1
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Chen H, Liu C, Xu J, Maxwell A, Zhou W, Yang Y, Zhou Q, Bati ASR, Wan H, Wang Z, Zeng L, Wang J, Serles P, Liu Y, Teale S, Liu Y, Saidaminov MI, Li M, Rolston N, Hoogland S, Filleter T, Kanatzidis MG, Chen B, Ning Z, Sargent EH. Improved charge extraction in inverted perovskite solar cells with dual-site-binding ligands. Science 2024; 384:189-193. [PMID: 38603485 DOI: 10.1126/science.adm9474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
Inverted (pin) perovskite solar cells (PSCs) afford improved operating stability in comparison to their nip counterparts but have lagged in power conversion efficiency (PCE). The energetic losses responsible for this PCE deficit in pin PSCs occur primarily at the interfaces between the perovskite and the charge-transport layers. Additive and surface treatments that use passivating ligands usually bind to a single active binding site: This dense packing of electrically resistive passivants perpendicular to the surface may limit the fill factor in pin PSCs. We identified ligands that bind two neighboring lead(II) ion (Pb2+) defect sites in a planar ligand orientation on the perovskite. We fabricated pin PSCs and report a certified quasi-steady state PCE of 26.15 and 24.74% for 0.05- and 1.04-square centimeter illuminated areas, respectively. The devices retain 95% of their initial PCE after 1200 hours of continuous 1 sun maximum power point operation at 65°C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Cheng Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Jian Xu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Aidan Maxwell
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Wei Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yi Yang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Qilin Zhou
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Abdulaziz S R Bati
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Haoyue Wan
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Zaiwei Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Lewei Zeng
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Junke Wang
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Peter Serles
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Yuan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Sam Teale
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Yanjiang Liu
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Makhsud I Saidaminov
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC V8P 5C2, Canada
| | - Muzhi Li
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Ira A. Fulton Schools of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Sjoerd Hoogland
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Tobin Filleter
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 3G8, Canada
| | | | - Bin Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Zhijun Ning
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Edward H Sargent
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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2
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Ahmad M, Cartledge C, McAndrews G, Giuri A, McGehee MD, Rizzo A, Rolston N. Tuning Film Stresses for Open-Air Processing of Stable Metal Halide Perovskites. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37903284 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2023]
Abstract
Challenges to upscaling metal halide perovskites (MHPs) include mechanical film stresses that accelerate degradation, dominate at the module scale, and can lead to delamination or fracture. In this work, we demonstrate open-air blade coating of single-step coated perovskite as a scalable method to control residual film stress after processing and introduce beneficial compression in the thin film with the use of polymer additives such as gellan gum and corn starch. The optoelectronic properties of MHP films with compression are improved with higher photoluminescence yields. MHP film stability is significantly improved under compression, under humidity, heat, and thermal cycling. By measuring the evolution of film stresses, we demonstrate for the first time that stress relaxation occurs in MHP films with tensile stress that correlates with film degradation. This discovery of a new mechanism underpinning MHP degradation shows that film stress can be used as a parameter to screen MHP devices and modules for quality control before deployment as a design for reliability criterion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muneeza Ahmad
- Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85281, United States
| | | | - Gabriel McAndrews
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Antonella Giuri
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
| | - Michael D McGehee
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- CNR NANOTEC - Institute of Nanotechnology c/o Campus Ecotekne, University of Salento, via Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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3
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Sahal M, Molloy J, Narayanan V, Ladani L, Lu X, Rolston N. Robust and Manufacturable Lithium Lanthanum Titanate-Based Solid-State Electrolyte Thin Films Deposited in Open Air. ACS Omega 2023; 8:28651-28662. [PMID: 37576666 PMCID: PMC10413835 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
State-of-the-art solid-state electrolytes (SSEs) are limited in their energy density and processability based on thick, brittle pellets, which are generally hot pressed in vacuum over the course of several hours. We report on a high-throughput, open-air process for printable thin-film ceramic SSEs in a remarkable one-minute time frame using a lithium lanthanum titanium oxide (LLTO)-based SSE that we refer to as robust LLTO (R-LLTO). Powder XRD analysis revealed that the main phase of R-LLTO is polycrystalline LLTO, accompanied by selectively retained crystalline precursor phases. R-LLTO is highly dense and closely matched to the stoichiometry of LLTO with some heterogeneity throughout the film. A minimal presence of lithium carbonate is identified despite processing fully in ambient conditions. The LLTO films exhibit remarkable mechanical properties, demonstrating both flexibility with a low modulus of ∼35 GPa and a high fracture toughness of >2.0 . We attribute this mechanical robustness to several factors, including grain boundary strengthening, the presence of precursor crystalline phases, and a decrease in crystallinity or ordering caused by ultrafast processing. The creation of R-LLTO-a ceramic material with elastic properties that are closer to polymers with higher fracture toughness-enables new possibilities for the design of robust solid-state batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Sahal
- Renewable
Energy Materials and Devices Lab, School of Electrical, Computer and
Energy Engineering (ECEE), Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
| | - Jie Molloy
- Department
of Applied Engineering Technology, North
Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411-0002, United States
| | - Venkateshwaran
Ravi Narayanan
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools
of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Leila Ladani
- School
for Engineering of Matter, Transport & Energy, Ira A. Fulton Schools
of Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85284, United States
| | - Xiaochuan Lu
- Department
of Applied Engineering Technology, North
Carolina A&T State University, Greensboro, North Carolina 27411-0002, United States
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Renewable
Energy Materials and Devices Lab, School of Electrical, Computer and
Energy Engineering (ECEE), Arizona State
University, Tempe, Arizona 85287-5706, United States
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4
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Penukula S, Estrada Torrejon R, Rolston N. Quantifying and Reducing Ion Migration in Metal Halide Perovskites through Control of Mobile Ions. Molecules 2023; 28:5026. [PMID: 37446688 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28135026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/24/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The presence of intrinsic ion migration in metal halide perovskites (MHPs) is one of the main reasons that perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are not stable under operation. In this work, we quantify the ion migration of PSCs and MHP thin films in terms of mobile ion concentration (No) and ionic mobility (µ) and demonstrate that No has a larger impact on device stability. We study the effect of small alkali metal A-site cation additives (e.g., Na+, K+, and Rb+) on ion migration. We show that the influence of moisture and cation additive on No is less significant than the choice of top electrode in PSCs. We also show that No in PSCs remains constant with an increase in temperature but μ increases with temperature because the activation energy is lower than that of ion formation. This work gives design principles regarding the importance of passivation and the effects of operational conditions on ion migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saivineeth Penukula
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Rodrigo Estrada Torrejon
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- School of Electrical, Computer and Energy Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85281, USA
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5
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Giuri A, Rolston N, Colella S, Listorti A, Esposito Corcione C, Elmaraghi H, Lauciello S, Dauskardt RH, Rizzo A. Robust, High-Performing Maize-Perovskite-Based Solar Cells with Improved Stability. ACS Appl Energy Mater 2021; 4:11194-11203. [PMID: 35928767 PMCID: PMC9342243 DOI: 10.1021/acsaem.1c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we focus on improving the long-term chemical and thermomechanical stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), two major challenges currently limiting their commercial deployment. Our strategy incorporates a long-chain starch polymer into the perovskite precursor. The starch polymer confers multiple beneficial effects by forming hydrogen bonds with the methylammonium iodide precursor, templating perovskite growth that results in a compact and homogeneous film deposited in a simple one-step coating (antisolvent-free). The inclusion of starch in the methylammonium lead iodide films strongly improves their thermomechanical and environmental stability while maintaining a high photovoltaic performance. The fracture energy (G c) of the film is increased to above 5 J/m2 by creating a nanocomposite that provides intrinsic reinforcement at grain boundaries. Additionally, improved optoelectronic properties achieved with the starch polymer enable good photostability of the active layer and enhanced resistance to thermal cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Giuri
- CNR
NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Silvia Colella
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
- CNR
NANOTEC—Istituto di Nanotecnologia, Dipartimento di Chimica,
Università degli Studi di Bari Aldo Moro, Via Orabona 4, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Andrea Listorti
- Dipartimento
di Chimica, Università degli Studi
di Bari Aldo Moro, Via
Orabona 4, Bari 70126, Italy
| | - Carola Esposito Corcione
- CNR
NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria dell’Innovazione, Università
del Salento, via per
Monteroni, km 1, Lecce 73100, Italy
| | - Hannah Elmaraghi
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Simone Lauciello
- Electron
Microscopy Facility, Istituto Italiano di
Tecnologia, via Morego 30, Genova 16163, Italia
| | - Reinhold H. Dauskardt
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Aurora Rizzo
- CNR
NANOTEC, Institute of Nanotechnology, Via Monteroni, Lecce 73100, Italy
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6
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Zhao O, Ding Y, Pan Z, Rolston N, Zhang J, Dauskardt RH. Open-Air Plasma-Deposited Multilayer Thin-Film Moisture Barriers. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:26405-26412. [PMID: 32403921 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c01493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Emerging moisture sensitive devices require robust encapsulation strategies to inhibit water ingress and prevent premature failure. A scalable, open-air plasma process has been developed to deposit alternating layers of conformal organosilicate and dense SiO2 thin-film barriers to prevent moisture ingress. The in situ low-temperature process is suitable for direct deposition on thermally sensitive devices and is compatible with flexible polymeric substrates. Using optical calcium testing, low water vapor transmission rates on the order of 10-3 g/m2/day at an accelerated aging condition of 38 °C and 90% relative humidity (RH) are achieved. Using moisture-sensitive perovskite devices as a representative moisture-susceptible device, devices retain over 80% of their initial performance for over 660 h in a 50 °C 50% RH accelerated aging environment. The ability of the multilayer barrier to enable device resistance to humid environments is crucial toward realizing longer operating lifetimes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Zhao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Yichuan Ding
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Ziyi Pan
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Jinbao Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
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7
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Rolston N, Bennett-Kennett R, Schelhas LT, Luther JM, Christians JA, Berry JJ, Dauskardt RH. Comment on “Light-induced lattice expansion leads to high-efficiency perovskite solar cells”. Science 2020; 368:368/6488/eaay8691. [DOI: 10.1126/science.aay8691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Rolston
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ross Bennett-Kennett
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura T. Schelhas
- Applied Energy Division, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, CA, USA
| | | | | | - Joseph J. Berry
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory, Golden, CO, USA
- Renewable and Sustainable Energy Institute, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Reinhold H. Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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8
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Li Y, Zhou W, Li Y, Huang W, Zhang Z, Chen G, Wang H, Wu GH, Rolston N, Vila R, Chiu W, Cui Y. Unravelling Atomic Structure and Degradation Mechanisms of Organic-Inorganic Halide Perovskites by Cryo-EM. Joule 2019; 3:2854-2866. [PMID: 34109301 PMCID: PMC8186345 DOI: 10.1016/j.joule.2019.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Despite rapid progress of hybrid organic-inorganic halide perovskite solar cells, using transmission electron microscopy to study their atomic structures has not been possible because of their extreme sensitivity to electron beam irradiation and environmental exposure. Here, we develop cryogenic-electron microscopy (cryo-EM) protocols to preserve an extremely sensitive perovskite, methylammonium lead iodide (MAPbI3) under various operating conditions for atomic-resolution imaging. We discover the precipitation of lead iodide nanoparticles on MAPbI3 nanowire's surface after short UV illumination and surface roughening after only 10 s exposure to air, while these effects remain undetected in conventional x-ray diffraction. We establish a definition for critical electron dose, and find this value for MAPbI3 at cryogenic condition to be 12 e-/Å2 at 1.49 Å spatial resolution. Our results highlight the importance of cryo-EM since traditional techniques cannot capture important nanoscale changes in morphology and structure that have important implications for perovskite solar cell stability and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanbin Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Weijiang Zhou
- Biophysics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Yuzhang Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wenxiao Huang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Zewen Zhang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Guangxu Chen
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Hansen Wang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Gong-Her Wu
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rafael Vila
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Wah Chiu
- Biophysics Program, School of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Division of CryoEM and Bioimaging, SSRL, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
| | - Yi Cui
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Stanford Institute for Materials and Energy Sciences, SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, California 94025, USA
- Lead Contact
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9
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Lee I, Rolston N, Brunner PL, Dauskardt RH. Hole-Transport Layer Molecular Weight and Doping Effects on Perovskite Solar Cell Efficiency and Mechanical Behavior. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2019; 11:23757-23764. [PMID: 31184460 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b05567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The effect of tuning molecular weight ( Mn) in poly[bis(4-phenyl)(2,4,6-trimethylphenyl)amine] (PTAA) to increase both mechanical properties of the film and electrical properties of perovskite solar cells is reported. Perovskite solar cell devices are fabricated to investigate the effect of Mn on power conversion efficiency. Moisture stability for various Mn is also studied in PTAA films exposed to mechanical loads in humid environments. Furthermore, cohesion and tensile tests are employed to determine the mechanical properties of PTAA, where higher Mn leads to more robust films. To elucidate the effect of Mn on the debonding kinetics, a viscoelastic fracture kinetic model is proposed as a function of Mn, and the debonding mechanism is found to be dependent on Mn. Finally, the effect of small-molecule-based dopants on the mechanical stability of PTAA is investigated.
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10
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Angmo D, Peng X, Cheng J, Gao M, Rolston N, Sears K, Zuo C, Subbiah J, Kim SS, Weerasinghe H, Dauskardt RH, Vak D. Beyond Fullerenes: Indacenodithiophene-Based Organic Charge-Transport Layer toward Upscaling of Low-Cost Perovskite Solar Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2018; 10:22143-22155. [PMID: 29877699 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b04861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is universally used as the electron-transport layer (ETL) in the low-cost inverted planar structure of perovskite solar cells (PeSCs). PCBM brings tremendous challenges in upscaling of PeSCs using industry-relevant methods due to its aggregation behavior, which undermines the power conversion efficiency and stability. Herein, we highlight these, seldom reported, challenges with PCBM. Furthermore, we investigate the potential of nonfullerene indacenodithiophene (IDT)-based molecules by employing a commercially available variant, 3,9-bis(2-methylene-(3-(1,1-dicyanomethylene)-indanone))-5,5,11,11-tetrakis(4-hexylphenyl)-dithieno[2,3- d:2',3'- d']- s-indaceno[1,2- b:5,6- b'] dithiophene (ITIC), as a PCBM replacement in ambient-processed PeSCs. Films fabrication by laboratory-based spin-coating and industry-relevant slot-die coating methods are compared. Although similar power-conversion efficiencies are achieved with both types of ETL in a simple device structure fabricated by spin-coating, the nanofibriller morphology of ITIC compared to the aggregated morphology of PCBM films enables improved mechanical integrity and stability of ITIC devices. Upon slot-die coating, the aggregation of PCBM is exacerbated, leading to significantly lower power-conversion efficiency of devices than spin-coated PCBM as well as slot-die-coated ITIC devices. Our results clearly indicate that IDT-based molecules have great potential as an ETL in PeSCs, offering superior properties and upscaling compatibility than PCBM. Thus, we present a short summary of recently emerged nonfullerene IDT-based molecules from the field of organic solar cells and discuss their scope in PeSCs as electron or hole-transport layer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dechan Angmo
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Xiaojin Peng
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Jinshu Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Silicate Materials for Architectures , Wuhan University of Technology , Wuhan 430070 , P. R. China
| | - Mei Gao
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4034 , United States
| | - Kallista Sears
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Chuantian Zuo
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Jegadesan Subbiah
- School of Chemistry, Bio 21 Institute , University of Melbourne , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Seok-Soon Kim
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
- Department of Nano and Chemical Engineering , Kunsan National University , Kunsan , Jeollabuk-do 54150 , Korea
| | - Hasitha Weerasinghe
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering , Stanford University , Stanford , California 94305-4034 , United States
| | - Doojin Vak
- Flexible Electronics Laboratory, Manufacturing Flagship , CSIRO , Clayton , Victoria 3168 , Australia
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11
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Watson BL, Rolston N, Bush KA, Leijtens T, McGehee MD, Dauskardt RH. Cross-Linkable, Solvent-Resistant Fullerene Contacts for Robust and Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells with Increased J SC and V OC. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:25896-25904. [PMID: 27604192 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b06164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The active layers of perovskite solar cells are also structural layers and are central to ensuring that the structural integrity of the device is maintained over its operational lifetime. Our work evaluating the fracture energies of conventional and inverted solution-processed MAPbI3 perovskite solar cells has revealed that the MAPbI3 perovskite exhibits a fracture resistance of only ∼0.5 J/m2, while solar cells containing fullerene electron transport layers fracture at even lower values, below ∼0.25 J/m2. To address this weakness, a novel styrene-functionalized fullerene derivative, MPMIC60, has been developed as a replacement for the fragile PC61BM and C60 transport layers. MPMIC60 can be transformed into a solvent-resistant material through curing at 250 °C. As-deposited films of MPMIC60 exhibit a marked 10-fold enhancement in fracture resistance over PC61BM and a 14-fold enhancement over C60. Conventional-geometry perovskite solar cells utilizing cured films of MPMIC60 showed a significant, 205% improvement in fracture resistance while exhibiting only a 7% drop in PCE (13.8% vs 14.8% PCE) in comparison to the C60 control, enabling larger VOC and JSC values. Inverted cells fabricated with MPMIC60 exhibited a 438% improvement in fracture resistance with only a 6% reduction in PCE (12.3% vs 13.1%) in comparison to those utilizing PC61BM, again producing a higher JSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian L Watson
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Nicholas Rolston
- Department of Applied Physics, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Kevin A Bush
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | | | - Michael D McGehee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
| | - Reinhold H Dauskardt
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Stanford University , Stanford, California 94305-2205, United States
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