of C60 up to approx. 10.5 eV. The photoelectron spectrum implies that the symmetry of the ground state is different than previous theoretical models have predicted, and this result is discussed in context of recent experimental and theoretical findings. Also presented are partial photoionization cross sections of the first two photoelectron bands and their anisotropy parameters. These data are compared with previous theoretical values and discussed where appropriate.
Collapse
|
11
|
|