1
|
Chen H, Liu C, Xu J, Maxwell A, Zhou W, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Bati ASR, Wan H, Wang Z, Zeng L, Wang J, Serles P, Liu Y, Teale S, Liu Y, Saidaminov MI, Li M, Rolston N, Hoogland S, Filleter T, Kanatzidis MG, Chen B, Ning Z, Sargent EH. Improved charge extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells with dual-site-binding ligands. Science 2024; 384:189-193. [PMID: 38603485 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Inverted (pin) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) afford improved operating stability in comparison to their nip counterparts but have lagged in power conversion efficiency (PCE). The energetic losses responsible for this PCE deficit in pin PSCs occur primarily at the interfaces between the perovskite and the charge-transport layers. Additive and surface treatments that use passivating ligands usually bind to a single active binding site: This dense packing of electrically resistive passivants perpendicular to the surface may limit the fill factor in pin PSCs. We identified ligands that bind two neighboring lead(II) ion (Pb2+) defect sites in a planar ligand orientation on the perovskite. We fabricated pin PSCs and report a certified quasi-steady state PCE of 26.15 and 24.74% for 0.05- and 1.04-square centimeter illuminated areas, respectively. The devices retain 95% of their initial PCE after 1200 hours of continuous 1 sun maximum power point operation at 65°C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qilin Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdulaziz S R Bati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Haoyue Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Lewei Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Yanjiang Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Muzhi Li
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | | | - Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhijun Ning
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Jin L, Yu Z, Au A, Serles P, Wang N, Lant JT, Filleter T, Yip CM. P-TDHM: Open-source portable telecentric digital holographic microscope. HardwareX 2024; 17:e00508. [PMID: 38327674 PMCID: PMC10847153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ohx.2024.e00508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2023] [Revised: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
We present the design of a low-cost, portable telecentric digital holographic microscope (P-TDHM) that utilizes off-the-shelf components. We describe the system's hardware and software elements and evaluate its performance by imaging samples ranging from nano-printed targets to live HeLa cells, HEK293 cells, and Dolichospermum via both in-line and off-axis modes. Our results demonstrate that the system can acquire high quality quantitative phase images with nanometer axial and sub-micron lateral resolution in a small form factor, making it a promising candidate for resource-limited settings and remote locations. Our design represents a significant step forward in making telecentric digital holographic microscopy accessible and affordable to the broader community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Jin
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 164 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Ziyang Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 164 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Aaron Au
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 164 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nan Wang
- Civil and Environmental Engineering, 527 College Avenue, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, United States
| | - Jeremy T. Lant
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Christopher M. Yip
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, 164 College St, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G9, Canada
- Donnelly Centre for Cellular & Biomolecular Research, University of Toronto, 160 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E1, Canada
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Applied Chemistry, 200 College St, Toronto, ON M5S 3E5, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Park SM, Wei M, Lempesis N, Yu W, Hossain T, Agosta L, Carnevali V, Atapattu HR, Serles P, Eickemeyer FT, Shin H, Vafaie M, Choi D, Darabi K, Jung ED, Yang Y, Kim DB, Zakeeruddin SM, Chen B, Amassian A, Filleter T, Kanatzidis MG, Graham KR, Xiao L, Rothlisberger U, Grätzel M, Sargent EH. Low-loss contacts on textured substrates for inverted perovskite solar cells. Nature 2023; 624:289-294. [PMID: 37871614 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06745-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023]
Abstract
Inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs) promise enhanced operating stability compared to their normal-structure counterparts1-3. To improve efficiency further, it is crucial to combine effective light management with low interfacial losses4,5. Here we develop a conformal self-assembled monolayer (SAM) as the hole-selective contact on light-managing textured substrates. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that cluster formation during phosphonic acid adsorption leads to incomplete SAM coverage. We devise a co-adsorbent strategy that disassembles high-order clusters, thus homogenizing the distribution of phosphonic acid molecules, and thereby minimizing interfacial recombination and improving electronic structures. We report a laboratory-measured power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.3% and a certified quasi-steady-state PCE of 24.8% for inverted PSCs, with a photocurrent approaching 95% of the Shockley-Queisser maximum. An encapsulated device having a PCE of 24.6% at room temperature retains 95% of its peak performance when stressed at 65 °C and 50% relative humidity following more than 1,000 h of maximum power point tracking under 1 sun illumination. This represents one of the most stable PSCs subjected to accelerated ageing: achieved with a PCE surpassing 24%. The engineering of phosphonic acid adsorption on textured substrates offers a promising avenue for efficient and stable PSCs. It is also anticipated to benefit other optoelectronic devices that require light management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- So Min Park
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nikolaos Lempesis
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Wenjin Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Tareq Hossain
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lorenzo Agosta
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Virginia Carnevali
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Felix T Eickemeyer
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Heejong Shin
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Maral Vafaie
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deokjae Choi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Kasra Darabi
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Eui Dae Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Da Bin Kim
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shaik M Zakeeruddin
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Aram Amassian
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, and Organic and Carbon Electronics Laboratories (ORaCEL), North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Kenneth R Graham
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Lixin Xiao
- State Key Laboratory for Artificial Microstructure and Mesoscopic Physics, Department of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Ursula Rothlisberger
- Laboratory of Computational Chemistry and Biochemistry, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Grätzel
- Laboratory of Photonics and Interfaces, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kumral B, Demingos PG, Cui T, Serles P, Barri N, Singh CV, Filleter T. Defect Engineering of Graphene for Dynamic Reliability. Small 2023; 19:e2302145. [PMID: 37291948 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202302145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The interface between two-dimensional (2D) materials and soft, stretchable polymeric substrates is a governing criterion in proposed 2D materials-based flexible devices. This interface is dominated by weak van der Waals forces and there is a large mismatch in elastic constants between the contact materials. Under dynamic loading, slippage, and decoupling of the 2D material is observed, which then leads to extensive damage propagation in the 2D lattice. Herein, graphene is functionalized through mild and controlled defect engineering for a fivefold increase in adhesion at the graphene-polymer interface. Adhesion is characterized experimentally using buckling-based metrology, while molecular dynamics simulations reveal the role of individual defects in the context of adhesion. Under in situ cyclic loading, the increased adhesion inhibits damage initiation and interfacial fatigue propagation within graphene. This work offers insight into achieving dynamically reliable and robust 2D material-polymer contacts, which can facilitate the development of 2D materials-based flexible devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Boran Kumral
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nima Barri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khatir B, Azimi Dijvejin Z, Serles P, Filleter T, Golovin K. Molecularly Capped Omniphobic Polydimethylsiloxane Brushes with Ultra-Fast Contact Line Dynamics. Small 2023; 19:e2301142. [PMID: 37202658 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202301142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Droplet friction is common and significant in any field where liquids interact with solid surfaces. This study explores the molecular capping of surface-tethered, liquid-like polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) brushes and its substantial effect on droplet friction and liquid repellency. By exchanging polymer chain terminal silanol groups for methyls using a single-step vapor phase reaction, the contact line relaxation time is decreased by three orders of magnitude-from seconds to milliseconds. This leads to a substantial reduction in the static and kinetic friction of both high- and low-surface tension fluids. Vertical droplet oscillatory imaging confirms the ultra-fast contact line dynamics of capped PDMS brushes, which is corroborated by live contact angle monitoring during fluid flow. This study proposes that truly omniphobic surfaces should not only have very small contact angle hysteresis, but their contact line relaxation time should be significantly shorter than the timescale of their useful application, i.e., a Deborah number less than unity. Capped PDMS brushes that meet these criteria demonstrate complete suppression of the coffee ring effect, excellent anti-fouling behavior, directional droplet transport, increased water harvesting performance, and transparency retention following the evaporation of non-Newtonian fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behrooz Khatir
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zahra Azimi Dijvejin
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kevin Golovin
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chen H, Maxwell A, Li C, Teale S, Chen B, Zhu T, Ugur E, Harrison G, Grater L, Wang J, Wang Z, Zeng L, Park SM, Chen L, Serles P, Awni RA, Subedi B, Zheng X, Xiao C, Podraza NJ, Filleter T, Liu C, Yang Y, Luther JM, De Wolf S, Kanatzidis MG, Yan Y, Sargent EH. Publisher Correction: Regulating surface potential maximizes voltage in all-perovskite tandems. Nature 2023; 620:E15. [PMID: 37488360 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06450-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chongwen Li
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Esma Ugur
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke Grater
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junke Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lewei Zeng
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - So Min Park
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rasha Abbas Awni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Biwas Subedi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolas J Podraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
San Gabriel M, Yu D, Mekuz I, Kumral B, Nikbin E, Filleter T, Howe JY. Peltier cooling for the reduction of carbon contamination in scanning electron microscopy. Micron 2023; 172:103499. [PMID: 37343389 DOI: 10.1016/j.micron.2023.103499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2023] [Revised: 06/04/2023] [Accepted: 06/04/2023] [Indexed: 06/23/2023]
Abstract
We used a novel Peltier anticontamination device (PAC) to reduce carbon contamination upon electron beam irradiation in scanning electron microscopy through a reduction of hydrocarbon molecules in the specimen chamber. Unlike liquid-nitrogen based cold traps, the PAC operates free of user maintenance and is suitable for lengthy imaging sessions without degradation of the anticontamination performance. Its performance as an alternative cold trap method provides considerable reduction of electron beam-assisted carbon build-up. We compared the thickness of carbon contamination deposited upon prolonged electron beam scans with the PAC system on and off. Topographical structures of the carbon build-up were characterized using atomic force microscopy. We report that under identical beam parameters, thickness of the carbon contamination was reduced by over 79 % for area scans (1.2 × 1.2 µm2), and by two orders of magnitude for stationary point scans when the PAC cooling mode is engaged.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mia San Gabriel
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| | - Dian Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Iliya Mekuz
- Hitachi High-Tech Canada Inc., Toronto, Canada
| | - Boran Kumral
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Ehsan Nikbin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Jane Y Howe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Toronto, 200 College St, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Pirayesh P, Tantratian K, Amirmaleki M, Yang F, Jin E, Wang Y, Goncharova LV, Guo J, Filleter T, Chen L, Zhao Y. From Nanoalloy to Nano-Laminated Interfaces for Highly Stable Alkali-Metal Anodes. Adv Mater 2023:e2301414. [PMID: 37058276 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202301414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Metal anodes are considered the holy grail for next-generation batteries because of their high gravimetric/volumetric specific capacity and low electrochemical potential. However, several unsolved challenges have impeded their practical applications, such as dendrite growth, interfacial side reactions, dead layer formation, and volume change. An electrochemically, chemically, and mechanically stable artificial solid electrolyte interphase is key to addressing the aforementioned issue with metal anodes. This study demonstrates a new concept of organic and inorganic hybrid interfaces for both Li- and Na-metal anodes. Through tailoring the compositions of the hybrid interfaces, a nanoalloy structure to nano-laminated structure is realized. As a result, the nanoalloy interface (1Al2 O3 -1alucone or 2Al2 O3 -2alucone) presents the most stable electrochemical performances for both Li-and Na-metal anodes. The optimized thicknesses required for the nanoalloy interfaces for Li- and Na-metal anodes are different. A cohesive zone model is applied to interpret the underlying mechanism. Furthermore, the influence of the mechanical stabilities of the different interfaces on the electrochemical performances is investigated experimentally and theoretically. This approach provides a fundamental understanding and establishes the bridge between mechanical properties and electrochemical performance for alkali-metal anodes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Parham Pirayesh
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Karnpiwat Tantratian
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Maedeh Amirmaleki
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, 02139, USA
| | - Feipeng Yang
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Enzhong Jin
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Yijia Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| | - Lyudmila V Goncharova
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 3K7, Canada
| | - Jinghua Guo
- Advanced Light Source, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan-Dearborn, Dearborn, MI, 48128, USA
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, N6A 5B9, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wang S, Khan AA, Teale S, Xu J, Parmar DH, Zhao R, Grater L, Serles P, Zou Y, Filleter T, Seferos DS, Ban D, Sargent EH. Large piezoelectric response in a Jahn-Teller distorted molecular metal halide. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1852. [PMID: 37012239 PMCID: PMC10070272 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37471-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Piezoelectric materials convert between mechanical and electrical energy and are a basis for self-powered electronics. Current piezoelectrics exhibit either large charge (d33) or voltage (g33) coefficients but not both simultaneously, and yet the maximum energy density for energy harvesting is determined by the transduction coefficient: d33*g33. In prior piezoelectrics, an increase in polarization usually accompanies a dramatic rise in the dielectric constant, resulting in trade off between d33 and g33. This recognition led us to a design concept: increase polarization through Jahn-Teller lattice distortion and reduce the dielectric constant using a highly confined 0D molecular architecture. With this in mind, we sought to insert a quasi-spherical cation into a Jahn-Teller distorted lattice, increasing the mechanical response for a large piezoelectric coefficient. We implemented this concept by developing EDABCO-CuCl4 (EDABCO = N-ethyl-1,4-diazoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octonium), a molecular piezoelectric with a d33 of 165 pm/V and g33 of ~2110 × 10-3 V m N-1, one that achieved thusly a combined transduction coefficient of 348 × 10-12 m3 J-1. This enables piezoelectric energy harvesting in EDABCO-CuCl4@PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride) composite film with a peak power density of 43 µW/cm2 (at 50 kPa), the highest value reported for mechanical energy harvesters based on heavy-metal-free molecular piezoelectric.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sasa Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Asif Abdullah Khan
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Darshan H Parmar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Ruyan Zhao
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Luke Grater
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Zou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Dwight S Seferos
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Dayan Ban
- Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Waterloo, 200 University Ave West, Waterloo, Ontario, N2L 3G1, Canada.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 10 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G4, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chen H, Maxwell A, Li C, Teale S, Chen B, Zhu T, Ugur E, Harrison G, Grater L, Wang J, Wang Z, Zeng L, Park SM, Chen L, Serles P, Awni RA, Subedi B, Zheng X, Xiao C, Podraza NJ, Filleter T, Liu C, Yang Y, Luther JM, De Wolf S, Kanatzidis MG, Yan Y, Sargent EH. Regulating surface potential maximizes voltage in all-perovskite tandems. Nature 2023; 613:676-681. [PMID: 36379225 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-022-05541-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The open-circuit voltage (VOC) deficit in perovskite solar cells is greater in wide-bandgap (over 1.7 eV) cells than in perovskites of roughly 1.5 eV (refs. 1,2). Quasi-Fermi-level-splitting measurements show VOC-limiting recombination at the electron-transport-layer contact3-5. This, we find, stems from inhomogeneous surface potential and poor perovskite-electron transport layer energetic alignment. Common monoammonium surface treatments fail to address this; as an alternative, we introduce diammonium molecules to modify perovskite surface states and achieve a more uniform spatial distribution of surface potential. Using 1,3-propane diammonium, quasi-Fermi-level splitting increases by 90 meV, enabling 1.79 eV perovskite solar cells with a certified 1.33 V VOC and over 19% power conversion efficiency (PCE). Incorporating this layer into a monolithic all-perovskite tandem, we report a record VOC of 2.19 V (89% of the detailed balance VOC limit) and over 27% PCE (26.3% certified quasi-steady state). These tandems retained more than 86% of their initial PCE after 500 h of operation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chongwen Li
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Tong Zhu
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Esma Ugur
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - George Harrison
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Luke Grater
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Junke Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lewei Zeng
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - So Min Park
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lei Chen
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Rasha Abbas Awni
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Biwas Subedi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | | | | | - Nikolas J Podraza
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | - Stefaan De Wolf
- KAUST Solar Center, Physical Sciences and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Yanfa Yan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy and Wright Center for Photovoltaics Innovation and Commercialization, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH, USA.
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. .,Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA. .,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Lee S, Park SM, Jung ED, Zhu T, Pina JM, Anwar H, Wu FY, Chen GL, Dong Y, Cui T, Wei M, Bertens K, Wang YK, Chen B, Filleter T, Hung SF, Won YH, Kim KH, Hoogland S, Sargent EH. Dipole Engineering through the Orientation of Interface Molecules for Efficient InP Quantum Dot Light-Emitting Diodes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:20923-20930. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c09705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Seungjin Lee
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - So Min Park
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Eui Dae Jung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Tong Zhu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Joao M. Pina
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Husna Anwar
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Feng-Yi Wu
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Guan-Lin Chen
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yitong Dong
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mingyang Wei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Koen Bertens
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Ya-Kun Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sung-Fu Hung
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Applied Chemistry, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ho Won
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Hee Kim
- Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology, Samsung Electronics, Suwon-si 16678, Republic of Korea
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Edward H. Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Dou W, Malhi M, Cui T, Wang M, Wang T, Shan G, Law J, Gong Z, Plakhotnik J, Filleter T, Li R, Simmons CA, Maynes JT, Sun Y. A Carbon-Based Biosensing Platform for Simultaneously Measuring the Contraction and Electrophysiology of iPSC-Cardiomyocyte Monolayers. ACS Nano 2022; 16:11278-11290. [PMID: 35715006 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.2c04676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Heart beating is triggered by the generation and propagation of action potentials through the myocardium, resulting in the synchronous contraction of cardiomyocytes. This process highlights the importance of electrical and mechanical coordination in organ function. Investigating the pathogenesis of heart diseases and potential therapeutic actions in vitro requires biosensing technologies which allow for long-term and simultaneous measurement of the contractility and electrophysiology of cardiomyocytes. However, the adoption of current biosensing approaches for functional measurement of in vitro cardiac models is hampered by low sensitivity, difficulties in achieving multifunctional detection, and costly manufacturing processes. Leveraging carbon-based nanomaterials, we developed a biosensing platform that is capable of performing on-chip and simultaneous measurement of contractility and electrophysiology of human induced pluripotent stem-cell-derived cardiomyocyte (iPSC-CM) monolayers. This platform integrates with a flexible thin-film cantilever embedded with a carbon black (CB)-PDMS strain sensor for high-sensitivity contraction measurement and four pure carbon nanotube (CNT) electrodes for the detection of extracellular field potentials with low electrode impedance. Cardiac functional properties including contractile stress, beating rate, beating rhythm, and extracellular field potential were evaluated to quantify iPSC-CM responses to common cardiotropic agents. In addition, an in vitro model of drug-induced cardiac arrhythmia was established to further validate the platform for disease modeling and drug testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenkun Dou
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Manpreet Malhi
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Minyao Wang
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Tiancong Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Guanqiao Shan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Junhui Law
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Zheyuan Gong
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Julia Plakhotnik
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Renke Li
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, University Health Network and University of Toronto, Toronto, M5G 1L7, Canada
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Translational Biology & Engineering Program, Ted Rogers Centre for Heart Research, Toronto, M5G 1M1, Canada
| | - Jason T Maynes
- Program in Molecular Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario M5G 1X8, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 1A8, Canada
- Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G9, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5S 3G4, Canada
- Department of Computer Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, M5T 3A1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abdollahi-Mamoudan F, Ibarra-Castanedo C, Filleter T, Maldague XPV. Experimental Study and FEM Simulations for Detection of Rebars in Concrete Slabs by Coplanar Capacitive Sensing Technique. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:5400. [PMID: 35891079 PMCID: PMC9323606 DOI: 10.3390/s22145400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2022] [Revised: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, a relatively novel non-destructive testing (NDT) method called the coplanar capacitive sensing technique was applied in order to detect different sizes of rebars in a reinforced concrete (RC) structure. This technique effectively detects changes in the dielectric properties during scanning in various sections of concrete with and without rebars. Numerical simulations were carried out by three-dimensional (3D) finite element modelling (FEM) in COMSOL Multiphysics software to analyse the impact of the presence of rebars on the electric field generated by the coplanar capacitive probe. In addition, the effect of the presence of a surface defect on the rebar embedded in the concrete slab was demonstrated by the same software for the first time. Experiments were performed on a concrete slab containing rebars, and were compared with FEM results. The results showed that there is a good qualitative agreement between the numerical simulations and experimental results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farima Abdollahi-Mamoudan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Clemente Ibarra-Castanedo
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada;
| | - Xavier P. V. Maldague
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Université Laval, 1065 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada;
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abstract
2D materials are well-known for their low-friction behavior by modifying the interfacial forces at atomic surfaces. Of the wide range of 2D materials, MXenes represent an emerging material class but their lubricating behavior has been scarcely investigated. Herein, the friction mechanisms of 2D Ti3C2Tx MXenes are demonstrated which are attributed to their surface terminations. We find that Ti3C2Tx MXenes do not exhibit the well-known frictional layer dependence of other 2D materials. Instead, the nanoscale lubricity of 2D MXenes is governed by the termination species resulting from synthesis. Annealing the MXenes demonstrate a 7% reduction in OH termination which translates to a 16-57% reduction of friction in agreement with DFT calculations. Finally, the stability of MXene flakes is demonstrated upon isolation from their aqueous environment. This work indicates that MXenes can provide sustainable lubricity at any thickness which makes them uniquely positioned among 2D material lubricants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Engineering, University of Cambridge, 17 Charles Babbage Road, Cambridge, United Kingdom, CB3 0FS
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Pedro Guerra Demingos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Li Ma
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Nima Barri
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hayden Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang G, Najafi F, Ho K, Hamidinejad M, Cui T, Walker GC, Singh CV, Filleter T. Mechanical Size Effect of Freestanding Nanoconfined Polymer Films. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c02270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Guorui Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Farzin Najafi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Kevin Ho
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Gilbert C. Walker
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Hamidinejad M, Arif T, Wang G, Rezaei S, Serles P, Taylor HK, Park CB, Filleter T. Sectorization of Macromolecular Single Crystals Unveiled by Probing Shear Anisotropy. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:53-59. [PMID: 35574781 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.1c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Polymer single crystals continue to infiltrate emerging technologies such as flexible organic field-effect transistors because of their excellent translational symmetry and chemical purity. However, owing to the methodological challenges, direct imaging of the polymer chains folding direction resulting in sectorization of single crystals has rarely been investigated. Herein, we directly image the sectorization of polymer single crystals through anisotropic elastic deformation on the surface of macromolecular single crystals. A variant of friction force microscopy, in which the scanning direction of the probe tip is parallel with the cantilever axis, allows for high contrast imaging of the sectorization in polymer single crystals. The lateral deflection of the cantilever resulting from shear forces transverse to the scan direction shows a close connection with the in-plane components of the elastic tensor of the polymer single crystals, which is of a fundamentally different origin than the friction forces. This allows for fast, facile, and nondestructive characterization of the microstructure and in-plane elastic anisotropy of compliant crystalline materials such as polymers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Guorui Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sasan Rezaei
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Hayden K. Taylor
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720, United States
| | - Chul B. Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Hassan A, Kim Y, Ryu S, Hatton B, Filleter T. Divisions in a Fibrillar Adhesive Increase the Adhesive Strength. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:59478-59486. [PMID: 34847669 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c17663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
To realize the potential of bioinspired fibrillar adhesive applications ranging from biomedical devices to robotic grippers, there has been a significant effort to improve their adhesive strength and understanding of the underlying adhesion and detachment mechanisms. These efforts include changes to the backing layer, which connects the roots of all of the pillars in the fibrillar adhesive. However, previous approaches such as thickness or elastic modulus changes are selectively advantageous to the adhesive strength depending on the substrate condition because of the trade-off between conformity to misaligned/rough surfaces and increased interfacial stress concentrations. In this work, we explore mechanical divisions (cuts) in the backing layer as a new approach to improve the adhesive strength without this trade-off. We combine experiments and finite element analysis (FEA) to study the effect of the divisions, which decouples the mechanical interaction between the pillars on the divided layers, and show that the adhesive strength can be improved regardless of the substrate condition. Tensile adhesion experiments show increased adhesive strength with cuts to a micropost array (150 μm diameter posts) by approximately 25% for 4 divisions. In situ imaging of pillar detachment shows a transition of the detachment process from a peel-like detachment to a random detachment sequence. FEA simulations of the detachment process suggest that the increased strength may originate from a simultaneous enhancement of the load distribution between the pillars and the compliance of the backing layer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aly Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Yongtae Kim
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Seunghwa Ryu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Benjamin Hatton
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S1A1, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Meiyazhagan A, Serles P, Salpekar D, Oliveira EF, Alemany LB, Fu R, Gao G, Arif T, Vajtai R, Swaminathan V, Galvao DS, Khabashesku VN, Filleter T, Ajayan PM. Gas-Phase Fluorination of Hexagonal Boron Nitride. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2106084. [PMID: 34617333 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202106084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) has received much attention in recent years as a 2D dielectric material with potential applications ranging from catalysts to electronics. hBN is a stable covalent compound with a planar hexagonal lattice and is relatively unreactive to most chemical environments, making the chemical functionalization of hBN challenging. Here, a simple, scalable strategy to fluorinate hBN using a direct gas-phase fluorination technique is reported. The nature of fluorine bonding to the hBN lattice and their chemical coordination are described based on various characterization studies and theoretical models. The fluorine functionalized hBN shows a bandgap reduction and displays a semiconducting behavior due to the fluorination process. Additionally, the fluorinated hBN shows significant improvement in its thermal and friction properties, which could be substantial in applications such as lubricants and thermal fluids. Theory and simulations reveal that the enhanced friction properties of fluorinated hBN result from reduced inter-planar interaction energy by electrostatic repulsion of intercalated fluorine atoms between hBN layers without significant disruption of the in-plane lattice. This technique paves the way for the fluorination of several other 2D structures for various applications such as magnetism and functional nanoscale electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- AshokKumar Meiyazhagan
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Devashish Salpekar
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Eliezer Fernando Oliveira
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Group of Organic Solids and New Materials, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13.083-861, Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences (CCES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13.083-861, Brazil
| | - Lawrence B Alemany
- Shared Equipment Authority, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Riqiang Fu
- National High Magnetic Field Laboratory, 1800 E. Paul Dirac Drive, Tallahassee, FL, 32310, USA
| | - Guanhui Gao
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | | | - Douglas S Galvao
- Group of Organic Solids and New Materials, Gleb Wataghin Institute of Physics, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13.083-861, Brazil
- Center for Computational Engineering and Sciences (CCES), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, 13.083-861, Brazil
| | - Valery N Khabashesku
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, The University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Susarla S, Chilkoor G, Kalimuthu JR, Saadi MASR, Cui Y, Arif T, Tsafack T, Puthirath AB, Sigdel P, Jasthi B, Sudeep PM, Hu L, Hassan A, Castro-Pardo S, Barnes M, Roy S, Verduzco R, Kibria MG, Filleter T, Lin H, Solares SD, Koratkar N, Gadhamshetty V, Rahman MM, Ajayan PM. Corrosion Resistance of Sulfur-Selenium Alloy Coatings. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2104467. [PMID: 34651334 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202104467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Despite decades of research, metallic corrosion remains a long-standing challenge in many engineering applications. Specifically, designing a material that can resist corrosion both in abiotic as well as biotic environments remains elusive. Here a lightweight sulfur-selenium (S-Se) alloy is designed with high stiffness and ductility that can serve as an excellent corrosion-resistant coating with protection efficiency of ≈99.9% for steel in a wide range of diverse environments. S-Se coated mild steel shows a corrosion rate that is 6-7 orders of magnitude lower than bare metal in abiotic (simulated seawater and sodium sulfate solution) and biotic (sulfate-reducing bacterial medium) environments. The coating is strongly adhesive, mechanically robust, and demonstrates excellent damage/deformation recovery properties, which provide the added advantage of significantly reducing the probability of a defect being generated and sustained in the coating, thus improving its longevity. The high corrosion resistance of the alloy is attributed in diverse environments to its semicrystalline, nonporous, antimicrobial, and viscoelastic nature with superior mechanical performance, enabling it to successfully block a variety of diffusing species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sandhya Susarla
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Govinda Chilkoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
| | - Jawahar R Kalimuthu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
| | - M A S R Saadi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Yufei Cui
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Thierry Tsafack
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Anand B Puthirath
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pawan Sigdel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
| | - Bharat Jasthi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
| | - Parambath M Sudeep
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Leiqing Hu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Aly Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | | | - Morgan Barnes
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Soumyabrata Roy
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Rafael Verduzco
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Md Golam Kibria
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Calgary, Alberta, T2N 1N4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Ontario, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Haiqing Lin
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Santiago D Solares
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Nikhil Koratkar
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace and Nuclear Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 12180, USA
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
- 2D materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2D-BEST), South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, SD, 57701, USA
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
El-Sherif H, Briggs N, Bersch B, Pan M, Hamidinejad M, Rajabpour S, Filleter T, Kim KW, Robinson J, Bassim ND. Scalable Characterization of 2D Gallium-Intercalated Epitaxial Graphene. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2021; 13:55428-55439. [PMID: 34780159 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c14091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Scalable synthesis of two-dimensional gallium (2D-Ga) covered by graphene layers was recently realized through confinement heteroepitaxy using silicon carbide substrates. However, the thickness, uniformity, and area coverage of the 2D-Ga heterostructures have not previously been studied with high-spatial resolution techniques. In this work, we resolve and measure the 2D-Ga heterostructure thicknesses using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Utilizing multiple correlative methods, we find that SEM image contrast is directly related to the presence of uniform bilayer Ga at the interface and a variation of the number of graphene layers. We also investigate the origin of SEM contrast using both experimental measurements and theoretical calculations of the surface potentials. We find that a carbon buffer layer is detached due to the gallium intercalation, which increases the surface potential as an indication of the 2D-Ga presence. We then scale up the heterostructure characterization over a few-square millimeter area by segmenting SEM images, each acquired with nanometer-scale in-plane resolution. This work leverages the spectroscopic imaging capabilities of SEM that allows high-spatial resolution imaging for tracking intercalants, identifying relative surface potentials, determining the number of 2D layers, and further characterizing scalability and uniformity of low-dimensional materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesham El-Sherif
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| | - Natalie Briggs
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Brian Bersch
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Minghao Pan
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Siavash Rajabpour
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Ki Wook Kim
- Department of Physics and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695, United States
| | - Joshua Robinson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, State College, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Nabil D Bassim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, McMaster University, 1280 Main Street West, Hamilton, Ontario L8S4L8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Serles P, Arif T, Puthirath AB, Yadav S, Wang G, Cui T, Balan AP, Yadav TP, Thibeorchews P, Chakingal N, Costin G, Singh CV, Ajayan PM, Filleter T. Friction of magnetene, a non-van der Waals 2D material. Sci Adv 2021; 7:eabk2041. [PMID: 34788102 PMCID: PMC8597991 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abk2041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) materials are known to have low-friction interfaces by reducing the energy dissipated by sliding contacts. While this is often attributed to van der Waals (vdW) bonding of 2D materials, nanoscale and quantum confinement effects can also act to modify the atomic interactions of a 2D material, producing unique interfacial properties. Here, we demonstrate the low-friction behavior of magnetene, a non-vdW 2D material obtained via the exfoliation of magnetite, showing statistically similar friction to benchmark vdW 2D materials. We find that this low friction is due to 2D confinement effects of minimized potential energy surface corrugation, lowered valence states reducing surface adsorbates, and forbidden low-damping phonon modes, all of which contribute to producing a low-friction 2D material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Anand B. Puthirath
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Shwetank Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Guorui Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Aravind Puthirath Balan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- National Graphene Institute (NGI) and School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science (CEAS), University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Thakur Prasad Yadav
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi 221 005, India
| | | | - Nithya Chakingal
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Gelu Costin
- Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St., Toronto, ON M5S 3E4, Canada
- Corresponding author. (T.F.); (P.M.A.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Pulickel M. Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Corresponding author. (T.F.); (P.M.A.); (C.V.S.)
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
- Corresponding author. (T.F.); (P.M.A.); (C.V.S.)
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Sajadi SM, Vásárhelyi L, Mousavi R, Rahmati AH, Kónya Z, Kukovecz Á, Arif T, Filleter T, Vajtai R, Boul P, Pang Z, Li T, Tiwary CS, Rahman MM, Ajayan PM. Damage-tolerant 3D-printed ceramics via conformal coating. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/28/eabc5028. [PMID: 34233870 PMCID: PMC8262818 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc5028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Ceramic materials, despite their high strength and modulus, are limited in many structural applications due to inherent brittleness and low toughness. Nevertheless, ceramic-based structures, in nature, overcome this limitation using bottom-up complex hierarchical assembly of hard ceramic and soft polymer, where ceramics are packaged with tiny fraction of polymers in an internalized fashion. Here, we propose a far simpler approach of entirely externalizing the soft phase via conformal polymer coating over architected ceramic structures, leading to damage tolerance. Architected structures are printed using silica-filled preceramic polymer, pyrolyzed to stabilize the ceramic scaffolds, and then dip-coated conformally with a thin, flexible epoxy polymer. The polymer-coated architected structures show multifold improvement in compressive strength and toughness while resisting catastrophic failure through a considerable delay of the damage propagation. This surface modification approach allows a simple strategy to build complex ceramic parts that are far more damage-tolerant than their traditional counterparts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Mohammad Sajadi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lívia Vásárhelyi
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Amir Hossein Rahmati
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204, USA
| | - Zoltán Kónya
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary. .,MTA-SZTE Reaction Kinetics and Surface Chemistry Research Group, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Ákos Kukovecz
- Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Robert Vajtai
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.,Interdisciplinary Excellence Centre, Department of Applied and Environmental Chemistry, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Zhenqian Pang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA
| | - Teng Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA.
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Proppe AH, Johnston A, Teale S, Mahata A, Quintero-Bermudez R, Jung EH, Grater L, Cui T, Filleter T, Kim CY, Kelley SO, De Angelis F, Sargent EH. Multication perovskite 2D/3D interfaces form via progressive dimensional reduction. Nat Commun 2021; 12:3472. [PMID: 34108463 PMCID: PMC8190276 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-23616-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the best-performing perovskite photovoltaic devices make use of 2D/3D interfaces, which improve efficiency and stability – but it remains unclear how the conversion of 3D-to-2D perovskite occurs and how these interfaces are assembled. Here, we use in situ Grazing-Incidence Wide-Angle X-Ray Scattering to resolve 2D/3D interface formation during spin-coating. We observe progressive dimensional reduction from 3D to n = 3 → 2 → 1 when we expose (MAPbBr3)0.05(FAPbI3)0.95 perovskites to vinylbenzylammonium ligand cations. Density functional theory simulations suggest ligands incorporate sequentially into the 3D lattice, driven by phenyl ring stacking, progressively bisecting the 3D perovskite into lower-dimensional fragments to form stable interfaces. Slowing the 2D/3D transformation with higher concentrations of antisolvent yields thinner 2D layers formed conformally onto 3D grains, improving carrier extraction and device efficiency (20% 3D-only, 22% 2D/3D). Controlling this progressive dimensional reduction has potential to further improve the performance of 2D/3D perovskite photovoltaics. Many best-performing perovskite photovoltaics use 2D/3D interfaces to improve efficiency and stability, yet the mechanism of interface assembly is unclear. Here, Proppe et al. use in-situ GIWAXS to resolve this transformation, observing progressive dimensional reduction from 3D to 2D perovskites.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew H Proppe
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Andrew Johnston
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sam Teale
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Arup Mahata
- D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (CNR-SCITEC), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Perugia, Italy
| | - Rafael Quintero-Bermudez
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eui Hyuk Jung
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Luke Grater
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Shana O Kelley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Filippo De Angelis
- D3-Computation, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genova, Italy.,Computational Laboratory for Hybrid/Organic Photovoltaics (CLHYO), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche (CNR-SCITEC), Istituto CNR di Scienze e Tecnologie Molecolari (ISTM-CNR), Perugia, Italy.,Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy.,Chemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Edward H Sargent
- The Edward S. Rogers Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Amirmaleki M, Cui T, Zhao Y, Tam J, Goel A, Sun Y, Sun X, Filleter T. Fracture and Fatigue of Al 2O 3-Graphene Nanolayers. Nano Lett 2021; 21:437-444. [PMID: 33373247 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c03868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Al2O3-graphene nanolayers are widely used within integrated micro/nanoelectronic systems; however, their lifetimes are largely limited by fracture both statically and dynamically. Here, we present a static and fatigue study of thin (1-11 nm) free-standing Al2O3-graphene nanolayers. A remarkable fatigue life of greater than one billion cycles was obtained for films <2.2 nm thick under large mean stress levels, which was up to 3 orders of magnitude longer than that of its thicker (11 nm) counterpart. A similar thickness dependency was also identified for the elastic and static fracture behavior, where the enhancement effect of graphene is prominent only within a thickness of ∼3.3 nm. Moreover, plastic deformation, manifested by viscous creep, was observed and appeared to be more substantial for thicker films. This study provides mechanistic insights on both the static and dynamic reliability of Al2O3-graphene nanolayers and can potentially guide the design of graphene-based devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Amirmaleki
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Jason Tam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3E4
| | - Anukalp Goel
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada N6A 5B9
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada M5S 3G8
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Chilkoor G, Jawaharraj K, Vemuri B, Kutana A, Tripathi M, Kota D, Arif T, Filleter T, Dalton AB, Yakobson BI, Meyyappan M, Rahman MM, Ajayan PM, Gadhamshetty V. Hexagonal Boron Nitride for Sulfur Corrosion Inhibition. ACS Nano 2020; 14:14809-14819. [PMID: 33104334 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c03625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Corrosion by sulfur compounds is a long-standing challenge in many engineering applications. Specifically, designing a coating that protects metals from both abiotic and biotic forms of sulfur corrosion remains an elusive goal. Here we report that atomically thin layers (∼4) of hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) act as a protective coating to inhibit corrosion of the underlying copper (Cu) surfaces (∼6-7-fold lower corrosion than bare Cu) in abiotic (sulfuric acid and sodium sulfide) and biotic (sulfate-reducing bacteria medium) environments. The corrosion resistance of hBN is attributed to its outstanding barrier properties to the corrosive species in diverse environments of sulfur compounds. Increasing the number of atomic layers did not necessarily improve the corrosion protection mechanisms. Instead, multilayers of hBN were found to upregulate the adhesion genes in Desulfovibrio alaskensis G20 cells, promote cell adhesion and biofilm growth, and lower the protection against biogenic sulfide attack when compared to the few layers of hBN. Our findings confirm hBN as the thinnest coating to resist diverse forms of sulfur corrosion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Govind Chilkoor
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2DBEST) Center, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Kalimuthu Jawaharraj
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Bhuvan Vemuri
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Alex Kutana
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Manoj Tripathi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Divya Kota
- Department of Nanoscience and Nanoengineering, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| | - Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Alan B Dalton
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RH, United Kingdom
| | - Boris I Yakobson
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - M Meyyappan
- Center for Nanotechnology, NASA Ames Research Center, Mountain View, California 94035, United States
| | - Muhammad M Rahman
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Venkataramana Gadhamshetty
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, 2-Dimensional Materials for Biofilm Engineering Science and Technology (2DBEST) Center, South Dakota School of Mines and Technology, Rapid City, South Dakota 57701, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Cui T, Yip K, Hassan A, Wang G, Liu X, Sun Y, Filleter T. Graphene fatigue through van der Waals interactions. Sci Adv 2020; 6:6/42/eabb1335. [PMID: 33055156 PMCID: PMC7556834 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb1335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Graphene is often in contact with other materials through weak van der Waals (vdW) interactions. Of particular interest is the graphene-polymer interface, which is constantly subjected to dynamic loading in applications, including flexible electronics and multifunctional coatings. Through in situ cyclic loading, we directly observed interfacial fatigue propagation at the graphene-polymer interface, which was revealed to satisfy a modified Paris' law. Furthermore, cyclic loading through vdW contact was able to cause fatigue fracture of even pristine graphene through a combined in-plane shear and out-of-plane tear mechanism. Shear fracture was found to mainly initiate at the fold junctions induced by cyclic loading and propagate parallel to the loading direction. Fracture mechanics analysis was conducted to explain the kinetics of an exotic self-tearing behavior of graphene during cyclic loading. This work offers mechanistic insights into the dynamic reliability of graphene and graphene-polymer interface, which could facilitate the durable design of graphene-based structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Kevin Yip
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Aly Hassan
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Guorui Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Xingjian Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada.
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S3G8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Yip K, Cui T, Filleter T. Enhanced sensitivity of nanoscale subsurface imaging by photothermal excitation in atomic force microscopy. Rev Sci Instrum 2020; 91:063703. [PMID: 32611036 DOI: 10.1063/5.0004628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Photothermal excitation of the cantilever for use in subsurface imaging with atomic force microscopy was compared against traditional piezoelectric excitation. Photothermal excitation alleviates issues commonly found in traditional piezoelectrics such as spurious resonances by producing clean resonance peaks through direct cantilever excitation. A calibration specimen consisting of a 3 × 3 array of holes ranging from 200 to 30 nm etched into silicon and covered by graphite was used to compare these two drive mechanisms. Photothermal excitation exhibited a signal-to-noise ratio as high as four times when compared to piezoelectric excitation, utilizing higher eigenmodes for subsurface imaging. The cleaner and sharper resonance peaks obtained using photothermal excitation revealed all subsurface holes down to 30 nm through 135 nm of graphite. In addition, we demonstrated the ability of using photothermal excitation to detect the contact quality variation and evolution at graphite-polymer interfaces, which is critical in graphene-based nanocomposites, flexible electronics, and functional coatings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yip
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Cui T, Mukherjee S, Sudeep PM, Colas G, Najafi F, Tam J, Ajayan PM, Singh CV, Sun Y, Filleter T. Fatigue of graphene. Nat Mater 2020; 19:405-411. [PMID: 31959950 DOI: 10.1038/s41563-019-0586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Materials can suffer mechanical fatigue when subjected to cyclic loading at stress levels much lower than the ultimate tensile strength, and understanding this behaviour is critical to evaluating long-term dynamic reliability. The fatigue life and damage mechanisms of two-dimensional (2D) materials, of interest for mechanical and electronic applications, are currently unknown. Here, we present a fatigue study of freestanding 2D materials, specifically graphene and graphene oxide (GO). Using atomic force microscopy, monolayer and few-layer graphene were found to exhibit a fatigue life of more than 109 cycles at a mean stress of 71 GPa and a stress range of 5.6 GPa, higher than any material reported so far. Fatigue failure in monolayer graphene is global and catastrophic without progressive damage, while molecular dynamics simulations reveal this is preceded by stress-mediated bond reconfigurations near defective sites. Conversely, functional groups in GO impart a local and progressive fatigue damage mechanism. This study not only provides fundamental insights into the fatigue enhancement behaviour of graphene-embedded nanocomposites, but also serves as a starting point for the dynamic reliability evaluation of other 2D materials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sankha Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Parambath M Sudeep
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Guillaume Colas
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Farzin Najafi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jason Tam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Wang X, Cao C, Shan J, Zhao Y, Filleter T, Sun Y. Direct Characterization of Stress-Strain Relationship for Quantifying Single Cell Elasticity. Biophys J 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2019.11.3336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
|
30
|
Hamidinejad M, Zandieh A, Lee JH, Papillon J, Zhao B, Moghimian N, Maire E, Filleter T, Park CB. Insight into the Directional Thermal Transport of Hexagonal Boron Nitride Composites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:41726-41735. [PMID: 31610650 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b16070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Ideal dielectric materials for microelectronic devices should have high directionally tailored thermoconductivity with low dielectric constant and loss. Hexagonal boron nitride (hBN) with excellent thermal and dielectric properties shows a promise for the fabrication of thermoconductive dielectric polymer composites. Herein, a simple method for the fabrication of lightweight polymer/hBN composites with high directionally tailored thermoconductivity and excellent dielectric properties is presented. The solid polymer/hBN composites are manufactured by melt-compounding and injection molding. The porous composites are successfully manufactured in an injection molding process through supercritical fluid (SCF) foaming. X-ray tomography provides direct visualization of the internal microstructure and hBN orientation, leading to an in-depth understanding of the directionally dependent thermoconductivity of the polymer/hBN composite. Shear-induced orientation of hBN platelets in the solid HDPE/hBN composites leads to a significant anisotropic thermal conductivity. The solid HDPE/23.2 vol % hBN composites show an in-plane thermoconductivity as high as 10.1 W m-1 K-1, whereas the through-plane thermoconductivity is limited to 0.28 W m-1 K-1. However, the generation of a porous structure via SCF foaming imparts in situ exfoliation, random orientation, and interconnectivity of hBN platelets within the polymer matrix. This results in highly isotropic thermoconductivity with higher bulk thermal conductivity in the lightweight porous composites as compared to their solid counterparts. Furthermore, the electrically insulating composites developed in this study exhibit low dielectric constant and ultralow dielectric loss. Thus, this study presents a simple fabrication method to develop lightweight dielectric materials with tailored thermal conductivity for modern electronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Azadeh Zandieh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Jung H Lee
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Justine Papillon
- University of Lyon, INSA de Lyon , MATEIS UMR CNRS 5510, Bât. Saint Exupery, 23 Av. Jean Capelle , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Biao Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Nima Moghimian
- NanoXplore Inc. , 25 Boul. Montpellier , Saint-Laurent , Quebec H4N 2G3 , Canada
| | - Eric Maire
- University of Lyon, INSA de Lyon , MATEIS UMR CNRS 5510, Bât. Saint Exupery, 23 Av. Jean Capelle , F-69621 Villeurbanne , France
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road , Toronto M5S 3G8 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Amirmaleki M, Cao C, Wang B, Zhao Y, Cui T, Tam J, Sun X, Sun Y, Filleter T. Nanomechanical elasticity and fracture studies of lithium phosphate (LPO) and lithium tantalate (LTO) solid-state electrolytes. Nanoscale 2019; 11:18730-18738. [PMID: 31591615 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr02176k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) have attracted much attention due to their enhanced energy density and safety as compared to traditional liquid-based batteries. However, cyclic performance depreciates due to microcrack formation and propagation at the interface of the solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) and electrodes. Herein, we studied the elastic and fracture behavior of atomic layer deposition (ALD) synthesized glassy lithium phosphate (LPO) and lithium tantalate (LTO) thin films as promising candidates for SSEs. The mechanical behavior of ALD prepared SSE thin films with a thickness range of 5 nm to 30 nm over suspended single-layer graphene was studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM) film deflection technique. Scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) coupled with AFM was used for microstructural analysis. LTO films exhibited higher stiffness and higher fracture forces as compared to LPO films. Fracture in LTO films occurred directly under the indenter in a brittle fashion, while LPO films failed by a more complex fracture mechanism including significant plastic deformation prior to the onset of complete fracture. The results and methodology described in this work open a new window to identify the potential influence of SSEs mechanical performance on their operation in flexible ASSBs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maedeh Amirmaleki
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3G8.
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3G8.
| | - Biqiong Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9.
| | - Yang Zhao
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9.
| | - Teng Cui
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3G8.
| | - Jason Tam
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College St, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3E4
| | - Xueliang Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada N6A 5B9.
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3G8.
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3G8.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kazemi Y, Kakroodi AR, Mark LH, Filleter T, Park CB. Effects of polymer-filler interactions on controlling the conductive network formation in polyamide 6/multi-Walled carbon nanotube composites. POLYMER 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymer.2019.121684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
|
33
|
Yip K, Cui T, Sun Y, Filleter T. Investigating the detection limit of subsurface holes under graphite with atomic force acoustic microscopy. Nanoscale 2019; 11:10961-10967. [PMID: 31140525 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr03730f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The subsurface imaging capabilities of atomic force acoustic microscopy (AFAM) was investigated by imaging graphite flakes suspended over holes in a silicon dioxide substrate. The graphite thickness and the hole size were varied to determine the detection limit on the maximum graphite thickness and the smallest detectable hole size. Parameters including operating frequency, eigenmode, contact force, and cantilever stiffness were investigated for their influence of defect detection. AFAM was reliably able to detect 2.5 μm diameter holes through a maximum graphite thickness of 570 nm and sub 100 nm holes through 140 nm of graphite. The smallest detectable defect size was a 50 nm hole covered by an 80 nm thick graphite flake. Increasing the graphite thickness and decreasing the hole size both resulted in a decrease in subsurface contrast. However, the non-linear trend observed from increasing the graphite thickness indicates thickness has a greater effect on subsurface defect detection than variations in defect size. Through investigating various parameters, we have found certain cases to increase the observed contrast of the embedded subsurface holes, however the smallest detectable defect size remained the same. This technique's ability to reveal sub 100 nm defects buried under graphite has previously only been demonstrated in much softer polymer systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Yip
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Radhakrishnan S, Das D, Deng L, Sudeep PM, Colas G, de Los Reyes CA, Yazdi S, Chu CW, Martí AA, Tiwary CS, Filleter T, Singh AK, Ajayan PM. An Insight into the Phase Transformation of WS 2 upon Fluorination. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1803366. [PMID: 30239044 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201803366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2018] [Revised: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The transformation from semiconducting to metallic phase, accompanied by a structural transition in 2D transition metal dichalcogenides has attracted the attention of the researchers worldwide. The unconventional structural transformation of fluorinated WS2 (FWS2 ) into the 1T phase is described. The energy difference between the two phases debugs this transition, as fluorination enhances the stability of 1T FWS2 and makes it energetically favorable at higher F concentration. Investigation of the electronic and optical nature of FWS2 is supplemented by possible band structures and bandgap calculations. Magnetic centers in the 1T phase appear in FWS2 possibly due to the introduction of defect sites. A direct consequence of the phase transition and associated increase in interlayer spacing is a change in friction behavior. Friction force microscopy is used to determine this effect of functionalization accompanied phase transformation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sruthi Radhakrishnan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Deya Das
- Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Liangzi Deng
- Texas Center for Superconductivity and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
| | - Parambath M Sudeep
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Guillaume Colas
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G8, Canada
| | | | - Sadegh Yazdi
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, 80309, USA
| | - Ching Wu Chu
- Texas Center for Superconductivity and Department of Physics, University of Houston, Houston, TX, 77004, USA
- Lawrence Berkeley National Lab, Berkeley, CA, 94720, USA
| | - Angel A Martí
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| | - Chandra Sekhar Tiwary
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
- Metallurgical and Materials Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, 721302, India
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S3G8, Canada
| | - Abhishek K Singh
- Materials Research Center, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | - Pulickel M Ajayan
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, 77005, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hamidinejad M, Zhao B, Zandieh A, Moghimian N, Filleter T, Park CB. Enhanced Electrical and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Properties of Polymer-Graphene Nanoplatelet Composites Fabricated via Supercritical-Fluid Treatment and Physical Foaming. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:30752-30761. [PMID: 30124039 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b10745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Lightweight high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) composite foams were fabricated via a supercritical-fluid (SCF) treatment and physical foaming in an injection-molding process. We demonstrated that the introduction of a microcellular structure can substantially increase the electrical conductivity and can decrease the percolation threshold of the polymer-GnP composites. The nanocomposite foams had a significantly higher electrical conductivity, a higher dielectric constant, a higher electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness (SE), and a lower percolation threshold compared to their regular injection-molded counterparts. The SCF treatment and foaming exfoliated the GnPs in situ during the fabrication process. This process also changed the GnP's flow-induced arrangement by reducing the melt viscosity and cellular growth. Moreover, the generation of a cellular structure rearranged the GnPs to be mainly perpendicular to the radial direction of the bubble growth. This enhanced the GnP's interconnectivity and produced a unique GnP arrangement around the cells. Therefore, the through-plane conductivity increased up to a maximum of 9 orders of magnitude and the percolation threshold decreased by up to 62%. The lightweight injection-molded nanocomposite foams of 9.8 vol % GnP exhibited a real permittivity of ε' = 106.4, which was superior to that of their regular injection-molded (ε' = 6.2). A maximum K-band EMI SE of 31.6 dB was achieved in HDPE-19 vol % GnP composite foams, which was 45% higher than that of the solid counterpart. In addition, the physical foaming reduced the density of the HDPE-GnP foams by up to 26%. Therefore, the fabricated polymer-GnP nanocomposite foams in this study pointed toward the further development of lightweight and conductive polymer-GnP composites with tailored properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nima Moghimian
- NanoXplore Inc. , 25 Boul. Montpellier , Saint-Laurent , Quebec H4N 2G3 , Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Labuda A, Cao C, Walsh T, Meinhold J, Proksch R, Sun Y, Filleter T. Static and dynamic calibration of torsional spring constants of cantilevers. Rev Sci Instrum 2018; 89:093701. [PMID: 30278725 DOI: 10.1063/1.5045679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
A method for calibrating the dynamic torsional spring constant of cantilevers by directly measuring the thermally driven motion of the cantilever with an interferometer is presented. Random errors in calibration were made negligible (<1%) by averaging over multiple measurements. The errors in accuracy of ±5% or ±10% for both of the cantilevers calibrated in this study were limited only by the accuracy of the laser Doppler vibrometer (LDV) used to measure thermal fluctuations. This is a significant improvement over commonly used methods that result in large and untraceable errors resulting from assumptions made about the cantilever geometry, material properties, and/or hydrodynamic physics of the surroundings. Subsequently, the static torsional spring constant is determined from its dynamic counterpart after careful LDV measurements of the torsional mode shape, backed by finite element analysis simulations. A meticulously calibrated cantilever is used in a friction force microscopy experiment that measures the friction difference and interfacial shear strength (ISS) between graphene and a silicon dioxide AFM probe. Accurate calibration can resolve discrepancies between different experimental methods, which have contributed to a large scatter in the reported friction and ISS values in the literature to date.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aleksander Labuda
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, USA
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tim Walsh
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, USA
| | - Jieh Meinhold
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, USA
| | - Roger Proksch
- Asylum Research an Oxford Instruments Company, Santa Barbara, California 93117, USA
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Arif T, Colas G, Filleter T. Effect of Humidity and Water Intercalation on the Tribological Behavior of Graphene and Graphene Oxide. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:22537-22544. [PMID: 29894628 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the effect of humidity and water intercalation on the friction and wear behavior of few-layers of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) was studied using friction force microscopy. Thickness measurements demonstrated significant water intercalation within GO affecting its surface topography (roughness and protrusions), whereas negligible water intercalation of graphene was observed. It was found that water intercalation in GO contributed to wearing of layers at a relative humidity as low as ∼30%. The influence of surface wettability and water adsorption was also studied by comparing the sliding behavior of SiO2/GO, SiO2/Graphene, and SiO2/SiO2 interfaces. Friction for the SiO2/GO interface increased with relative humidity due to water intercalation and condensation of water. In contrast, it was observed that adsorption of water molecules lubricated the SiO2/SiO2 interface due to easy shearing of water on the hydrophobic surface, particularly once the adsorbed water layers had transitioned from "ice-like water" to "liquid-like water" structures. Lastly, an opposite friction trend was observed for the graphene/SiO2 interface with water molecules failing to lubricate the interface as compared to the dry graphene/SiO2 contact.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Taib Arif
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Guillaume Colas
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G8 , Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering , University of Toronto , Toronto , Ontario M5S 3G8 , Canada
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Wang X, Liu H, Zhu M, Cao C, Xu Z, Tsatskis Y, Lau K, Kuok C, Filleter T, McNeill H, Simmons CA, Hopyan S, Sun Y. Mechanical stability of the cell nucleus - roles played by the cytoskeleton in nuclear deformation and strain recovery. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:jcs.209627. [PMID: 29777038 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.209627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular forces transmitted through the cytoskeleton can deform the cell nucleus. Large nuclear deformations increase the risk of disrupting the integrity of the nuclear envelope and causing DNA damage. The mechanical stability of the nucleus defines its capability to maintain nuclear shape by minimizing nuclear deformation and allowing strain to be minimized when deformed. Understanding the deformation and recovery behavior of the nucleus requires characterization of nuclear viscoelastic properties. Here, we quantified the decoupled viscoelastic parameters of the cell membrane, cytoskeleton, and the nucleus. The results indicate that the cytoskeleton enhances nuclear mechanical stability by lowering the effective deformability of the nucleus while maintaining nuclear sensitivity to mechanical stimuli. Additionally, the cytoskeleton decreases the strain energy release rate of the nucleus and might thus prevent shape change-induced structural damage to chromatin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xian Wang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Haijiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Min Zhu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8.,Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Zhensong Xu
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yonit Tsatskis
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Kimberly Lau
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Chikin Kuok
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Helen McNeill
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mt. Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5
| | - Craig A Simmons
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8 .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| | - Sevan Hopyan
- Program in Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Research Institute, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8 .,Division of Orthopaedic Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X8
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G8 .,Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 3G9
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hamidinejad M, Zhao B, Chu RKM, Moghimian N, Naguib HE, Filleter T, Park CB. Ultralight Microcellular Polymer-Graphene Nanoplatelet Foams with Enhanced Dielectric Performance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:19987-19998. [PMID: 29745647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b03777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Dielectric polymer nanocomposites with high dielectric constant (ε') and low dielectric loss (tan δ) are extremely desirable in the electronics industry. Percolative polymer-graphene nanoplatelet (GnP) composites have shown great promise as dielectric materials for high-performance capacitors. Herein, an industrially-viable technique for manufacturing a new class of ultralight polymer composite foams using commercial GnPs with excellent dielectric performance is presented. Using this method, the high-density polyethylene (HDPE)-GnPs composites with a microcellular structure were fabricated by melt-mixing. This was followed by supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment and physical foaming in an extrusion process, which added an extra layer of design flexibility. The SCF treatment effectively in situ exfoliated the GnPs in the polymer matrix. Moreover, the generation of a microcellular structure produced numerous parallel-plate nanocapacitors consisting of GnP pairs as electrodes with insulating polymer as nanodielectrics. This significantly increased the real permittivity and decreased the dielectric loss. The ultralight extruded HDPE-1.08 vol % GnP composite foams, with a 0.15 g·cm-3 density, had an excellent combination of dielectric properties (ε' = 77.5, tan δ = 0.003 at 1 × 105 Hz), which were superior to their compression-molded counterparts (ε' = 19.9, tan δ = 0.15 and density of = 1.2 g·cm-3) and to those reported in the literature. This dramatic improvement resulted from in situ GnP's exfoliation and dispersion, as well as a unique GnP parallel-plate arrangement around the cells. Thus, this facile method provides a scalable method to produce ultralight dielectric polymer nanocomposites, with a microscopically tailored microstructure for use in electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Nima Moghimian
- NanoXplore Inc. , 25 Boul. Montpellier , Saint-Laurent , Quebec H4N 2G3 , Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cao C, Mukherjee S, Howe JY, Perovic DD, Sun Y, Singh CV, Filleter T. Nonlinear fracture toughness measurement and crack propagation resistance of functionalized graphene multilayers. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaao7202. [PMID: 29632889 PMCID: PMC5889190 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aao7202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Despite promising applications of two-dimensional (2D) materials, one major concern is their propensity to fail in a brittle manner, which results in a low fracture toughness causing reliability issues in practical applications. We show that this limitation can be overcome by using functionalized graphene multilayers with fracture toughness (J integral) as high as ~39 J/m2, measured via a microelectromechanical systems-based in situ transmission electron microscopy technique coupled with nonlinear finite element fracture analysis. The measured fracture toughness of functionalized graphene multilayers is more than two times higher than graphene (~16 J/m2). A linear fracture analysis, similar to that previously applied to other 2D materials, was also conducted and found to be inaccurate due to the nonlinear nature of the stress-strain response of functionalized graphene multilayers. A crack arresting mechanism of functionalized graphene multilayers was experimentally observed and identified as the main contributing factor for the higher fracture toughness as compared to graphene. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that the interactions among functionalized atoms in constituent layers and distinct fracture pathways in individual layers, due to a random distribution of functionalized carbon atoms in multilayers, restrict the growth of a preexisting crack. The results inspire potential strategies for overcoming the relatively low fracture toughness of 2D materials through chemical functionalization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Sankha Mukherjee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Jane Y. Howe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Hitachi High-Technologies Canada Inc., Toronto, Ontario M9W 6A4, Canada
- Nanotechnology Systems Division, Hitachi High-Technologies America Inc., 22610 Gateway Center Drive, Suite 100, Clarksburg, MD 20871, USA
| | - Doug D. Perovic
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Corresponding author. (Y.S.); (C.V.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Corresponding author. (Y.S.); (C.V.S.); (T.F.)
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King’s College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Corresponding author. (Y.S.); (C.V.S.); (T.F.)
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Hamidinejad SM, Chu RKM, Zhao B, Park CB, Filleter T. Enhanced Thermal Conductivity of Graphene Nanoplatelet-Polymer Nanocomposites Fabricated via Supercritical Fluid-Assisted in Situ Exfoliation. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:1225-1236. [PMID: 29226667 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
As electronic devices become increasingly miniaturized, their thermal management becomes critical. Efficient heat dissipation guarantees their optimal performance and service life. Graphene nanoplatelets (GnPs) have excellent thermal properties that show promise for use in fabricating commercial polymer nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity. Herein, an industrially viable technique for manufacturing a new class of lightweight GnP-polymer nanocomposites with high thermal conductivity is presented. Using this method, GnP-high-density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposites with a microcellular structure are fabricated by melt mixing, which is followed by supercritical fluid (SCF) treatment and injection molding foaming, which adds an extra layer of design flexibility. Thus, the microstructure is tailored within the nanocomposites and this improves their thermal conductivity. Therefore, the SCF-treated HDPE 17.6 vol % GnP microcellular nanocomposites have a solid-phase thermal conductivity of 4.13 ± 0.12 W m-1 K-1. This value far exceeds that of their regular injection-molded counterparts (2.09 ± 0.03 W m-1 K-1) and those reported in the literature. This dramatic improvement results from in situ GnPs' exfoliation and dispersion, and from an elevated level of random orientation and interconnectivity. Thus, this technique provides a novel approach to the development of microscopically tailored structures for the production of lighter and more thermally conductive heat sinks for next generations of miniaturized electronic devices.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Mahdi Hamidinejad
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory and ‡Nano Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Raymond K M Chu
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory and ‡Nano Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Biao Zhao
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory and ‡Nano Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Chul B Park
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory and ‡Nano Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Microcellular Plastics Manufacturing Laboratory and ‡Nano Mechanics and Materials Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Barreto S, Lima R, Alfrisany N, Collas G, Filleter T, Santos C, De Souza G, Paulillo L. Effect of sandblasting particle size on mechanical properties of zirconia. Dent Mater 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2018.08.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
43
|
Cao C, Mukherjee S, Liu J, Wang B, Amirmaleki M, Lu Z, Howe JY, Perovic D, Sun X, Singh CV, Sun Y, Filleter T. Role of graphene in enhancing the mechanical properties of TiO 2/graphene heterostructures. Nanoscale 2017; 9:11678-11684. [PMID: 28776061 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr03049e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has been integrated in many heterogeneous structures in order to take advantage of its superior mechanical properties. However, the complex mechanical response of heterogeneous films incorporating graphene is not well understood. Here, we studied the mechanical behavior of atomic layer deposition (ALD) synthesized TiO2/graphene, as a representative building block of a typical composite, to understand the mechanical behavior of heterostructures using an experiment-computational approach. The inclusion of graphene was found to significantly enhance the Young's modulus of TiO2/graphene hetero-films for films below a critical thickness of 3 nm, beyond which the Young's modulus approaches that of pure TiO2 film. A rule-of-mixtures was found to reasonably estimate the modulus of the TiO2/graphene hetero-film. Experimentally, these hetero-films were observed to fail via brittle fracture. Complimentary density functional theory and finite element modeling demonstrates strong adhesion at the graphene TiO2 interface and that graphene serves as a reinforcement, providing the hetero-film with an ability to sustain significantly high stresses at the point of failure initiation. The results and methodology described herein can contribute to the rational design of strong and reliable ultrathin hetero-films for versatile applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Rd, Toronto, ON, CanadaM5S 3G8.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Pinto PA, Colas G, Filleter T, De Souza GM. Surface and Mechanical Characterization of Dental Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (3Y-TZP) After Different Aging Processes. Microsc Microanal 2016; 22:1179-1188. [PMID: 27780486 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927616011843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Yttria-stabilized tetragonal zirconia polycrystals (3Y-TZP) is a ceramic material used in indirect dental restorations. However, phase transformation at body temperature may compromise the material's mechanical properties, affecting the clinical performance of the restoration. The effect of mastication on 3Y-TZP aging has not been investigated. 3Y-TZP specimens (IPS E-max ZirCAD and Z5) were aged in three different modes (n=13): no aging (control), hydrothermal aging (HA), or chewing simulation (CS). Mechanical properties and surface topography were analyzed. Analysis of variance showed that neither aging protocol (p=0.692) nor material (p=0.283) or the interaction between them (p=0.216) had a significant effect on flexural strength, values ranged from 928.8 MPa (IPSHA) to 1,080.6 MPa (Z5HA). Nanoindentation analysis showed that material, aging protocol, and the interaction between them had a significant effect (p<0.001) on surface hardness and reduced Young's modulus. The compositional analysis revealed similar yttrium content for all the experimental conditions (aging: p=0.997; material: p=0.248; interaction material×aging: p=0.720). Atomic force microscopy showed an effect of aging protocols on phase transformation, with samples submitted to CS exhibiting features compatible with maximized phase transformation, such as increased volume of the material microstructure at the surface leading to an increase in surface roughness.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Palena A Pinto
- 1Faculty of Dentistry,University of Toronto,Edward Street #352E,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5G 1G6
| | - Guillaume Colas
- 2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,University of Toronto,5 King's College Road #MB115,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S 3G8
| | - Tobin Filleter
- 2Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering,University of Toronto,5 King's College Road #MB115,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5S 3G8
| | - Grace M De Souza
- 1Faculty of Dentistry,University of Toronto,Edward Street #352E,Toronto,ON,Canada,M5G 1G6
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Liu M, Pang Y, Zhang B, De Luna P, Voznyy O, Xu J, Zheng X, Dinh CT, Fan F, Cao C, de Arquer FPG, Safaei TS, Mepham A, Klinkova A, Kumacheva E, Filleter T, Sinton D, Kelley SO, Sargent EH. Enhanced electrocatalytic CO 2 reduction via field-induced reagent concentration. Nature 2016; 537:382-386. [PMID: 27487220 DOI: 10.1038/nature19060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 750] [Impact Index Per Article: 93.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) to carbon monoxide (CO) is the first step in the synthesis of more complex carbon-based fuels and feedstocks using renewable electricity. Unfortunately, the reaction suffers from slow kinetics owing to the low local concentration of CO2 surrounding typical CO2 reduction reaction catalysts. Alkali metal cations are known to overcome this limitation through non-covalent interactions with adsorbed reagent species, but the effect is restricted by the solubility of relevant salts. Large applied electrode potentials can also enhance CO2 adsorption, but this comes at the cost of increased hydrogen (H2) evolution. Here we report that nanostructured electrodes produce, at low applied overpotentials, local high electric fields that concentrate electrolyte cations, which in turn leads to a high local concentration of CO2 close to the active CO2 reduction reaction surface. Simulations reveal tenfold higher electric fields associated with metallic nanometre-sized tips compared to quasi-planar electrode regions, and measurements using gold nanoneedles confirm a field-induced reagent concentration that enables the CO2 reduction reaction to proceed with a geometric current density for CO of 22 milliamperes per square centimetre at -0.35 volts (overpotential of 0.24 volts). This performance surpasses by an order of magnitude the performance of the best gold nanorods, nanoparticles and oxide-derived noble metal catalysts. Similarly designed palladium nanoneedle electrocatalysts produce formate with a Faradaic efficiency of more than 90 per cent and an unprecedented geometric current density for formate of 10 milliamperes per square centimetre at -0.2 volts, demonstrating the wider applicability of the field-induced reagent concentration concept.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Yuanjie Pang
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.,Department of Physics, East China University of Science and Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Phil De Luna
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto, 184 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Oleksandr Voznyy
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Jixian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Xueli Zheng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Composite and Functional Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, China
| | - Cao Thang Dinh
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Fengjia Fan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - F Pelayo García de Arquer
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Tina Saberi Safaei
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Adam Mepham
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada
| | - Anna Klinkova
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Eugenia Kumacheva
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3H6, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - David Sinton
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Shana O Kelley
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, 164 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G9, Canada.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, 144 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3M2, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St George Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
46
|
Cao C, Howe JY, Perovic D, Filleter T, Sun Y. In situ TEM tensile testing of carbon-linked graphene oxide nanosheets using a MEMS device. Nanotechnology 2016; 27:28LT01. [PMID: 27256541 DOI: 10.1088/0957-4484/27/28/28lt01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
This paper reports in situ transmission electron microscopy (TEM) tensile testing of carbon-linked graphene oxide nanosheets using a monolithic TEM compatible microelectromechanical system device. The set-up allows direct on-chip nanosheet thickness mapping, high resolution electron beam linking of a pre-fractured nanosheet, and mechanical tensile testing of the nanosheet. This technique enables simultaneous mechanical and high energy electron beam characterization of 2D nanomaterials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is considered as one of the most promising layered materials with tunable physical properties and applicability in many important engineering applications. In this work, the interfacial behavior of multilayer GO films was directly investigated via GO-to-GO friction force microscopy, and the interfacial shear strength (ISS) was measured to be 5.3 ± 3.2 MPa. Based on high resolution atomic force microscopy images and the available chemical data, targeted molecular dynamics simulations were performed to evaluate the influence of functional structure, topological defects, and interlayer registry on the shear response of the GO films. Theoretical values for shear strength ranging from 17 to 132 MPa were predicted for the different structures studied, providing upper bounds for the ISS. Computational results also revealed the atomic origins of the stochastic nature of friction measurements. Specifically, the wide scatter in experimental measurements was attributed to variations in functional structure and topological defects within the sliding volume. The findings of this study provide important insight for understanding the significant differences in strength between monolayer and bulk graphene oxide materials and can be useful for engineering topological structures with tunable mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Daly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E4
| | - Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3G8
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , 184 College Street, Toronto, ON, Canada M5S 3E4
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Cao C, Daly M, Chen B, Howe JY, Singh CV, Filleter T, Sun Y. Strengthening in Graphene Oxide Nanosheets: Bridging the Gap between Interplanar and Intraplanar Fracture. Nano Lett 2015; 15:6528-34. [PMID: 26340083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.5b02173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is a layered material comprised of hierarchical features which possess vastly differing characteristic dimensions. GO nanosheets represent the critical hierarchical structure which bridges the length-scale of monolayer and bulk material architectures. In this study, the strength and fracture behavior of GO nanosheets were examined. Under uniaxial loading, the tensile strength of the nanosheets was measured to be as high as 12 ± 4 GPa, which approaches the intrinsic strength of monolayer GO and is orders of magnitude higher than that of bulk GO materials. During mechanical failure, brittle fracture was observed in a highly localized region through the cross-section of the nanosheets without interlayer pull-out. This transition in the failure behavior from interplanar fracture, common for bulk GO, to intraplanar fracture, which dominates failure in monolayer GO, is responsible for the high strength measured in the nanosheets. Molecular dynamics simulations indicate that the elastic release from the propagation of intraplanar cracks initiates global fracture due to interlayer load transmission through hydrogen bond networks within the gallery space of the GO nanosheets. Furthermore, the GO nanosheet strength and stiffness were found to be strongly correlated to the effective volume and thickness of the samples, respectively. These findings help to bridge the understanding of the mechanical behavior of hierarchical GO materials and will ultimately guide the application of this intermediate scale material.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Changhong Cao
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Matthew Daly
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Brandon Chen
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Jane Y Howe
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
- Hitachi High-Technologies Canada, Inc., 89 Galaxy Blvd, Suite 14, Toronto, Ontario M9W 6A4, Canada
| | - Chandra Veer Singh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3E4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto , Toronto, Ontario M5S 3G8, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Wei X, Filleter T, Espinosa HD. Statistical shear lag model - unraveling the size effect in hierarchical composites. Acta Biomater 2015; 18:206-12. [PMID: 25684701 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2015.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 12/08/2014] [Accepted: 01/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Numerous experimental and computational studies have established that the hierarchical structures encountered in natural materials, such as the brick-and-mortar structure observed in sea shells, are essential for achieving defect tolerance. Due to this hierarchy, the mechanical properties of natural materials have a different size dependence compared to that of typical engineered materials. This study aimed to explore size effects on the strength of bio-inspired staggered hierarchical composites and to define the influence of the geometry of constituents in their outstanding defect tolerance capability. A statistical shear lag model is derived by extending the classical shear lag model to account for the statistics of the constituents' strength. A general solution emerges from rigorous mathematical derivations, unifying the various empirical formulations for the fundamental link length used in previous statistical models. The model shows that the staggered arrangement of constituents grants composites a unique size effect on mechanical strength in contrast to homogenous continuous materials. The model is applied to hierarchical yarns consisting of double-walled carbon nanotube bundles to assess its predictive capabilities for novel synthetic materials. Interestingly, the model predicts that yarn gauge length does not significantly influence the yarn strength, in close agreement with experimental observations.
Collapse
|
50
|
Abstract
The friction and wear properties of graphene and graphene oxide (GO) with varying C/O ratio were investigated using friction force microscopy. When applied as solid lubricants between a sliding contact of a silicon (Si) tip and a SiO2/Si substrate, graphene and ultrathin GO films (as thin as 1-2 atomic layers) were found to reduce friction by ∼6 times and ∼2 times respectively as compared to the unlubricated contact. The differences in measured friction were attributed to different interfacial shear strengths. Ultrathin films of GO with a low C/O ratio of ∼2 were found to wear easily under small normal load. The onset of wear, and the location of wear initiation, is attributed to differences in the local shear strength of the sliding interface as a result of the non-homogeneous surface structure of GO. While the exhibited low friction of GO as compared to SiO2 makes it an economically viable coating for micro/nano-electro-mechanical systems with the potential to extend the lifetime of devices, its higher propensity for wear may limit its usefulness. To address this limitation, the wear resistance of GO samples with a higher C/O ratio (∼4) was also studied. The higher C/O ratio GO was found to exhibit much improved wear resistance which approached that of the graphene samples. This demonstrates the potential of tailoring the structure of GO to achieve graphene-like tribological properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Chen
- Department of Mechanical & Industrial Engineering, 5 King's College Road, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8 Canada
| | | |
Collapse
|