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Baldinelli L, De Angelis F, Bistoni G. Unraveling Atomic Contributions to the London Dispersion Energy: Insights into Molecular Recognition and Reactivity. J Chem Theory Comput 2024; 20:1923-1931. [PMID: 38324509 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jctc.3c00977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We present a general framework that enables quantification with atomic resolution of the overall London dispersion energy, which can be readily integrated with currently available energy decomposition schemes. This approach can be used to determine the contribution of individual atoms and functional groups to molecular recognition, conformational preferences, molecular stability, and reactivity. Its efficacy across diverse realms of molecular chemistry and biology is demonstrated with application to molecular balances in solution, asymmetric organocatalytic transformations, and a subcomplex of the F1FO ATP synthase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Baldinelli
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia, Via Elce di sotto, 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
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2
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Coccia C, Morana M, Mahata A, Kaiser W, Moroni M, Albini B, Galinetto P, Folpini G, Milanese C, Porta A, Mosconi E, Petrozza A, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Ligand-Induced Chirality in ClMBA 2 SnI 4 2D Perovskite. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318557. [PMID: 38189576 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2023] [Revised: 01/07/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Chiral perovskites possess a huge applicative potential in several areas of optoelectronics and spintronics. The development of novel lead-free perovskites with tunable properties is a key topic of current research. Herein, we report a novel lead-free chiral perovskite, namely (R/S-)ClMBA2 SnI4 (ClMBA=1-(4-chlorophenyl)ethanamine) and the corresponding racemic system. ClMBA2 SnI4 samples exhibit a low band gap (2.12 eV) together with broad emission extending in the red region of the spectrum (∼1.7 eV). Chirality transfer from the organic ligand induces chiroptical activity in the 465-530 nm range. Density functional theory calculations show a Rashba type band splitting for the chiral samples and no band splitting for the racemic isomer. Self-trapped exciton formation is at the origin of the large Stokes shift in the emission. Careful correlation with analogous lead and lead-free 2D chiral perovskites confirms the role of the symmetry-breaking distortions in the inorganic layers associated with the ligands as the source of the observed chiroptical properties providing also preliminary structure-property correlation in 2D chiral perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Coccia
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Tarameli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Morana
- Department of Earth Science, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121, Firenze, Italy
| | - Arup Mahata
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana, 502285, India
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Marco Moroni
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Tarameli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Benedetta Albini
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Pietro Galinetto
- Department of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Giulia Folpini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Istituto di Fotonica e Nanotecnologie - CNR, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Chiara Milanese
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Tarameli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessio Porta
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Tarameli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and INSTM, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, Korea
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Tarameli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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3
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Yang B, Suo J, Bogachuk D, Kaiser W, Baretzky C, Er-Raji O, Loukeris G, Alothman AA, Mosconi E, Kohlstädt M, Würfel U, De Angelis F, Hagfeldt A. A universal ligand for lead coordination and tailored crystal growth in perovskite solar cells. Energy Environ Sci 2024; 17:1549-1558. [PMID: 38384422 PMCID: PMC10877579 DOI: 10.1039/d3ee02344c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024]
Abstract
Chemical environment and precursor-coordinating molecular interactions within a perovskite precursor solution can lead to important implications in structural defects and crystallization kinetics of a perovskite film. Thus, the opto-electronic quality of such films can be boosted by carefully fine-tuning the coordination chemistry of perovskite precursors via controllable introduction of additives, capable of forming intermediate complexes. In this work, we employed a new type of ligand, namely 1-phenylguanidine (PGua), which coordinates strongly with the PbI2 complexes in the perovskite precursor, forming new intermediate species. These strong interactions effectively retard the perovskite crystallization process and form homogeneous films with enlarged grain sizes and reduced density of defects. In combination with an interfacial treatment, the resulted champion devices exhibit a 24.6% efficiency with outstanding operational stability. Unprecedently, PGua can be applied in various PSCs with different perovskite compositions and even in both configurations: n-i-p and p-i-n, highlighting the universality of this ligand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Jiajia Suo
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
| | - Dmitry Bogachuk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Clemens Baretzky
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Oussama Er-Raji
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Emmy-Noether-str. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
| | - Georgios Loukeris
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Asma A Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University Riyadh 11451 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Markus Kohlstädt
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Heidenhofstr. 2 79110 Freiburg Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center FMF, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21 79104 Freiburg Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University 440-746 Suwon Korea
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry - Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University SE-75120 Uppsala Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne CH-1015 Lausanne Switzerland
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4
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Baldinelli L, Rodriguez GM, D'Ambrosio I, Grigoras AM, Vivani R, Latterini L, Macchioni A, De Angelis F, Bistoni G. Harnessing the electronic structure of active metals to lower the overpotential of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction. Chem Sci 2024; 15:1348-1363. [PMID: 38274069 PMCID: PMC10806668 DOI: 10.1039/d3sc05891c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial advancements in the field of the electrocatalytic oxygen evolution reaction (OER), the efficiency of earth-abundant electrocatalysts remains far from ideal. The difficulty stems from the complex nature of the catalytic system, which limits our fundamental understanding of the process and thus the possibility of a rational improvement of performance. Herein, we shed light on the role played by the tunable 3d configuration of the metal centers in determining the OER catalytic activity by combining electrochemical and spectroscopic measurements with an experimentally validated computational protocol. One-dimensional coordination polymers based on Fe, Co and Ni held together by an oxonato linker were selected as a case study because of their well-defined electronic and geometric structure in the active site, which can be straightforwardly correlated with their catalytic activity. Novel heterobimetallic coordination polymers were also considered, in order to shed light on the cooperativity effects of different metals. Our results demonstrate the fundamental importance of electronic structure effects such as metal spin and oxidation state evolutions along the reaction profile to modulate ligand binding energies and increase catalyst efficiency. We demonstrated that these effects could in principle be exploited to reduce the overpotential of the electrocatalytic OER below its theoretical limit, and we provide basic principles for the development of coordination polymers with a tailored electronic structure and activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Baldinelli
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Gabriel Menendez Rodriguez
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Iolanda D'Ambrosio
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Amalia Malina Grigoras
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Riccardo Vivani
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via del Liceo 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Alceo Macchioni
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) 06123 Perugia Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Al Khobar 31952 Saudi Arabia
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University Suwon 440-746 Korea
| | - Giovanni Bistoni
- Dipartmento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Degli Studi Di Perugia Via Elce di sotto, 8 06123 Perugia Italy
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5
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Suo J, Yang B, Mosconi E, Bogachuk D, Doherty TAS, Frohna K, Kubicki DJ, Fu F, Kim Y, Er-Raji O, Zhang T, Baldinelli L, Wagner L, Tiwari AN, Gao F, Hinsch A, Stranks SD, De Angelis F, Hagfeldt A. Multifunctional sulfonium-based treatment for perovskite solar cells with less than 1% efficiency loss over 4,500-h operational stability tests. Nat Energy 2024; 9:172-183. [PMID: 38419691 PMCID: PMC10896729 DOI: 10.1038/s41560-023-01421-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/02/2024]
Abstract
The stabilization of grain boundaries and surfaces of the perovskite layer is critical to extend the durability of perovskite solar cells. Here we introduced a sulfonium-based molecule, dimethylphenethylsulfonium iodide (DMPESI), for the post-deposition treatment of formamidinium lead iodide perovskite films. The treated films show improved stability upon light soaking and remains in the black α phase after two years ageing under ambient condition without encapsulation. The DMPESI-treated perovskite solar cells show less than 1% performance loss after more than 4,500 h at maximum power point tracking, yielding a theoretical T80 of over nine years under continuous 1-sun illumination. The solar cells also display less than 5% power conversion efficiency drops under various ageing conditions, including 100 thermal cycles between 25 °C and 85 °C and an 1,050-h damp heat test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiajia Suo
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bowen Yang
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ‘Giulio Natta’ (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
| | - Dmitry Bogachuk
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Solarlab Aiko Europe GmbH, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tiarnan A. S. Doherty
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Department of Materials Science and Metallurgy, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kyle Frohna
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dominik J. Kubicki
- Department of Physics, University of Warwick, Coventry, UK
- Present Address: School of Chemistry, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, UK
| | - Fan Fu
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - YeonJu Kim
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Molecular Engineering of Optoelectronic Nanomaterials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Oussama Er-Raji
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Sustainable Systems Engineering (INATECH), Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Tiankai Zhang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Baldinelli
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lukas Wagner
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany
- Physics of Solar Energy Conversion Group, Department of Physics, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Ayodhya N. Tiwari
- Laboratory for Thin Films and Photovoltaics, Empa−Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Andreas Hinsch
- Fraunhofer Institute for Solar Energy Systems ISE, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Cavendish Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche ‘Giulio Natta’ (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea
| | - Anders Hagfeldt
- Department of Chemistry–Ångström Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- Laboratory of Photomolecular Science, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, School of Basic Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
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6
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Zhou Y, van Laar SCW, Meggiolaro D, Gregori L, Martani S, Heng JY, Datta K, Jiménez-López J, Wang F, Wong EL, Poli I, Treglia A, Cortecchia D, Prato M, Kobera L, Gao F, Zhao N, Janssen RAJ, De Angelis F, Petrozza A. How Photogenerated I 2 Induces I-Rich Phase Formation in Lead Mixed Halide Perovskites. Adv Mater 2024; 36:e2305567. [PMID: 37722700 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202305567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/20/2023]
Abstract
Bandgap tunability of lead mixed halide perovskites (LMHPs) is a crucial characteristic for versatile optoelectronic applications. Nevertheless, LMHPs show the formation of iodide-rich (I-rich) phase under illumination, which destabilizes the semiconductor bandgap and impedes their exploitation. Here, it is shown that how I2 , photogenerated upon charge carrier trapping at iodine interstitials in LMHPs, can promote the formation of I-rich phase. I2 can react with bromide (Br- ) in the perovskite to form a trihalide ion I2 Br- (Iδ- -Iδ+ -Brδ- ), whose negatively charged iodide (Iδ- ) can further exchange with another lattice Br- to form the I-rich phase. Importantly, it is observed that the effectiveness of the process is dependent on the overall stability of the crystalline perovskite structure. Therefore, the bandgap instability in LMHPs is governed by two factors, i.e., the density of native defects leading to I2 production and the Br- binding strength within the crystalline unit. Eventually, this study provides rules for the design of chemical composition in LMHPs to reach their full potential for optoelectronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhou
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Simone C W van Laar
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Luca Gregori
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06123, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and INSTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06123, Italy
| | - Samuele Martani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Jia-Yong Heng
- Electronic Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - Kunal Datta
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Jesús Jiménez-López
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - E Laine Wong
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Isabella Poli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Antonella Treglia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Daniele Cortecchia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego, Genova, 16163, Italy
| | - Libor Kobera
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, Prague 6, 162 06, Czech Republic
| | - Feng Gao
- Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, SE-581 83, Sweden
| | - Ni Zhao
- Electronic Engineering Department, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, 999077, Hong Kong
| | - René A J Janssen
- Molecular Materials and Nanosystems, Institute for Complex Molecular Systems, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, Eindhoven, 5600 MB, The Netherlands
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06123, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and INSTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, 06123, Italy
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 440-746, South Korea
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology@Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, Milano, 20134, Italy
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7
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Mihalyi-Koch W, Folpini G, Roy CR, Kaiser W, Wu CS, Sanders KM, Guzei IA, Wright JC, De Angelis F, Cortecchia D, Petrozza A, Jin S. Tuning Structure and Excitonic Properties of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper Germanium, Tin, and Lead Iodide Perovskites via Interplay between Cations. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:28111-28123. [PMID: 38091498 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The compositional tunability of 2D metal halide perovskites enables exploration of diverse semiconducting materials with different structural features. However, rationally tuning the 2D perovskite structures to target physical properties for specific applications remains challenging, especially for lead-free perovskites. Here, we study the effect of the interplay of the B-site (Ge, Sn, and Pb), A-site (cesium, methylammonium, and formamidinium), and spacer cations on the structure and optical properties of a new series of 2D Ruddlesden-Popper perovskites using the previously unreported spacer cation 4-bromo-2-fluorobenzylammonium (4Br2FBZ). We report eight new crystal structures and study the consequence of varying the B-site (Pb, Sn, Ge) and dimension (n = 1, 2, vs 3D). Dimension strongly influences local distortion and structural symmetry, and the increased octahedral tilting and lone pair effects in Ge perovskites lead to a polar n = 2 perovskite that exhibits second harmonic generation, (4Br2FBZ)2(Cs)Ge2I7. In contrast, the analogous Sn and Pb perovskites remain centrosymmetric, but the B-site metal influences the photoluminescence properties. The Pb perovskites exhibit broad, defect-mediated emission at low temperature, whereas the Sn perovskites show purely excitonic emission over the entire temperature range, but the carrier recombination dynamics depend on dimensionality and dark excitonic states. Wholistic understanding of these differences that arise based on cations and dimensionality can guide the rational materials design of 2D perovskites for targeting physical properties for optoelectronic applications based on the interplay of cations and the connectivity of the inorganic framework.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willa Mihalyi-Koch
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Giulia Folpini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiana di Tecnologia, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Chris R Roy
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Chun-Sheng Wu
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiana di Tecnologia, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Kyana M Sanders
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Ilia A Guzei
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - John C Wright
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and UdR INSTM, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, Korea, 440-746
| | - Daniele Cortecchia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiana di Tecnologia, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Dipartimento di Chimica Industriale "Toso Montanari", Università di Bologna, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiana di Tecnologia, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Song Jin
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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8
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Hidalgo J, Kaiser W, An Y, Li R, Oh Z, Castro-Méndez AF, LaFollette DK, Kim S, Lai B, Breternitz J, Schorr S, Perini CAR, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Correa-Baena JP. Synergistic Role of Water and Oxygen Leads to Degradation in Formamidinium-Based Halide Perovskites. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145. [PMID: 37917967 PMCID: PMC10655111 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c05657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Mixed-cation metal halide perovskites have shown remarkable progress in photovoltaic applications with high power conversion efficiencies. However, to achieve large-scale deployment of this technology, efficiencies must be complemented by long-term durability. The latter is limited by external factors, such as exposure to humidity and air, which lead to the rapid degradation of the perovskite materials and devices. In this work, we study the mechanisms causing Cs and formamidinium (FA)-based halide perovskite phase transformations and stabilization during moisture and air exposure. We use in situ X-ray scattering, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and first-principles calculations to study these chemical interactions and their effects on structure. We unravel a surface reaction pathway involving the dissolution of FAI by water and iodide oxidation by oxygen, driving the Cs/FA ratio into thermodynamically unstable regions, leading to undesirable phase transformations. This work demonstrates the interplay of bulk phase transformations with surface chemical reactions, providing a detailed understanding of the degradation mechanism and strategies for designing durable and efficient perovskite materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juanita Hidalgo
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Yu An
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ruipeng Li
- National
Synchrotron Light Source II, Brookhaven
National Lab, Upton, New York 11973, United States
| | - Zion Oh
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Andrés-Felipe Castro-Méndez
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Diana K. LaFollette
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Sanggyun Kim
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced
Photon Source, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Joachim Breternitz
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
| | - Susan Schorr
- Department
of Structure and Dynamics of Energy Materials, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, Berlin 14109, Germany
- Freie Universitaet
Berlin, Institute of Geological Sciences, Malteser Str. 74-200, Berlin 12249, Germany
| | - Carlo A. R. Perini
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and UdR INSTM, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human
Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School
of Materials Science and Engineering, Georgia
Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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9
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Berger F, Poli I, Aktas E, Martani S, Meggiolaro D, Gregori L, Albaqami MD, Abate A, De Angelis F, Petrozza A. How Halide Alloying Influences the Optoelectronic Quality in Tin-Halide Perovskite Solar Absorbers. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:3876-3882. [PMID: 37705702 PMCID: PMC10496121 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c01241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Halide alloying in tin-based perovskites allows for photostable bandgap tuning between 1.3 and 2.2 eV. Here, we elucidate how the band edge energetics and associated defect activity impact the optoelectronic properties of this class of materials. We find that by increasing the bromide:iodide ratio, a simultaneous destabilization of acceptor defects (tin vacancies and iodine interstitials) and stabilization of donor defects (iodine vacancies and tin interstitials) occurs, with strong changes arising for Br contents exceeding 50%. This translates into a decreased doping which is, however, accompanied by a higher density of nonradiative recombination channels. Films with high Br content show a high degree of disorder and trap state densities, with the best optoelectronic quality being found for Br contents of around 33%. These observations match the open circuit voltage trend of tin-based mixed halide perovskite solar cells, supporting the relevance of optoelectronic properties and chemistry of defects to optimize wide-bandgap tin perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix
J. Berger
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Poli
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Ece Aktas
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Samuele Martani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Physics
Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Gregori
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Munirah D. Albaqami
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Antonio Abate
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- SKKU Institute
of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Republic of Korea
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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10
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Morana M, Kaiser W, Chiara R, Albini B, Meggiolaro D, Mosconi E, Galinetto P, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Origin of Broad Emission Induced by Rigid Aromatic Ditopic Cations in Low-Dimensional Metal Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:7860-7868. [PMID: 37638524 PMCID: PMC10494231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
The development of broadband emitters based on metal halide perovskites (MHPs) requires the elucidation of structure-emission property correlations. Herein, we report a combined experimental and theoretical study on a series of novel low-dimensional lead chloride perovskites, including ditopic aromatic cations. Synthesized lead chloride perovskites and their bromide analogues show both narrow and broad photoluminescence emission properties as a function of their cation and halide nature. Structural analysis shows a correlation between the rigidity of the ditopic cations and the lead halide octahedral distortions. Density functional theory calculations reveal, in turn, the pivotal role of octahedral distortions in the formation of self-trapped excitons, which are responsible for the insurgence of broad emission and large Stokes shifts together with a contribution of halide vacancies. For the considered MHP series, the use of conventional octahedral distortion parameters allows us to nicely describe the trend of emission properties, thus providing a solid guide for further materials design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Morana
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio
Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Rossella Chiara
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Benedetta Albini
- Department
of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio
Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio
Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Pietro Galinetto
- Department
of Physics, University of Pavia, Via Bassi 6, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio
Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia 06123, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and INSTM, Perugia 06123, Italy
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, Pavia 27100, Italy
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11
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Pariari D, Mehta S, Mandal S, Mahata A, Pramanik T, Kamilya S, Vidhan A, Guru Row TN, Santra PK, Sarkar SK, De Angelis F, Mondal A, Sarma DD. Realizing the Lowest Bandgap and Exciton Binding Energy in a Two-Dimensional Lead Halide System. J Am Chem Soc 2023. [PMID: 37440690 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c03300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
Finding stable analogues of three-dimensional (3D) lead halide perovskites has motivated the exploration of an ever-expanding repertoire of two-dimensional (2D) counterparts. However, the bandgap and exciton binding energy in these 2D systems are generally considerably higher than those in 3D analogues due to size and dielectric confinement. Such quantum confinements are most prominently manifested in the extreme 2D realization in (A)mPbI4 (m = 1 or 2) series of compounds with a single inorganic layer repeat unit. Here, we explore a new A-site cation, 4,4'-azopyridine (APD), whose size and hydrogen bonding properties endow the corresponding (APD)PbI4 2D compound with the lowest bandgap and exciton binding energy of all such compounds, 2.19 eV and 48 meV, respectively. (APD)PbI4 presents the first example of the ideal Pb-I-Pb bond angle of 180°, maximizing the valence and conduction bandwidths and minimizing the electron and hole effective masses. These effects coupled with a significant increase in the dielectric constant provide an explanation for the unique bandgap and exciton binding energies in this system. Our theoretical results further reveal that the requirement of optimizing the hydrogen bonding interactions between the organic and the inorganic units provides the driving force for achieving the structural uniqueness and the associated optoelectronic properties in this system. Our preliminary investigations in characterizing photovoltaic solar cells in the presence of APD show encouraging improvements in performances and stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debasmita Pariari
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sakshi Mehta
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sayak Mandal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Arup Mahata
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad, Kandi, Sangareddy, Telangana 502285, India
| | - Titas Pramanik
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Sujit Kamilya
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Arya Vidhan
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Tayur N Guru Row
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - Pralay K Santra
- Centre for Nano and Soft Matter Sciences (CeNS), Bengaluru 562162, India
| | - Shaibal K Sarkar
- Department of Energy Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai 400076, India
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, P.O. Box 1664, Al Khobar 31952 Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Abhishake Mondal
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
| | - D D Sarma
- Solid State and Structural Chemistry Unit, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru 560012, India
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12
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Soriano-Díaz I, Radicchi E, Bizzarri B, Bizzarri O, Mosconi E, Ashraf MW, De Angelis F, Nunzi F. Modeling the Interaction of Coronavirus Membrane Phospholipids with Photocatalitically Active Titanium Dioxide. J Phys Chem Lett 2023:5914-5923. [PMID: 37343210 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c01372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of viral infectious diseases urges airborne droplet and surface disinfection strategies, which may rely on photocatalytic semiconductors. A lipid bilayer membrane generally encloses coronaviruses and promotes the anchoring on the semiconductor surface, where, upon photon absorption, electron-hole pairs are produced, which can react with adsorbed oxygen-containing species and lead to the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROSs). The photogenerated ROSs may support the disruptive oxidation of the lipidic membrane and pathogen death. Density functional theory calculations are employed to investigate adsorption modes, energetics, and electronic structure of a reference phospholipid on anatase TiO2 nanoparticles. The phospholipid covalently bound on TiO2, engaging a stronger adsorption on the (101) than on the (001) surface. The energetically most stable structure involves the formation of four covalent bonds through phosphate and carbonyl oxygen atoms. The adsorbates show a reduction of the band gap compared with standalone TiO2, suggesting a significant interfacial coupling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iván Soriano-Díaz
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Instituto de Ciencia Molecular, Universidad de Valencia, 46980 Paterna, Spain
| | - Eros Radicchi
- Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, 37134 Verona, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bizzarri
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" - SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Olivia Bizzarri
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" - SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" - SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Muhammad Waqar Ashraf
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Dhahran 34754 Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" - SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Dhahran 34754 Saudi Arabia
- SKKU Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST), Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) - Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" - SCITEC, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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13
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Martani S, Zhou Y, Poli I, Aktas E, Meggiolaro D, Jiménez-López J, Wong EL, Gregori L, Prato M, Di Girolamo D, Abate A, De Angelis F, Petrozza A. Defect Engineering to Achieve Photostable Wide Bandgap Metal Halide Perovskites. ACS Energy Lett 2023; 8:2801-2808. [PMID: 37324539 PMCID: PMC10262265 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.3c00610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/01/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Bandgap tuning is a crucial characteristic of metal-halide perovskites, with benchmark lead-iodide compounds having a bandgap of 1.6 eV. To increase the bandgap up to 2.0 eV, a straightforward strategy is to partially substitute iodide with bromide in so-called mixed-halide lead perovskites. Such compounds are prone, however, to light-induced halide segregation resulting in bandgap instability, which limits their application in tandem solar cells and a variety of optoelectronic devices. Crystallinity improvement and surface passivation strategies can effectively slow down, but not completely stop, such light-induced instability. Here we identify the defects and the intragap electronic states that trigger the material transformation and bandgap shift. Based on such knowledge, we engineer the perovskite band edge energetics by replacing lead with tin and radically deactivate the photoactivity of such defects. This leads to metal halide perovskites with a photostable bandgap over a wide spectral range and associated solar cells with photostable open circuit voltages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Martani
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Isabella Poli
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Ece Aktas
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Jesús Jiménez-López
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - E Laine Wong
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Luca Gregori
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and INSTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials
Characterization Facility, Istituto Italiano
di Tecnologia, via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Diego Di Girolamo
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Abate
- Department
of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio, 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto, 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and INSTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College
of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
- SKKU
Institute of Energy Science and Technology (SIEST) Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 440-746, Korea
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via Rubattino 81, 20134 Milano, Italy
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14
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Morana M, Wiktor J, Coduri M, Chiara R, Giacobbe C, Bright EL, Ambrosio F, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Cubic or Not Cubic? Combined Experimental and Computational Investigation of the Short-Range Order of Tin Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2023; 14:2178-2186. [PMID: 36808992 PMCID: PMC9986956 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.3c00105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Tin-based metal halide perovskites with a composition of ASnX3 (where A= MA or FA and X = I or Br) have been investigated by means of X-ray total scattering techniques coupled to pair distribution function (PDF) analysis. These studies revealed that that none of the four perovskites has a cubic symmetry at the local scale and that a degree of increasing distortion is always present, in particular when the cation size is increased, i.e., from MA to FA, and the hardness of the anion is increased, i.e., from Br- to I-. Electronic structure calculations provided good agreement with experimental band gaps for the four perovskites when local dynamical distortions were included in the calculations. The averaged structure obtained from molecular dynamics simulations was consistent with experimental local structures determined via X-ray PDF, thus highlighting the robustness of computational modeling and strengthening the correlation between experimental and computational results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Morana
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Firenze, Via G. La Pira 4, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Julia Wiktor
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, 412 96 Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Mauro Coduri
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, Viale Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Chiara
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, Viale Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | | | | | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateno Lucano,
10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human
Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department
of Chemistry and INSTM, Viale Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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15
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Radicchi E, Quaglia G, Latterini L, De Angelis F. Solvent dependent iodide oxidation in metal-halide perovskite precursor solutions. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:4132-4140. [PMID: 36655359 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp04266e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Solar cell absorbing layers made of metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) are usually deposited from solution phase precursors, which is one of the reasons why these materials received huge research attention in the last few years. A detailed knowledge of the solution chemistry is critical to understand the formation of MHP thin films and thus to control their optoelectronic properties and the reproducibility issues that usually affect their synthesis. In this regard, the concentration of triiodide, I3-, is one factor known to have an influence on regulating important aspects such as the particle size in the solution and the defect concentration in the film. In this study, we highlight an underestimated source of I3-, namely the iodide salt solutions ubiquitously employed in MHP synthetic routes, which not only lead to the formation of I3- but also detracts available I- for the MHP synthesis, thus establishing under-stoichiometric conditions. Particularly, we show how the oxidation of I- to I3- changes in time with both the iodide salt counter-cation (K+, CH3NH3+) and the used solvent, meaning that variable quantities of I3- are found depending on the synthesis conditions, with enhanced oxidation found in the γ-butyrolactone (GBL) solvent. Though these differences are generally small, we shed light on a hidden and ever-present reaction which is likely to be related to the overall processing quality of MHP thin films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Radicchi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Nanomaterials Research Group, Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, Strada Le Grazie 15, I-37134, Verona, Italy.
| | - Giulia Quaglia
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Nano4Light-Lab, via Elce di Sotto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Loredana Latterini
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Nano4Light-Lab, via Elce di Sotto, Perugia, I-06123, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia, I-06123, Italy.,Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, 31952, Saudi Arabia
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16
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Romani L, Speltini A, Chiara R, Morana M, Coccia C, Tedesco C, Armenise V, Colella S, Milella A, Listorti A, Profumo A, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Pau R, Pitzalis F, Simbula A, Ricciarelli D, Saba M, Medina-Llamas M, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Air- and water-stable and photocatalytically active germanium-based 2D perovskites by organic spacer engineering. Cell Rep Phys Sci 2023; 4:101214. [PMID: 37292086 PMCID: PMC10246422 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrp.2022.101214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing interest in the role of metal halide perovskites for heterogeneous catalysis. Here, we report a Ge-based 2D perovskite material that shows intrinsic water stability realized through organic cation engineering. Incorporating 4-phenylbenzilammonium (PhBz) we demonstrate, by means of extended experimental and computational results, that PhBz2GeBr4 and PhBz2GeI4 can achieve relevant air and water stability. The creation of composites embedding graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) allows a proof of concept for light-induced hydrogen evolution in an aqueous environment by 2D Ge-based perovskites thanks to the effective charge transfer at the heterojunction between the two semiconductors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romani
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Tecnologie di Generazione e Materiali, Ricerca sul Sistema Energetico - RSE S.p.A., Via Rubattino 54, 20134 Milano, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Rossella Chiara
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Marta Morana
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Clarissa Coccia
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Costanza Tedesco
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Vincenza Armenise
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Silvia Colella
- National Research Council, Institute of Nanotechnology (CNR-NANOTEC), c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari “Aldo Moro,” via Orabona 4, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Dipartimento di Scienze, University of Basilicata, Viale dell’Ateno Lucano, 10, 85100 Potenza, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli,” University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Riccardo Pau
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 09747 Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Federico Pitzalis
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Angelica Simbula
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Damiano Ricciarelli
- Unidad Académica Preparatoria, Plantel II, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98068, México
| | - Michele Saba
- Department of Physics, University of Cagliari, Cittadella Universitaria S.P. Monserrato-Sestu km 0.7, 09042 Monserrato, Italy
| | - Maria Medina-Llamas
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
- Unidad Académica Preparatoria, Plantel II, Universidad Autónoma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98068, México
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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17
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Kahmann S, Meggiolaro D, Gregori L, Tekelenburg EK, Pitaro M, Stranks SD, De Angelis F, Loi MA. The Origin of Broad Emission in ⟨100⟩ Two-Dimensional Perovskites: Extrinsic vs Intrinsic Processes. ACS Energy Lett 2022; 7:4232-4241. [PMID: 36531144 PMCID: PMC9745793 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.2c02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
2D metal halide perovskites can show narrow and broad emission bands (BEs), and the latter's origin is hotly debated. A widespread opinion assigns BEs to the recombination of intrinsic self-trapped excitons (STEs), whereas recent studies indicate they can have an extrinsic defect-related origin. Here, we carry out a combined experimental-computational study into the microscopic origin of BEs for a series of prototypical phenylethylammonium-based 2D perovskites, comprising different metals (Pb, Sn) and halides (I, Br, Cl). Photoluminescence spectroscopy reveals that all of the compounds exhibit BEs. Where not observable at room temperature, the BE signature emerges upon cooling. By means of DFT calculations, we demonstrate that emission from halide vacancies is compatible with the experimentally observed features. Emission from STEs may only contribute to the BE in the wide-band-gap Br- and Cl-based compounds. Our work paves the way toward a complete understanding of broad emission bands in halide perovskites that will facilitate the fabrication of efficient narrow and white light emitting devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Kahmann
- Photophysics
and OptoElectronics Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC−CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Luca Gregori
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Eelco K. Tekelenburg
- Photophysics
and OptoElectronics Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Matteo Pitaro
- Photophysics
and OptoElectronics Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Samuel D. Stranks
- Cavendish
Laboratory, University of Cambridge, JJ Thomson Avenue CB3 0HE Cambridge, U.K.
- Department
of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Cambridge, Philippa Fawcett Drive CB3 0AS Cambridge, U.K.
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC−CNR), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human
Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Dhahran 34754, Saudi Arabia
| | - Maria A. Loi
- Photophysics
and OptoElectronics Group, Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 4, 9747
AG Groningen, The Netherlands
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18
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Poli I, Ambrosio F, Treglia A, Berger FJ, Prato M, Albaqami MD, De Angelis F, Petrozza A. Photoluminescence Intensity Enhancement in Tin Halide Perovskites. Adv Sci (Weinh) 2022; 9:e2202795. [PMID: 36109174 PMCID: PMC9661860 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202202795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The prevalence of background hole doping in tin halide perovskites usually dominates their recombination dynamics. The addition of excess Sn halide source to the precursor solution is the most frequently used approach to reduce the hole doping and reveals photo-carrier dynamics related to defects activity. This study presents an experimental and theoretical investigation on defects under light irradiation in tin halide perovskites by combining measurements of photoluminescence with first principles computational modeling. It finds that tin perovskite thin films prepared with an excess of Sn halide sources exhibit an enhancement of the photoluminescence intensity over time under continuous excitation in inert atmosphere. The authors propose a model in which light irradiation promotes the annihilation of VSn 2- /Sni 2+ Frenkel pairs, reducing the deep carrier trapping centers associated with such defect and increasing the radiative recombination. Importantly, these observations can be traced in the open-circuit voltage dynamics of tin-based halide perovskite solar cells, implying the relevance of controlling the Sn photochemistry to stabilize tin perovskite devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Poli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia G. Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia G. Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO)Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR‐ SCITEC)PerugiaItaly
- Department of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”University of SalernoVia Giovanni Paolo II 132, FiscianoSalerno84084Italy
| | - Antonella Treglia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia G. Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
- Physics DepartmentPolitecnico di MilanoPiazza L. da Vinci, 32Milano20133Italy
| | - Felix J. Berger
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia G. Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
| | - Mirko Prato
- Materials Characterization FacilityIstituto Italiano di TecnologiaVia Morego 30Genova16163Italy
| | - Munirah D. Albaqami
- Chemistry DepartmentCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO)Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR‐ SCITEC)PerugiaItaly
- Department of ChemistryBiology and BiotechnologyUniversity of PerugiaPerugiaItaly
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMiIstituto Italiano di Tecnologiavia G. Pascoli 70/3Milano20133Italy
- Chemistry DepartmentCollege of ScienceKing Saud UniversityRiyadh11451Saudi Arabia
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19
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Ambrosio F, De Angelis F, Goñi AR. The Ferroelectric-Ferroelastic Debate about Metal Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:7731-7740. [PMID: 35969174 PMCID: PMC9421894 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites (MHPs) are solution-processed materials with exceptional photoconversion efficiencies that have brought a paradigm shift in photovoltaics. The nature of the peculiar optoelectronic properties underlying such astounding performance is still controversial. The existence of ferroelectricity in MHPs and its alleged impact on photovoltaic activity have fueled an intense debate, in which unanimous consensus is still far from being reached. Here we critically review recent experimental and theoretical results with a two-fold objective: we argue that the occurrence of ferroelectric domains is incompatible with the A-site cation dynamics in MHPs and propose an alternative interpretation of the experiments based on the concept of ferroelasticity. We further underline that ferroic behavior in MHPs would not be relevant at room temperature or higher for the physics of photogenerated charge carriers, since it would be overshadowed by competing effects like polaron formation and ion migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno Italy
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Center
for Nano Science and Technology @Polimi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia and UdR INSTM of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Natural Sciences & Mathematics, College of Sciences & Human
Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar 31952, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alejandro R. Goñi
- Institut
de Ciència de Materials de Barcelona, ICMAB-CSIC, Campus UAB, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys 23, 08010 Barcelona, Spain
- E-mail:
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20
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Treglia A, Ambrosio F, Martani S, Folpini G, Barker AJ, Albaqami MD, De Angelis F, Poli I, Petrozza A. Effect of electronic doping and traps on carrier dynamics in tin halide perovskites. Mater Horiz 2022; 9:1763-1773. [PMID: 35510702 PMCID: PMC9390658 DOI: 10.1039/d2mh00008c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tin halide perovskites have recently emerged as promising materials for low band gap solar cells. Much effort has been invested on controlling the limiting factors responsible for poor device efficiencies, namely self-p-doping and tin oxidation. Both phenomena are related to the presence of defects; however, full understanding of their implications in the optoelectronic properties of the material is still missing. We provide a comprehensive picture of the competing radiative and non-radiative recombination processes in tin-based perovskite thin films to establish the interplay between doping and trapping by combining photoluminescence measurements with trapped-carrier dynamic simulations and first-principles calculations. We show that pristine Sn perovskites, i.e. sample processed with commercially available SnI2 used as received, exhibit extremely high radiative efficiency due to electronic doping which boosts the radiative band-to-band recombination. Contrarily, thin films where Sn4+ species are intentionally introduced show drastically reduced radiative lifetime and efficiency due to a dominance of Auger recombination at all excitation densities when the material is highly doped. The introduction of SnF2 reduces the doping and passivates Sn4+ trap states but conversely introduces additional non-radiative decay channels in the bulk that fundamentally limit the radiative efficiency. Overall, we provide a qualitative model that takes into account different types of traps present in tin-perovskite thin films and show how doping and defects can affect the optoelectronic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Treglia
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry and Biology "A. Zambelli", University of Salerno, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
| | - Samuele Martani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
- Physics Department, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Giulia Folpini
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Alex J Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Munirah D Albaqami
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Isabella Poli
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milano, Italy.
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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21
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Ding Y, Ding B, Kanda H, Usiobo OJ, Gallet T, Yang Z, Liu Y, Huang H, Sheng J, Liu C, Yang Y, Queloz VIE, Zhang X, Audinot JN, Redinger A, Dang W, Mosconic E, Luo W, De Angelis F, Wang M, Dörflinger P, Armer M, Schmid V, Wang R, Brooks KG, Wu J, Dyakonov V, Yang G, Dai S, Dyson PJ, Nazeeruddin MK. Single-crystalline TiO 2 nanoparticles for stable and efficient perovskite modules. Nat Nanotechnol 2022; 17:598-605. [PMID: 35449409 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-022-01108-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Despite the remarkable progress in power conversion efficiency of perovskite solar cells, going from individual small-size devices into large-area modules while preserving their commercial competitiveness compared with other thin-film solar cells remains a challenge. Major obstacles include reduction of both the resistive losses and intrinsic defects in the electron transport layers and the reliable fabrication of high-quality large-area perovskite films. Here we report a facile solvothermal method to synthesize single-crystalline TiO2 rhombohedral nanoparticles with exposed (001) facets. Owing to their low lattice mismatch and high affinity with the perovskite absorber, their high electron mobility and their lower density of defects, single-crystalline TiO2 nanoparticle-based small-size devices achieve an efficiency of 24.05% and a fill factor of 84.7%. The devices maintain about 90% of their initial performance after continuous operation for 1,400 h. We have fabricated large-area modules and obtained a certified efficiency of 22.72% with an active area of nearly 24 cm2, which represents the highest-efficiency modules with the lowest loss in efficiency when scaling up.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ding
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Bin Ding
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Hiroyuki Kanda
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Onovbaramwen Jennifer Usiobo
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Thibaut Gallet
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Zhenhai Yang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Yan Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Hao Huang
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Jiang Sheng
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Ningbo, China
| | - Cheng Liu
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Yi Yang
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Valentin Ianis Emmanuel Queloz
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Xianfu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Jean-Nicolas Audinot
- Advanced Instrumentation for Nano-Analytics (AINA), Materials Research and Technology Department, Luxembourg Institute of Science and Technology (LIST), Belvaux, Luxembourg
| | - Alex Redinger
- Department of Physics and Materials Science, University of Luxembourg, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg
| | - Wei Dang
- Hebei Key Lab of Optic-Electronic Information and Materials, College of Physics Science and Technology, Hebei University, Baoding, China
| | - Edoardo Mosconic
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche 'Giulio Natta' (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
| | - Wen Luo
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mingkui Wang
- Wuhan National Laboratory for Optoelectronics, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Melina Armer
- Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Schmid
- Experimental Physics VI, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Rui Wang
- School of Engineering, Westlake University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Keith G Brooks
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jihuai Wu
- Engineering Research Centre of Environment-Friendly Functional Materials, Ministry of Education, Fujian Engineering Research Centre of Green Functional Materials, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, China
| | | | - Guanjun Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Songyuan Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Alternate Electrical Power System with Renewable Energy Sources, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, P. R. China.
| | - Paul J Dyson
- Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, École Polytechnique Fedérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Mohammad Khaja Nazeeruddin
- Group for Molecular Engineering of Functional Materials, Institute of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, EPFL VALAIS, Sion, Switzerland.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon, Hong Kong.
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22
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Aktas E, Pudi R, Phung N, Wenisch R, Gregori L, Meggiolaro D, Flatken MA, De Angelis F, Lauermann I, Abate A, Palomares E. Role of Terminal Group Position in Triphenylamine-Based Self-Assembled Hole-Selective Molecules in Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:17461-17469. [PMID: 35385253 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c01981] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The application of self-assembled molecules (SAMs) as a charge selective layer in perovskite solar cells has gained tremendous attention. As a result, highly efficient and stable devices have been released with stand-alone SAMs binding ITO substrates. However, further structural understanding of the effect of SAM in perovskite solar cells (PSCs) is required. Herein, three triphenylamine-based molecules with differently positioned methoxy substituents have been synthesized that can self-assemble onto the metal oxide layers that selectively extract holes. They have been effectively employed in p-i-n PSCs with a power conversion efficiency of up to 20%. We found that the perovskite deposited onto SAMs made by para- and ortho-substituted hole selective contacts provides large grain thin film formation increasing the power conversion efficiencies. Density functional theory predicts that para- and ortho-substituted position SAMs might form a well-ordered structure by improving the SAM's arrangement and in consequence enhancing its stability on the metal oxide surface. We believe this result will be a benchmark for the design of further SAMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ece Aktas
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
- Departament de Química-Física i Inorgànica, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
| | - Rajesh Pudi
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
| | - Nga Phung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Robert Wenisch
- PVcomB/Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstraße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Luca Gregori
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "'Giulio Natta"' (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marion A Flatken
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology, and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University, Khobar, Dhahran 34754 Saudi Arabia
| | - Iver Lauermann
- PVcomB/Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, Schwarzschildstraße 3, 12489 Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH, Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1, 14109 Berlin, Germany
- Department of Chemical, Materials, and Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Tecchio 80, 80125 Fuorigrotta, Italy
| | - Emilio Palomares
- Institute of Chemical Research of Catalonia (ICIQ-BIST), Avda. Països Catalans, 16, Tarragona E-43007, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig LLuís Companys 23, E-08010, Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Kaiser W, Ricciarelli D, Mosconi E, Alothman AA, Ambrosio F, De Angelis F. Stability of Tin- versus Lead-Halide Perovskites: Ab Initio Molecular Dynamics Simulations of Perovskite/Water Interfaces. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:2321-2329. [PMID: 35245058 PMCID: PMC8935372 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 02/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Tin-halide perovskites (THPs) have emerged as promising lead-free perovskites for photovoltaics and photocatalysis applications but still fall short in terms of stability and efficiency with respect to their lead-based counterpart. A detailed understanding of the degradation mechanism of THPs in a water environment is missing. This Letter presents ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD) simulations to unravel atomistic details of THP/water interfaces comparing methylammonium tin iodide, MASnI3, with the lead-based MAPbI3. Our results reveal facile solvation of surface tin-iodine bonds in MASnI3, while MAPbI3 remains more robust to degradation despite a larger amount of adsorbed water molecules. Additional AIMD simulations on dimethylammonium tin bromide, DMASnBr3, investigate the origins of their unprecedented water stability. Our results indicate the presence of amorphous surface layers of hydrated zero-dimensional SnBr3 complexes which may protect the inner structure from degradation and explain their success as photocatalysts. We believe that the atomistic details of the mechanisms affecting THP (in-)stability may inspire new strategies to stabilize THPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Damiano Ricciarelli
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Asma A. Alothman
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry and Biology “A. Zambelli”, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, Salerno, Italy
- CNST@Polimi,
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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24
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Nunzi F, De Angelis F. Modeling titanium dioxide nanostructures for photocatalysis and photovoltaics. Chem Sci 2022; 13:9485-9497. [PMID: 36091912 PMCID: PMC9400622 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02872g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterogenous photocatalysis is regarded as a holy grail in relation to the energy and environmental issues with which our society is currently struggling. In this context, the characterization of titanium dioxide nanostructures and the relationships between structural/electronic parameters and chemical/physical–chemical properties is a primary target, whose achievement is in high demand. Theoretical simulations can strongly support experiments to reach this goal. While the bulk and surface properties of TiO2 materials are quite well understood, the field of nanostructures still presents a few unexplored areas. Here we consider possible approaches for the modeling of reduced and extended TiO2 nanostructures, and we review the main outcomes of the investigation of the structural, electronic, and optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles and their relationships with the size, morphology, and shape of the particles. Further investigations are highly desired to fill the gaps still remaining and to allow improvements in the efficiencies of these materials for photocatalytic and photovoltaic applications. The latest findings from theoretical investigations into TiO2 nanoparticles are reviewed, including both realistic models from a bottom-up approach (1–3 nm diameter) and cut from bulk models (>3 nm diameter) in a top-down approach.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Nunzi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (SCITEC-CNR) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Department of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, College of Sciences and Human Studies, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University Khobar Dhahran 34754 Saudi Arabia
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25
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Giri B, Mahata A, Kella T, Shee D, De Angelis F, Maji S. Tetrazole-Substituted isomeric ruthenium polypyridyl complexes for low overpotential electrocatalytic CO2 reduction. J Catal 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcat.2021.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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26
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Kaiser W, Carignano M, Alothman AA, Mosconi E, Kachmar A, Goddard WA, De Angelis F. First-Principles Molecular Dynamics in Metal-Halide Perovskites: Contrasting Generalized Gradient Approximation and Hybrid Functionals. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:11886-11893. [PMID: 34875174 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c03428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
First-principles molecular dynamics (FPMD) represents a valuable tool to probe dynamical properties of metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) which are key to their success in optoelectronic devices. Most FPMD studies rely on generalized gradient approximation (GGA) functionals for computational efficiency matters, while hybrid functionals, although computationally demanding, are usually needed to accurately describe structural and electronic properties of MHPs. This Letter reports FPMD simulations on CsPbI3 based on the hybrid PBE0 functional. Our results demonstrate that PBE0 leads to lattice parameters and phonon modes in excellent agreement with experimental data, while GGA results overestimate the lattice parameter and the electronic band gap and underestimate the phonon energies. Our FPMD results also shed light on anharmonic effects and double-well instabilities in the octahedral tilting, highlighting a lowered free energy barrier for PBE0 and farther separated potential wells. Our results suggest that hybrid functionals are required to accurately describe crystal structure, lattice dynamics, and anharmonicity in MHPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waldemar Kaiser
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Marcelo Carignano
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Asma A Alothman
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Kachmar
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - William A Goddard
- Materials and Process Simulation Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, United States
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova 16163, Italy
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27
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Przypis L, Ahmad T, Misztal K, Honisz D, Radicchi E, Mosconi E, Domagala W, De Angelis F, Wojciechowski K. Designing New Indene-Fullerene Derivatives as Electron-Transporting Materials for Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2021; 125:27344-27353. [PMID: 35116086 PMCID: PMC8802170 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.1c07189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of a family of indene-C60 adducts obtained via Diels-Alder cycloaddition [4 + 2] are reported. The new C60 derivatives include indenes with a variety of functional groups. These adducts show lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy levels to be at the right position to consider these compounds as electron-transporting materials for planar heterojunction perovskite solar cells. Selected derivatives were applied into inverted (p-i-n configuration) perovskite device architectures, fabricated on flexible polymer substrates, with large active areas (1 cm2). The highest power conversion efficiency, reaching 13.61%, was obtained for the 6'-acetamido-1',4'-dihydro-naphtho[2',3':1,2][5,6]fullerene-C60 (NHAc-ICMA). Spectroscopic characterization was applied to visualize possible passivation effects of the perovskite's surface induced by these adducts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lukasz Przypis
- Saule
Research Institute, Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Bioorganic Chemistry and Biotechnology, Silesian University of Technology, Bolesława Krzywoustego 4, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Taimoor Ahmad
- Saule
Technologies Ltd., Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
- Department
of Electronics Engineering, University of
Rome “Tor Vergata”, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Kasjan Misztal
- Saule
Research Institute, Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Damian Honisz
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Marcina Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Eros Radicchi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Wojciech Domagala
- Department
of Physical Chemistry and Technology of Polymers, Silesian University of Technology, Marcina Strzody 9, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet,
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department
of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Prince Mohammad Bin Fahd University,
P.O. Box 1664, 31952 Al Khobar, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Konrad Wojciechowski
- Saule
Research Institute, Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
- Saule
Technologies Ltd., Wroclaw
Technology Park, 11 Dunska Street, Sigma Building, 54-130 Wrocław, Poland
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28
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Elliott JD, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Ambrosetti A, Umari P. Real Space-Real Time Evolution of Excitonic States Based on the Bethe-Salpeter Equation Method. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:7261-7269. [PMID: 34314589 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a method for constructing localized excitations and simulating the real time dynamics of excitons at the Many-Body Perturbation Theory Bethe-Salpeter Equation level. We track, on the femto-seconds scale, electron injection from a photoexcited dye into a semiconducting slab. From the time-dependent many-body wave function we compute the spatial evolution of the electron and of the hole; full electron injection is attained within 5 fs. Time-resolved analysis of the electron density and electron-hole interaction energy hints at a two-step charge transfer mechanism through an intermediary partially injected state. We adopt the Von-Neumann entropy for analyzing how the electron and hole entangle. We find that the excitation of the dye-semiconductor model may be represented by a four-level system and register a decrease in entanglement upon electron injection. At full injection, the electron and the hole exhibit only a small degree of entanglement indicative of pure electron and hole states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Elliott
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Technologie Molecolare, via Elce di Sotto, 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Istituto CNR di Scienze e Technologie Molecolare, via Elce di Sotto, 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Technologie, via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Alberto Ambrosetti
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche-Istituto Officina dei Materiali, c/o SISSA, Via Bonomea 265, 34136, Trieste, Italy
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29
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Clementi C, Romani A, Elisei F, De Angelis F, Daus F, Nunzi F. The dependence of the spectroscopic properties of orcein dyes on solvent proticity: insights from theory and experiments. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2021; 23:15329-15337. [PMID: 34254084 DOI: 10.1039/d1cp01535d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The electronic spectral properties of α-hydroxy-orcein (α-HO), one of the main components of the orcein dye, have been extensively investigated in solvents of different proticity through UV-Vis spectrophotometry combined with DFT and TDDFT calculations. The results highlight the occurrence of an acid-base equilibrium between the neutral (absorption maximum at 475 nm) and the monoanionic (absorption maximum at 578 nm) forms of the molecule. The position of this equilibrium was found to be sensitively dependent on solvent proticity, solution concentration and pH. Quantum mechanical calculations support the rationalization of the experimental data, confirming the key role of the protic solvent in shifting the acid-base equilibrium, through the establishment of hydrogen bond interactions on specific functional groups of the dye. Both deprotonation and dye coordination with protic solvent molecules determine the reduction of the HOMO-LUMO energy gap (0.71 eV), that can be related with the bathochromic effect envisaged both experimentally (0.59 eV) and theoretically (0.50 eV).
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Affiliation(s)
- Catia Clementi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Aldo Romani
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. and Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Fausto Elisei
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. and Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Federica Daus
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Dipartimento di Chimica, Biologia e Biotecnologie, via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123 Perugia, Italy. and Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto, I-06123 Perugia, Italy.
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30
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Ouhbi H, Ambrosio F, De Angelis F, Wiktor J. Strong Electron Localization in Tin Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:5339-5343. [PMID: 34062062 PMCID: PMC8280731 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.1c01326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Tin halide perovskites (THPs) have been established as a lower-toxicity alternative to lead halide perovskites. In spite of the increasing interest, the behavior of photoexcited charges has not been well understood in this class of materials. We here investigate the behavior of excess electrons in a series of tin halide perovskites by employing advanced electronic-structure calculations. We first focus on CsSnBr3 and show that electron localization is favorable in this compound and that bipolaronic states are the most stable form of self-trapped electrons. We then extend the analysis to CsSnI3, CsSnCl3, MASnBr3, FASnBr3, and DMASnBr3 and show that electron bipolarons are stable in all these compounds, thus indicating that strong electron localization is recurrent in THPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ouhbi
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimicie “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CNST@Polimi,
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Pascoli 70/3, Milano, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimicie “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Julia Wiktor
- Department
of Physics, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
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31
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Proppe AH, Johnston A, Teale S, Mahata A, Quintero-Bermudez R, Jung EH, Grater L, Cui T, Filleter T, Kim CY, Kelley SO, De Angelis F, Sargent EH. Multication perovskite 2D/3D interfaces form via progressive dimensional reduction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3472. [PMID: 34108463 PMCID: PMC8190276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the best-performing perovskite photovoltaic devices make use of 2D/3D interfaces, which improve efficiency and stability – but it remains unclear how the conversion of 3D-to-2D perovskite occurs and how these interfaces are assembled. Here, we use in situ Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering to resolve 2D/3D interface formation during spin-coating. We observe progressive dimensional reduction from 3D to n = 3 → 2 → 1 when we expose (MAPbBr3)0.05(FAPbI3)0.95 perovskites to vinylbenzylammonium ligand cations. Density functional theory simulations suggest ligands incorporate sequentially into the 3D lattice, driven by phenyl ring stacking, progressively bisecting the 3D perovskite into lower-dimensional fragments to form stable interfaces. Slowing the 2D/3D transformation with higher concentrations of antisolvent yields thinner 2D layers formed conformally onto 3D grains, improving carrier extraction and device efficiency (20% 3D-only, 22% 2D/3D). Controlling this progressive dimensional reduction has potential to further improve the performance of 2D/3D perovskite photovoltaics. Many best-performing perovskite photovoltaics use 2D/3D interfaces to improve efficiency and stability, yet the mechanism of interface assembly is unclear. Here, Proppe et al. use in-situ GIWAXS to resolve this transformation, observing progressive dimensional reduction from 3D to 2D perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Johnston
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Teale
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arup Mahata
- D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (CNR-SCITEC), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Rafael Quintero-Bermudez
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eui Hyuk Jung
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke Grater
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (CNR-SCITEC), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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32
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Ricciarelli D, Meggiolaro D, Belanzoni P, Alothman AA, Mosconi E, De Angelis F. Energy vs Charge Transfer in Manganese-Doped Lead Halide Perovskites. ACS Energy Lett 2021; 6:1869-1878. [PMID: 35059501 PMCID: PMC8763376 DOI: 10.1021/acsenergylett.1c00553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Mn-doped lead halide perovskites exhibit long-lived dopant luminescence and enhanced host excitonic quantum yield. The contention between energy and charge transfer in sensitizing dopant luminescence in Mn-doped perovskites is investigated by state-of-the-art DFT calculations on APbX3 perovskites (X = Cl, Br, and I). We quantitatively simulate the electronic structure of Mn-doped perovskites in various charge and spin states, providing a structural/mechanistic analysis of Mn sensitization as a function of the perovskite composition. Our analysis supports both energy- and charge-transfer mechanisms, with the latter probably preferred in Mn:CsPbCl3 due to small energy barriers and avoidance of spin and orbital restrictions. An essential factor determining the dopant luminescence quantum yield in the case of charge transfer is the energetics of intermediate oxidized species, while bandgap resonance can well explain energy transfer. Both aspects are mediated by perovskite host band edge energetics, which is tuned in turn by the nature of the halide X.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Ricciarelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Paola Belanzoni
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
| | - Asma A. Alothman
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Chemistry
Department, College of Science, King Saud
University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce
di Sotto 8, Perugia 06123, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italy
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33
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Marchal N, Mosconi E, García-Espejo G, Almutairi TM, Quarti C, Beljonne D, De Angelis F. Cation Engineering for Resonant Energy Level Alignment in Two-Dimensional Lead Halide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2021; 12:2528-2535. [PMID: 33683137 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c03843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Low-dimensional metal halide perovskites are being intensively investigated because of their higher stability and chemical versatility in comparison to their 3D counterparts. Unfortunately, this comes at the expense of the electronic and charge transport properties, limited by the reduced perovskite dimensionality. Cation engineering can be envisaged as a solution to tune and possibly further improve the material's optoelectronic properties. In this work, we screen and design new electronically active A-site cations that can promote charge transport across the inorganic layers. We show that hybridization of the valence band electronic states of the perovskite inorganic sublattice and the highest occupied molecular orbitals of the A-site organic cations can be tuned to exhibit a variety of optoelectronic properties. A significant interplay of A-cation size, electronic structure, and steric constraints is revealed, suggesting intriguing means of further tuning the 2D perovskite electronic structure toward achieving stable and efficient solar cell devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadège Marchal
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Gonzalo García-Espejo
- Departamento de Química Física, Instituto Universitario de Investigación en Química Fina y Nanoquímica, IUQFN, Universidad de Córdoba, Campus de Rabanales, Edificio Marie Curie, E-14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Tahani M Almutairi
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Claudio Quarti
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - David Beljonne
- Laboratory for Chemistry of Novel Materials, University of Mons, Place du Parc, 20, B-7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
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34
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Hassan Y, Park JH, Crawford ML, Sadhanala A, Lee J, Sadighian JC, Mosconi E, Shivanna R, Radicchi E, Jeong M, Yang C, Choi H, Park SH, Song MH, De Angelis F, Wong CY, Friend RH, Lee BR, Snaith HJ. Ligand-engineered bandgap stability in mixed-halide perovskite LEDs. Nature 2021; 591:72-77. [PMID: 33658694 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-021-03217-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Lead halide perovskites are promising semiconductors for light-emitting applications because they exhibit bright, bandgap-tunable luminescence with high colour purity1,2. Photoluminescence quantum yields close to unity have been achieved for perovskite nanocrystals across a broad range of emission colours, and light-emitting diodes with external quantum efficiencies exceeding 20 per cent-approaching those of commercial organic light-emitting diodes-have been demonstrated in both the infrared and the green emission channels1,3,4. However, owing to the formation of lower-bandgap iodide-rich domains, efficient and colour-stable red electroluminescence from mixed-halide perovskites has not yet been realized5,6. Here we report the treatment of mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals with multidentate ligands to suppress halide segregation under electroluminescent operation. We demonstrate colour-stable, red emission centred at 620 nanometres, with an electroluminescence external quantum efficiency of 20.3 per cent. We show that a key function of the ligand treatment is to 'clean' the nanocrystal surface through the removal of lead atoms. Density functional theory calculations reveal that the binding between the ligands and the nanocrystal surface suppresses the formation of iodine Frenkel defects, which in turn inhibits halide segregation. Our work exemplifies how the functionality of metal halide perovskites is extremely sensitive to the nature of the (nano)crystalline surface and presents a route through which to control the formation and migration of surface defects. This is critical to achieve bandgap stability for light emission and could also have a broader impact on other optoelectronic applications-such as photovoltaics-for which bandgap stability is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasser Hassan
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | - Jong Hyun Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Michael L Crawford
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Aditya Sadhanala
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.,Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, India.,Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Jeongjae Lee
- School of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - James C Sadighian
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche 'Giulio Natta' (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy
| | | | - Eros Radicchi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche 'Giulio Natta' (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Mingyu Jeong
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Changduk Yang
- Department of Energy Engineering, School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Perovtronics Research Center, Low Dimensional Carbon Materials Center, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyosung Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Research Institute for Convergence of Basic Sciences, Research Institute for Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Heum Park
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Myoung Hoon Song
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche 'Giulio Natta' (CNR-SCITEC), Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | - Cathy Y Wong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. .,Materials Science Institute, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA. .,Oregon Center for Optical, Molecular, and Quantum Science, University of Oregon, Eugene, OR, USA.
| | | | - Bo Ram Lee
- Department of Physics, Pukyong National University, Busan, Republic of Korea.
| | - Henry J Snaith
- Clarendon Laboratory, Department of Physics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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35
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Romani L, Speltini A, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Profumo A, Marelli M, Margadonna S, Milella A, Fracassi F, Listorti A, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Water-Stable DMASnBr 3 Lead-Free Perovskite for Effective Solar-Driven Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 60:3611-3618. [PMID: 33047446 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202007584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Water-stable metal halide perovskites could foster tremendous progresses in several research fields where their superior optical properties can make differences. In this work we report clear evidence of water stability in a lead-free metal halide perovskite, namely DMASnBr3 , obtained by means of diffraction, optical and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Such unprecedented water-stability has been applied to promote photocatalysis in aqueous medium, in particular by devising a novel composite material by coupling DMASnBr3 to g-C3 N4 , taking advantage from the combination of their optimal photophysical properties. The prepared composites provide an impressive hydrogen evolution rate >1700 μmol g-1 h-1 generated by the synergistic activity of the two composite costituents. DFT calculations provide insight into this enhancement deriving it from the favorable alignment of interfacial energy levels of DMASnBr3 and g-C3 N4 . The demonstration of an efficient photocatalytic activity for a composite based on lead-free metal halide perovskite in water paves the way to a new class of light-driven catalysts working in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romani
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Drug Sciences, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 12, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council, CNR-SCITEC, Via G. Fantoli 16/15, 20138, Milan, Italy
| | - Serena Margadonna
- Materials Research Centre and SPECIFIC, College of Engineering, Swansea University, Swansea, SA1 8EN, UK
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Francesco Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bari, Via Orabona 4, 70126, Bari, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM, University of Pavia, Via Taramelli 16, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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36
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Romani L, Speltini A, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Profumo A, Marelli M, Margadonna S, Milella A, Fracassi F, Listorti A, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Water‐Stable DMASnBr
3
Lead‐Free Perovskite for Effective Solar‐Driven Photocatalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202007584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Romani
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Andrea Speltini
- Department of Drug Sciences University of Pavia Via Taramelli 12 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- CompuNet Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia Via Morego 30 16163 Genova Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Antonella Profumo
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
| | - Marcello Marelli
- National Research Council CNR-SCITEC Via G. Fantoli 16/15 20138 Milan Italy
| | - Serena Margadonna
- Materials Research Centre and SPECIFIC College of Engineering Swansea University Swansea SA1 8EN UK
| | - Antonella Milella
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Francesco Fracassi
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Department of Chemistry University of Bari Via Orabona 4 70126 Bari Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC) Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology University of Perugia Via Elce di Sotto 8 06123 Perugia Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM University of Pavia Via Taramelli 16 27100 Pavia Italy
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37
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Radicchi E, Ambrosio F, Mosconi E, Alasmari AA, Alasmary FAS, De Angelis F. Combined Computational and Experimental Investigation on the Nature of Hydrated Iodoplumbate Complexes: Insights into the Dual Role of Water in Perovskite Precursor Solutions. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:11481-11490. [PMID: 33275849 PMCID: PMC7884010 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c08624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Water
is generally considered an enemy of metal halide perovskites,
being responsible for their rapid degradation and, consequently, undermining
the long-term stability of perovskite-based solar cells. However,
beneficial effects of liquid water have been surprisingly observed,
and synthetic routes including water treatments have shown to improve
the quality of perovskite films. This suggests that the interactions
of water with perovskites and their precursors are far from being
completely understood, as water appears to play a puzzling dual role
in perovskite precursor solutions. In this context, studying the basic
interactions between perovskite precursors in the aqueous environment
can provide a deeper comprehension of this conundrum. In this context,
it is fundamental to understand how water impacts the chemistry of
iodoplumbate perovskite precursor species, PbIx2–x. Here, we investigate
the chemistry of these complexes using a combined experimental and
theoretical strategy to unveil their peculiar structural and optical
properties and eventually to assign the species present in the solution.
Our study indicates that iodide-rich iodoplumbates, which are generally
key to the formation of lead halide perovskites, are not easily formed
in aqueous solutions because of the competition between iodide and
solvent molecules in coordinating Pb2+ ions, explaining
the difficulty of depositing lead iodide perovskites from aqueous
solutions. We postulate that the beneficial effect of water when used
as an additive is then motivated by its behavior being similar to
high coordinative polar aprotic solvents usually employed as additives
in one-step perovskite depositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Radicchi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesco Ambrosio
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ahmed A Alasmari
- The First Industrial Institute, TVTC, 12613 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.,Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 12372 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah A S Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 12372 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, 12372 Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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38
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El-Zohry AM, Agrawal S, De Angelis F, Pastore M, Zietz B. Critical Role of Protons for Emission Quenching of Indoline Dyes in Solution and on Semiconductor Surfaces. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2020; 124:21346-21356. [PMID: 33343786 PMCID: PMC7737328 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.0c07099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
By combining time-correlated single photon counting (TCSPC) measurements, density functional theory (DFT), and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) calculations, we herein investigate the role of protons, in solutions and on semiconductor surfaces, for the emission quenching of indoline dyes. We show that the rhodanine acceptor moieties, and in particular the carbonyl oxygens, undergo protonation, leading to nonradiative excited-state deactivation. The presence of the carboxylic acid anchoring group, close to the rhodanine moiety, further facilitates the emission quenching, by establishing stable H-bond complexes with carboxylic acid quenchers, with high association constants, in both ground and excited states. This complexation favors the proton transfer process, at a low quencher concentration, in two ways: bringing close to the rhodanine unit the quencher and assisting the proton release from the acid by a partial-concerted proton donation from the close-by carboxylic group to the deprotonated acid. Esterification of the carboxylic group, indeed, inhibits the ground-state complex formation with carboxylic acids and thus the quenching at a low quencher concentration. However, the rhodanine moiety in the ester form can still be the source of emission quenching through dynamic quenching mechanism with higher concentrations of protic solvents or carboxylic acids. Investigating this quenching process on mesoporous ZrO2, for solar cell applications, also reveals the sensitivity of the adsorbed excited rhodanine dyes toward adsorbed protons on surfaces. This has been confirmed by using an organic base to remove surface protons and utilizing cynao-acrylic dye as a reference dye. Our study highlights the impact of selecting such acceptor group in the structural design of organic dyes for solar cell applications and the overlooked role of protons to quench the excited state for such chemical structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed M. El-Zohry
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
- Department
of Physics—AlbaNova Universitetscentrum, Stockholm University, SE-10691 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Saurabh Agrawal
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnolgy, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), via Elce
di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Mariachiara Pastore
- Laboratoire
de Physique et Chimie Théoriques (LPCT), Université de Lorraine & CNRS, F-54000 Nancy, France
| | - Burkhard Zietz
- Department
of Chemistry, Ångström Laboratories, Box 523, SE-75120 Uppsala, Sweden
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39
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Mondal I, Mahata A, Kim H, Pal U, De Angelis F, Park JY. A combined experimental and theoretical approach revealing a direct mechanism for bifunctional water splitting on doped copper phosphide. Nanoscale 2020; 12:17769-17779. [PMID: 32820761 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr03414b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A cost-effective electrocatalyst should have a high dispersion of active atoms and a controllable surface structure to optimize activity. Additionally, bifunctional characteristics give an added benefit for the overall water splitting. Herein, we report the synthesis and fabrication of Fe-doped Cu/Cu3P supported on a flexible carbon cloth (CC) with a hydrophilic surface for efficient bifunctional water electrolysis under alkaline conditions. Surface doping of Fe in the hexagonal Cu3P does not alter the lattice parameters, but it promotes the surface metallicity by stimulating Cuδ+ and Cu0 sites in Cu3P, resulting in an augmented electroactive surface area. Cu2.75Fe0.25P composition exhibits unprecedented OER activity with a low overpotential of 470 mV at 100 mA cm-2. Under a two electrode electrolyzer system the oxygen and hydrogen gas was evolved with an unprecedented rate at their respective electrode made of same catalyst. Density functional theory further elucidates the role of the Fe center toward electronic state modulation, which eventually alters the entire adsorption behavior of the reaction intermediates and reduces the overpotential on Fe-doped system over pristine Cu3P.
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Affiliation(s)
- Indranil Mondal
- Center for Nanomaterials and Chemical Reactions, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea.
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40
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Radicchi E, Kachmar A, Mosconi E, Bizzarri B, Nunzi F, De Angelis F. Structural and Optical Properties of Solvated PbI 2 in γ-Butyrolactone: Insight into the Solution Chemistry of Lead Halide Perovskite Precursors. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:6139-6145. [PMID: 32645264 PMCID: PMC8009512 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We employ a fine-tuned theoretical framework, combining ab initio molecular dynamics (AIMD), density functional theory (DFT), and time-dependent (TD) DFT methods, to investigate the interactions and optical properties of the iodoplumbates within the low coordinative γ-butyrolactone (GBL) solvent environment, widely employed in the perovskite synthesis. We uncover the extent of GBL coordination to PbI2 investigating its relation to the solvated PbI2 optical properties. The employed approach has been further validated by comparison with the experimental UV-vis absorption spectrum of PbI2 in GBL solvent. A comparison with other solvents, commonly employed in the perovskite synthesis, such as N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) is also reported. The methodology developed in this work can be reasonably extended to the investigation of similar systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eros Radicchi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ali Kachmar
- Qatar
Environment and Energy Research Institute, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, P.O. Box
5825, Doha, Qatar
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Bizzarri
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Francesca Nunzi
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Computational
Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e
Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet,
Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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41
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Ricciarelli D, Mosconi E, Merabet B, Bizzarri O, De Angelis F. Electronic Properties and Carrier Trapping in Bi and Mn Co-doped CsPbCl 3 Perovskite. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5482-5489. [PMID: 32551644 PMCID: PMC8008448 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskites exhibit impressive optoelectronic properties with applications in solar cells and light-emitting diodes. Co-doping the high-band gap CsPbCl3 perovskite with Bi and Mn enhances both material stability and luminescence, providing emission on a wide spectral range. To discuss the role of Bi3+ and Mn2+ dopants in tuning the CsPbCl3 perovskite energy levels and their involvement in carrier trapping, we report state-of-the-art hybrid density functional theory calculations, including spin-orbit coupling. We show that co-doping the perovskite with Bi and Mn delivers essentially the sum of the electronic properties of the single dopants, with no significant interaction or the preferential mutual location of them. Furthermore, we identify the structural features and energetics of transitions of electrons trapped at Bi and holes trapped at Mn dopant ions, respectively, and discuss their possible role in determining the optical properties of the co-doped perovskite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Ricciarelli
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto
CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Istituto
CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Boualem Merabet
- Faculty
of Sciences and Technology, University of
Mustapha Stambouli, Mascara 29000, Algeria
- Laboratoire
de Physique Computationnelle des Materiaux, Faculté de Sciences
Exates, Deṕartement de Physique, Université Djillali Liabes̀, Sidi Bel Abbes̀ 22000, Algeria
| | - Olivia Bizzarri
- Istituto
CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department
of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Istituto
CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta”
(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto
Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
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42
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Meggiolaro D, Ricciarelli D, Alasmari AA, Alasmary FAS, De Angelis F. Tin versus Lead Redox Chemistry Modulates Charge Trapping and Self-Doping in Tin/Lead Iodide Perovskites. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3546-3556. [PMID: 32298590 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c00725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Tin halide perovskites make up the only lead-free material class endowed with optoelectronic properties comparable to those of lead iodide perovskites. Despite significant progress, the device efficiency and stability of tin halide perovskites are still limited by two potentially related phenomena, i.e., self-p-doping and tin oxidation. Both processes are likely related to defects; thus, understanding tin halide defect chemistry is a key step toward exploitation of this class of materials. We investigate the MASnI3 perovskite defect chemistry, as a prototype of the entire materials class, using state-of-the-art density functional theory simulations. We show that the inherently low ionization potential of MASnI3 is solely responsible of the high stability of tin vacancy and interstitial iodine defects, which are in turn at the origin of the material p-doping. Tin vacancies create a locally iodine-rich environment that could promote Sn(II) → Sn(IV) oxidation. The higher band edge energies of MASnI3 compared to those of MAPbI3 lead to the emergence of deep electron traps associated with undercoordinated tin defects (e.g., interstitial tin) and the suppression of deep transitions associated with undercoordinated iodine defects that are typical of MAPbI3. Thus, while lead iodide perovskites are dominated by iodine chemistry, tin chemistry dominates tin iodide perovskite defect chemistry. Mixed tin/lead perovskites exhibit an intermediate behavior and are predicted to be potentially free of deep traps. Compositional alloying with different metals is finally explored as a strategy for mitigating defect formation and self-p-doping in tin iodide perovskites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta"(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Damiano Ricciarelli
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta"(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Ahmed A Alasmari
- The First Industrial Institute, TVTC, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
- Physics and Astronomy Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatmah A S Alasmary
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta"(CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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43
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Brauer JC, Tsokkou D, Sanchez S, Droseros N, Roose B, Mosconi E, Hua X, Stolterfoht M, Neher D, Steiner U, De Angelis F, Abate A, Banerji N. Comparing the excited-state properties of a mixed-cation–mixed-halide perovskite to methylammonium lead iodide. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:104703. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5133021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jan C. Brauer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Demetra Tsokkou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Sandy Sanchez
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Droseros
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Bart Roose
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Xiao Hua
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Martin Stolterfoht
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-St. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Dieter Neher
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-St. 24-25, D-14476 Potsdam-Golm, Germany
| | - Ullrich Steiner
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche “Giulio Natta” (CNR-SCITEC), Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biochemistry, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonio Abate
- Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg, Chemin des Verdiers 4, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Natalie Banerji
- Department of Chemistry, University of Fribourg, Chemin du Musée 9, CH-1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Bern, Freiestrasse 3, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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44
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Yang S, Chen S, Mosconi E, Fang Y, Xiao X, Wang C, Zhou Y, Yu Z, Zhao J, Gao Y, De Angelis F, Huang J. Stabilizing halide perovskite surfaces for solar cell operation with wide-bandgap lead oxysalts. Science 2020; 365:473-478. [PMID: 31371610 DOI: 10.1126/science.aax3294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 248] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
We show that converting the surfaces of lead halide perovskite to water-insoluble lead (II) oxysalt through reaction with sulfate or phosphate ions can effectively stabilize the perovskite surface and bulk material. These capping lead oxysalt thin layers enhance the water resistance of the perovskite films by forming strong chemical bonds. The wide-bandgap lead oxysalt layers also reduce the defect density on the perovskite surfaces by passivating undercoordinated surface lead centers, which are defect-nucleating sites. Formation of the lead oxysalt layer increases the carrier recombination lifetime and boosts the efficiency of the solar cells to 21.1%. Encapsulated devices stabilized by the lead oxysalt layers maintain 96.8% of their initial efficiency after operation at maximum power point under simulated air mass (AM) 1.5 G irradiation for 1200 hours at 65°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Yang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Shangshang Chen
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Perugia, Italy
| | - Yanjun Fang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Xun Xiao
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Congcong Wang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Yu Zhou
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Zhenhua Yu
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.,Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
| | - Yongli Gao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY 14627, USA
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM), Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123 Perugia, Italy.,D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy
| | - Jinsong Huang
- Department of Applied Physical Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA. .,Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE 68588, USA
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45
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Proppe AH, Walters GW, Alsalloum AY, Zhumekenov AA, Mosconi E, Kelley SO, De Angelis F, Adamska L, Umari P, Bakr OM, Sargent EH. Transition Dipole Moments of n = 1, 2, and 3 Perovskite Quantum Wells from the Optical Stark Effect and Many-Body Perturbation Theory. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:716-723. [PMID: 31933373 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Metal halide perovskite quantum wells (PQWs) are quantum and dielectrically confined materials exhibiting strongly bound excitons. The exciton transition dipole moment dictates absorption strength and influences interwell coupling in dipole-mediated energy transfer, a process that influences the performance of PQW optoelectronic devices. Here we use transient reflectance spectroscopy with circularly polarized laser pulses to investigate the optical Stark effect in dimensionally pure single crystals of n = 1, 2, and 3 Ruddlesden-Popper PQWs. From these measurements, we extract in-plane transition dipole moments of 11.1 (±0.4), 9.6 (±0.6) and 13.0 (±0.8) D for n = 1, 2 and 3, respectively. We corroborate our experimental results with density functional and many-body perturbation theory calculations, finding that the nature of band edge orbitals and exciton wave function delocalization depends on the PQW "odd-even" symmetry. This accounts for the nonmonotonic relationship between transition dipole moment and PQW dimensionality in the n = 1-3 range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Grant W Walters
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
| | - Abdullah Y Alsalloum
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Ayan A Zhumekenov
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry , University of Toronto , 80 St. George Street , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3M2
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Lyudmyla Adamska
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Padova , via Marzolo 8 , I-35131 Padova , Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia , Università di Padova , via Marzolo 8 , I-35131 Padova , Italy
- CNR-IOM DEMOCRITOS, Istituto Officina dei Materiali , Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche , I-34149 Trieste , Italy
| | - Osman M Bakr
- Division of Physical Science and Engineering , King Abdullah University of Science and Technology , Thuwal 23955-6900 , Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering , University of Toronto , 10 King's College Road , Toronto , Ontario , Canada M5S 3G4
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46
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Phung N, Félix R, Meggiolaro D, Al-Ashouri A, Sousa E Silva G, Hartmann C, Hidalgo J, Köbler H, Mosconi E, Lai B, Gunder R, Li M, Wang KL, Wang ZK, Nie K, Handick E, Wilks RG, Marquez JA, Rech B, Unold T, Correa-Baena JP, Albrecht S, De Angelis F, Bär M, Abate A. The Doping Mechanism of Halide Perovskite Unveiled by Alkaline Earth Metals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:2364-2374. [PMID: 31917562 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b11637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Halide perovskites are a strong candidate for the next generation of photovoltaics. Chemical doping of halide perovskites is an established strategy to prepare the highest efficiency and most stable perovskite-based solar cells. In this study, we unveil the doping mechanism of halide perovskites using a series of alkaline earth metals. We find that low doping levels enable the incorporation of the dopant within the perovskite lattice, whereas high doping concentrations induce surface segregation. The threshold from low to high doping regime correlates to the size of the doping element. We show that the low doping regime results in a more n-type material, while the high doping regime induces a less n-type doping character. Our work provides a comprehensive picture of the unique doping mechanism of halide perovskites, which differs from classical semiconductors. We proved the effectiveness of the low doping regime for the first time, demonstrating highly efficient methylammonium lead iodide based solar cells in both n-i-p and p-i-n architectures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nga Phung
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Roberto Félix
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Amran Al-Ashouri
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Gabrielle Sousa E Silva
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Claudia Hartmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Juanita Hidalgo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , North Avenue NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Hans Köbler
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Barry Lai
- Advanced Photon Source , Argonne National Lab , 9700 Cass Avenue , Lemont , Illinois 60439 , United States
| | - Rene Gunder
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Meng Li
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China.,Laboratory of Advanced Optoelectronic Materials, College of Chemistry, Chemical Engineering and Materials Science , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Kai-Li Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Zhao-Kui Wang
- Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Kaiqi Nie
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Institute of Functional Nano & Soft Materials (FUNSOM), Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Carbon-Based Functional Materials & Devices, Joint International Research Laboratory of Carbon-Based Functional Materials and Devices , Soochow University , Suzhou 215123 , PR China
| | - Evelyn Handick
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Regan G Wilks
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Jose A Marquez
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Bernd Rech
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Technical University Berlin , Marchstraße 23 , 10587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Thomas Unold
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany
| | - Juan-Pablo Correa-Baena
- School of Materials Science and Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , North Avenue NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| | - Steve Albrecht
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science , Technical University Berlin , Marchstraße 23 , 10587 Berlin , Germany
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , CNR-ISTM , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy.,D3-CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Marcus Bär
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy , Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg , Egerland Str. 3 , 91058 Erlangen , Germany.,Helmholtz Institute Erlangen-Nürnberg for Renewable Energy (HI ERN) , Albert-Einstein-Str. 15 , 12489 Berlin , Germany
| | - Antonio Abate
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie GmbH , Hahn-Meitner-Platz 1 , 14109 Berlin , Germany.,Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering , University of Naples Federico II , Piazzale Tecchio 80 , 80125 Fuorigrotta , Italy
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47
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Coduri M, Strobel TA, Szafrański M, Katrusiak A, Mahata A, Cova F, Bonomi S, Mosconi E, De Angelis F, Malavasi L. Band Gap Engineering in MASnBr 3 and CsSnBr 3 Perovskites: Mechanistic Insights through the Application of Pressure. J Phys Chem Lett 2019; 10:7398-7405. [PMID: 31721591 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.9b03046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Here we report on the first structural and optical high-pressure investigation of MASnBr3 (MA = [CH3NH3]+) and CsSnBr3 halide perovskites. A massive red shift of 0.4 eV for MASnBr3 and 0.2 eV for CsSnBr3 is observed within 1.3 to 1.5 GPa from absorption spectroscopy, followed by a huge blue shift of 0.3 and 0.5 eV, respectively. Synchrotron powder diffraction allowed us to correlate the upturn in the optical properties trend (onset of blue shift) with structural phase transitions from cubic to orthorhombic in MASnBr3 and from tetragonal to monoclinic for CsSnBr3. Density functional theory calculations indicate a different underlying mechanism affecting the band gap evolution with pressure, a key role of metal-halide bond lengths for CsSnBr3 and cation orientation for MASnBr3, thus showing the impact of a different A-cation on the pressure response. Finally, the investigated phases, differently from the analogous Pb-based counterparts, are robust against amorphization showing defined diffraction up to the maximum pressure used in the experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauro Coduri
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM , Viale Taramelli 16 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Timothy A Strobel
- Geophysical Laboratory , Carnegie Institution for Science , Washington , DC 20015 , United States
| | - Marek Szafrański
- Adam Mickiewicz University , Faculty of Physics , Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 2 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Andrzej Katrusiak
- Adam Mickiewicz University , Faculty of Chemistry , Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 8 , 61-614 Poznań , Poland
| | - Arup Mahata
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
- CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Federico Cova
- ESRF - The European Synchrotron , 81, Avenue des Martyrs , 38000 Grenoble , France
| | - Sara Bonomi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM , Viale Taramelli 16 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche "Giulio Natta" (CNR-SCITEC) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology , University of Perugia , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Lorenzo Malavasi
- Department of Chemistry and INSTM , Viale Taramelli 16 , 27100 Pavia , Italy
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48
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Campanelli M, Del Giacco T, De Angelis F, Mosconi E, Taddei M, Marmottini F, D'Amato R, Costantino F. Solvent-Free Synthetic Route for Cerium(IV) Metal-Organic Frameworks with UiO-66 Architecture and Their Photocatalytic Applications. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:45031-45037. [PMID: 31702892 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b13730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
A near solvent-free synthetic route for Ce-UiO-66 metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is presented. The MOFs are obtained by energetically grinding the reagents, cerium ammonium nitrate (CAN) and the carboxylic linkers, in a mortar for a few minutes with the addition of a small amount of acetic acid (AcOH) as a modulator (8.75 equiv, 0.5 mL). The slurry is then transferred into a 2 mL vial and heated at 120 °C for 1 day. The MOFs have been characterized for their composition, crystallinity, and porosity and employed as heterogeneous catalysts for the photo-oxidation reaction of substituted benzylic alcohols to benzaldaldehydes under near-ultraviolet light irradiation. The catalytic performances, such as selectivity, conversion, and kinetics, exceed those of similar systems studied by chemical oxidation using similar Ce-MOFs as a catalyst. Moreover, the MOFs were found to be reusable up to three cycles without loss of activity. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations were used to fully describe the electronic structure of the best performing MOFs and to provide useful information on the catalytic activity experimentally observed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
- CompuNet , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , Via Morego 30 , 16163 Genova , Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO) , Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR) , Via Elce di Sotto 8 , 06123 Perugia , Italy
| | - Marco Taddei
- Energy Safety Research Institute , Swansea University , Bay Campus, Fabian Way , Swansea SA1, 8EN , U.K
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49
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Motti SG, Meggiolaro D, Martani S, Sorrentino R, Barker AJ, De Angelis F, Petrozza A. Defect Activity in Lead Halide Perovskites. Adv Mater 2019; 31:e1901183. [PMID: 31423684 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201901183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Revised: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The presence of various types of chemical interactions in metal-halide perovskite semiconductors gives them a characteristic "soft" fluctuating structure, prone to a wide set of defects. Understanding of the nature of defects and their photochemistry is summarized, which leverages the cooperative action of density functional theory investigations and accurate experimental design. This knowledge is used to describe how defect activity determines the macroscopic properties of the material and related devices. Finally, a discussion of the open questions provides a path towards achieving an educated prediction of device operation, necessary to engineer reliable devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia G Motti
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Daniele Meggiolaro
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via dell' Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/OrganicPhotovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Samuele Martani
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartamento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Roberto Sorrentino
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
- Dipartamento di Fisica, Politecnico di Milano, Piazza L. da Vinci, 32, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Alex J Barker
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Via dell' Elce di Sotto, 8, 06123, Perugia, Italy
| | - Annamaria Petrozza
- Center for Nano Science and Technology @PoliMi, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, via G. Pascoli 70/3, 20133, Milan, Italy
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50
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Caputo M, Cefarin N, Radivo A, Demitri N, Gigli L, Plaisier JR, Panighel M, Di Santo G, Moretti S, Giglia A, Polentarutti M, De Angelis F, Mosconi E, Umari P, Tormen M, Goldoni A. Electronic structure of MAPbI 3 and MAPbCl 3: importance of band alignment. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15159. [PMID: 31641160 PMCID: PMC6805902 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50108-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Since their first appearance, organic-inorganic perovskite absorbers have been capturing the attention of the scientific community. While high efficiency devices highlight the importance of band level alignment, very little is known on the origin of the strong n-doping character observed in the perovskite. Here, by means of a highly accurate photoemission study, we shed light on the energy alignment in perovskite-based devices. Our results suggest that the interaction with the substrate may be the driver for the observed doping in the perovskite samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Caputo
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy.
| | - Nicola Cefarin
- IOM-CNR Lab. TASC, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Università di Trieste, via Valerio Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Radivo
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
- IOM-CNR Lab. TASC, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Nicola Demitri
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Lara Gigli
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Jasper R Plaisier
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Mirco Panighel
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica - Università di Trieste, via Valerio Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Giovanni Di Santo
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Sacha Moretti
- CNR - Institute of Atmospheric pollution Research - Sezione di Rende - c/o Polifunzionale - UNICAL 87036 Rende (CS), Rende, Italy
| | - Angelo Giglia
- IOM-CNR Lab. TASC, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Maurizio Polentarutti
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Edoardo Mosconi
- Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), CNR-ISTM, Via Elce di Sotto 8, I-06123, Perugia, Italy
- CompuNet, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163, Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Umari
- IOM-CNR Lab. TASC, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
- Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia - Università di Padova, via Marzolo, 35131, Padova, Italy
| | - Massimo Tormen
- IOM-CNR Lab. TASC, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy
| | - Andrea Goldoni
- Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste, s.s. 14 Km 163.5 in Area Science Park, Basovizza (Trieste) 34149, Trieste, Italy.
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