1
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Yao X, Ehtesabi S, Höppener C, Deckert-Gaudig T, Schneidewind H, Kupfer S, Gräfe S, Deckert V. Mechanism of Plasmon-Induced Catalysis of Thiolates and the Impact of Reaction Conditions. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:3031-3042. [PMID: 38275163 PMCID: PMC10859934 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c09309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2023] [Revised: 01/10/2024] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024]
Abstract
The conversion of the thiols 4-aminothiophenol (ATP) and 4-nitrothiophenol (NTP) can be considered as one of the standard reactions of plasmon-induced catalysis and thus has already been the subject of numerous studies. Currently, two reaction pathways are discussed: one describes a dimerization of the starting material yielding 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB), while in the second pathway, it is proposed that NTP is reduced to ATP in HCl solution. In this combined experimental and theoretical study, we disentangled the involved plasmon-mediated reaction mechanisms by carefully controlling the reaction conditions in acidic solutions and vapor. Motivated by the different surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of NTP/ATP samples and band shifts in acidic solution, which are generally attributed to water, additional experiments under pure gaseous conditions were performed. Under such acidic vapor conditions, the Raman data strongly suggest the formation of a hitherto not experimentally identified stable compound. Computational modeling of the plasmonic hybrid systems, i.e., regarding the wavelength-dependent character of the involved electronic transitions of the detected key intermediates in both reaction pathways, confirmed the experimental finding of the new compound, namely, 4-nitrosothiophenol (TP*). Tracking the reaction dynamics via time-dependent SERS measurements allowed us to establish the link between the dimer- and monomer-based pathways and to suggest possible reaction routes under different environmental conditions. Thereby, insight at the molecular level was provided with respect to the thermodynamics of the underlying reaction mechanism, complementing the spectroscopic results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobin Yao
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sadaf Ehtesabi
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Christiane Höppener
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Tanja Deckert-Gaudig
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Henrik Schneidewind
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Stephan Kupfer
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefanie Gräfe
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Fraunhofer Institute of Applied Optics and
Precision Engineering, Albert-Einstein-Str. 7, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz
Institute of Photonic Technology, Albert-Einstein-Str. 9, 07745 Jena, Germany
- Institute
of Physical Chemistry and Abbe Center of Photonics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Helmholtzweg 4, 07743 Jena, Germany
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2
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Zheng X, Ye Z, Akmal Z, He C, Zhang J, Wang L. Recent progress in SERS monitoring of photocatalytic reactions. Chem Soc Rev 2024; 53:656-683. [PMID: 38165865 DOI: 10.1039/d3cs00462g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) is a powerful analytical technique renowned for its ultra-high sensitivity. Extensive research in SERS has led to the development of a wide range of SERS substrates, including plasmonic metals, semiconductors, metal organic frameworks, and their assemblies. Some of these materials are also excellent photocatalysts, and by taking advantage of their bifunctional characteristics, the photocatalytic processes that occur on their surface can be monitored in situ via SERS. This provides us with unique opportunities to gain valuable insights into the intricate details of the photocatalytic processes that are challenging to access using other techniques. In this review, we highlight key development in in situ and/or real-time SERS-tracking of photocatalytic reactions. We begin by providing a brief account of recent developments in SERS substrates, followed by discussions on how SERS can be used to elucidate crucial aspects of photocatalytic processes, including: (1) the influence of the surrounding media on charge carrier extraction; (2) the direction of charge carrier transfer; (3) the pathway of photocatalytic activation; and (4) differentiation between the effects of photo-thermal and energetic electrons. Additionally, we discuss the benefits of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) due to the ability to achieve high-spatial-resolution measurements. Finally, we address major challenges and propose potential directions for the future of SERS monitoring of photocatalytic reactions. By leveraging the capabilities of SERS, we can uncover new insights into photocatalytic processes, paving the way for advancements in sustainable energy and environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlu Zheng
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science &Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Ziwei Ye
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science &Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Zeeshan Akmal
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science &Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Chun He
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science &Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Jinlong Zhang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science &Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Multi-Media Environmental Catalysis and Resource Utilization, Key Lab for Advanced Materials and Joint International Research Laboratory of Precision Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Feringa Nobel Prize Scientist Joint Research Center, Institute of Fine Chemicals, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China University of Science &Technology, 130 Meilong Road, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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3
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Warkentin CL, Frontiera RR. Quantifying the ultrafast and steady-state molecular reduction potential of a plasmonic photocatalyst. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2305932120. [PMID: 37874859 PMCID: PMC10623017 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2305932120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmonic materials are promising photocatalysts as they are well suited to convert light into hot carriers and heat. Hot electron transfer is suggested as the driving force in many plasmon-driven reactions. However, to date, there are no direct molecular measures of the rate and yield of plasmon-to-molecule electron transfer or energy of these electrons on the timescale of plasmon decay. Here, we use ultrafast and spectroelectrochemical surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy to quantify electron transfer from a plasmonic substrate to adsorbed methyl viologen molecules. We observe a reduction yield of 2.4 to 3.5% on the picosecond timescale, with plasmon-induced potentials ranging from [Formula: see text]3.1 to [Formula: see text]4.5 mV. Excitingly, some of these reduced species are stabilized and persist for tens of minutes. This work provides concrete metrics toward optimizing material-molecule interactions for efficient plasmon-driven photocatalysis.
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4
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Höppener C, Elter JK, Schacher FH, Deckert V. Inside Block Copolymer Micelles-Tracing Interfacial Influences on Crosslinking Efficiency in Nanoscale Confined Spaces. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2206451. [PMID: 36806886 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202206451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Recently, several studies have demonstrated the excellent capabilities of tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopyfor in-depth investigations of structural properties of matter with unprecedented resolution and chemical specificity. These capabilities are utilized here to study the internal structure of core-crosslinked micelles, which are formed by self-assembly of the diblock terpolymer poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(furfuryl glycidylether-co-tert-butylglycidyl ether). Supplementing force-volume atomic force microscopy experiments address additionally the nanomechanical properties. Particularly, TERS enables investigating the underlying principles influencing the homogeneity and efficiency of the Diels-Alder core-crosslinking process in the confined hydrophobic core. While the central core region is homogenously crosslinked, a breakdown of the crosslinking reaction is observed in the core-corona interfacial region. The results corroborate that a strong crosslinking efficiency is directly correlated to the formation of a mixed zone of the glycidyl ether and PEO corona blocks reaching ≈5 nm into the core region. Concomitantly a strong exclusion of the encapsulated bismaleimide crosslinker from the interfacial region is observed. It is conceivable that a changed structure, chemical composition and altered nanomechanical properties of this interfacial region may also influence the crosslinking efficiency across the entire core region by a modification of the solubility of the crosslinker in the interfacial core-corona region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Höppener
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745, Jena, Germany
| | - Johanna K Elter
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Felix H Schacher
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Macromolecular Chemistry (IOMC), Friedrich Schiller University, Lessingstraße 8, D-07743, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Deckert
- Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), Albert-Einstein-Straße 9, D-07745, Jena, Germany
- Jena Center for Soft Matter (JCSM), Friedrich Schiller University, Philosophenweg 7, D-07743, Jena, Germany
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5
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Chen K, Wang H. Origin of Superlinear Power Dependence of Reaction Rates in Plasmon-Driven Photocatalysis: A Case Study of Reductive Nitrothiophenol Coupling Reactions. NANO LETTERS 2023; 23:2870-2876. [PMID: 36921149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c00195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The superlinear dependence of the reaction rate on the power of the excitation light, which may arise from both thermal and nonthermal effects, has been a hallmark of plasmon-driven photocatalysis on nanostructured metal surfaces. However, it remains challenging to distinguish and quantify the thermal and nonthermal effects because even slight uncertainties in measuring the local temperatures at the active surface sites may lead to significant errors in assessing thermal and nonthermal contributions to the overall reaction rates. Here we employ surface-enhanced Raman scattering as a surface-sensitive in situ spectroscopic tool to correlate detailed kinetic features of plasmon-mediated molecular transformations to the local temperatures at the active sites on photocatalyst surfaces. Our spectroscopic results clearly reveal that the superlinearity in the power dependence of the reaction rate observed in a plasmon-driven model reaction, specifically the reductive coupling of para-nitrothiophenol adsorbates on Ag nanoparticle surfaces, originates essentially from photothermal heating rather than nonthermal plasmonic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexun Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
| | - Hui Wang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, United States
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6
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Yao L, Hao Q, Li M, Fan X, Li G, Tang X, Wei Y, Wang J, Qiu T. Flexible plasmonic nanocavities: a universal platform for the identification of molecular orientations. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:6588-6595. [PMID: 36961297 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr01059g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The molecular orientation provides fundamental images to understand molecular behaviors in chemistry. Herein, we propose and demonstrate sandwich plasmonic nanocavities as a surface-selection ruler to illustrate the molecular orientations by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS). The field vector in the plasmonic nanocavity presents a transverse spinning feature under specific excitations, allowing the facile modulation of the field polarizations to selectively amplify the Raman modes of the target molecules. It does not require the knowledge of the Raman spectrum of a bare molecule as a standard and thus can be extended as a universal ruler for the identification of molecular orientations. We investigated the most widely used Raman probe, Rhodamine 6G (R6G) on the Au surface and tried to clarify the arguments about its orientations from our perspectives. The experimental results suggest concentration-dependent adsorption configurations of R6G: it adsorbs on Au primarily via an ethylamine group with the xanthene ring lying flatly on the metal surface at low concentrations, and the molecular orientation gradually changes from "flat" to "upright" with the increase of molecular concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yao
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Qi Hao
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Mingze Li
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Xingce Fan
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Guoqun Li
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Xiao Tang
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Yunjia Wei
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
| | - Jiawei Wang
- School of Electronic and Information Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology (Shenzhen), Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Teng Qiu
- School of physics, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, P. R. China.
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7
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Mrđenović D, Cai ZF, Pandey Y, Bartolomeo GL, Zenobi R, Kumar N. Nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials using tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. NANOSCALE 2023; 15:963-974. [PMID: 36541047 PMCID: PMC9851175 DOI: 10.1039/d2nr05127c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 12/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Two-dimensional (2D) molecular materials have attracted immense attention due to their unique properties, promising a wide range of exciting applications. To understand the structure-property relationship of these low-dimensional materials, sensitive analytical tools capable of providing structural and chemical characterisation at the nanoscale are required. However, most conventional analytical techniques fail to meet this challenge, especially in a label-free and non-destructive manner under ambient conditions. In the last two decades, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) has emerged as a powerful analytical technique for nanoscale chemical characterisation by combining the high spatial resolution of scanning probe microscopy and the chemical sensitivity and specificity of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. In this review article, we provide an overview of the application of TERS for nanoscale chemical analysis of 2D molecular materials, including 2D polymers, biomimetic lipid membranes, biological cell membranes, and 2D reactive systems. The progress in the structural and chemical characterisation of these 2D materials is demonstrated with key examples from our as well as other laboratories. We highlight the unique information that TERS can provide as well as point out the common pitfalls in experimental work and data interpretation and the possible ways of averting them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Mrđenović
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Yashashwa Pandey
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | | | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland.
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8
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Su HS, Chang X, Xu B. Surface-enhanced vibrational spectroscopies in electrocatalysis: Fundamentals, challenges, and perspectives. CHINESE JOURNAL OF CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/s1872-2067(22)64157-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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9
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Cai ZF, Käser T, Kumar N, Zenobi R. Visualizing On-Surface Decomposition Chemistry at the Nanoscale Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Phys Chem Lett 2022; 13:4864-4870. [PMID: 35617121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.2c01112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Chemical imaging of molecular decomposition processes at solid-liquid interfaces is a long-standing problem in achieving mechanistic understanding. Conventional analytical tools fail to meet this challenge due to the lack of required chemical sensitivity and specificity at the nanometer scale. In this work, we demonstrate that high-resolution hyperspectral tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) imaging can be a powerful analytical tool for studying on-surface decomposition chemistry at the nanoscale. Specifically, we present a TERS-based hyperspectral approach to visualize the on-surface decomposition process of a pyridine-4-thiol self-assembled monolayer on atomically flat Au(111) surfaces under ambient conditions. Reactive intermediates involved in the degradation process are spectroscopically detected with 5 nm spatial resolution. With supporting density functional theory simulations, a key species could be assigned to the disulfide reaction intermediate. This work opens a new application area for studying on-surface decomposition chemistry and related dynamics quantitatively at solid-liquid interfaces with nanometer spatial resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Timon Käser
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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10
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Chen X, Gao Y, Zhan J, Xia Q, Chen Z, Zhu JJ. Spatiotemporal-Resolved Hyperspectral Raman Imaging of Plasmon-Assisted Reactions at Single Hotspots. Anal Chem 2022; 94:8174-8180. [PMID: 35649160 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Raman spectroscopy facilitates the study of reacting molecules on single nanomaterials. In recent years, the temporal resolution of Raman spectral measurement has been remarkably reduced to the millisecond level. However, the classic scan-based imaging mode limits the application in the dynamical study of reactions at multiple nanostructures. In this paper, we propose a spatiotemporal-resolved Raman spectroscopy (STRS) technology to achieve fast (∼40 ms) and high spatial resolution (∼300 nm) hyperspectral Raman imaging of single nanostructures. With benefits of the outstanding electromagnetic field enhancement factor by surface plasmon resonance (∼1012) and the snapshot hyperspectral imaging strategy, we demonstrate the observation of stepwise Raman signals from single-particle plasmon-assisted reactions. Results reveal that the reaction kinetics is strongly affected by not only the surface plasmon-polariton generation but also the density of Raman molecules. In consideration of the spatiotemporal resolving capability of STRS, we anticipate that it provides a potential platform for further extending the application of Raman spectroscopy methods in the dynamic study of 1D or 2D nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueqin Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Yan Gao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiayin Zhan
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Qing Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Zixuan Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jun-Jie Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, 163 Xianlin Avenue, Nanjing 210023, PR China.,Shenzhen Research Institute of Nanjing University, Shenzhen 518000, China
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11
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Chen K, Wang H. Plasmon-Driven Oxidative Coupling of Aniline-Derivative Adsorbates: A Comparative Study of para-Ethynylaniline and para-Mercaptoaniline. J Chem Phys 2022; 156:204705. [DOI: 10.1063/5.0094890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmon-driven photocatalysis has emerged as a paradigm-shifting approach, based upon which the energy of photons can be judiciously harnessed to trigger interfacial molecular transformations on metallic nanostructure surfaces in a regioselective manner with nanoscale precision. Over the past decade, the formation of aromatic azo compounds through plasmon-driven oxidative coupling of thiolated aniline-derivative adsorbates has become a testbed for developing detailed mechanistic understanding of plasmon-mediated photochemistry. Such photocatalytic bimolecular coupling reactions may occur not only between thiolated aniline-derivative adsorbates but between their nonthiolated analogues as well. How the nonthiolated adsorbates behave differently from their thiolated counterparts during the plasmon-driven coupling reactions, however, remains largely unexplored. Here, we systematically compare an alkynylated aniline-derivative, para-ethynylaniline, to its thiolated counterpart, para-mercaptoaniline, in terms of their adsorption conformations, structural flexibility, photochemical reactivity, and transforming kinetics on Ag nanophotocatalyst surfaces. We employ surface-enhanced Raman scattering as an in situ spectroscopic tool to track the detailed structural evolution of the transforming molecular adsorbates in real time during the plasmon-driven coupling reactions. Rigorous analysis of the spectroscopic results, further aided by density functional theory calculations, lays an insightful knowledge foundation that enables us to elucidate how the alteration of the chemical nature of metal-adsorbate interactions profoundly influences the transforming behaviors of the molecular adsorbates during plasmon-driven photocatalytic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexun Chen
- University of South Carolina Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
| | - Hui Wang
- Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, United States of America
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12
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Wang H, Cao Z, Zheng L, Wang X, Su M, Liu H. Pinpointing photothermal contributions in photochemical reactions on plasmonic gold nanoparticles. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:1720-1723. [PMID: 35024702 DOI: 10.1039/d1cc05780d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The dimerization of PNTP to DMAB could be directly driven by the laser heating effect. In plasmonic photocatalysis, the conversion rate and the reaction rate highly depend on GNP size. The reaction is not only driven by hot electron transfer but also by photothermal conversion to a large extent. This extraordinary evidence sheds new light on the puzzle of plasmonic photochemical reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Wang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Zheng Cao
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Liqin Zheng
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Xian Wang
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Mengke Su
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
| | - Honglin Liu
- China Light Industry Key Laboratory of Meat Microbial Control and Utilization, School of Food and Biological Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, 230009, China.
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13
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Shao F, Zheng L, Lan J, Zenobi R. Nanoscale Chemical Imaging of Coadsorbed Thiolate Self-Assembled Monolayers on Au(111) by Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1645-1653. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c03968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Liqing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
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14
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Blackburn TJ, Tyler SM, Pemberton JE. Optical Spectroscopy of Surfaces, Interfaces, and Thin Films. Anal Chem 2022; 94:515-558. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Blackburn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Sarah M. Tyler
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Jeanne E. Pemberton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Arizona, 1306 East University Boulevard, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
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15
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Cai ZF, Merino JP, Fang W, Kumar N, Richardson JO, De Feyter S, Zenobi R. Molecular-Level Insights on Reactive Arrangement in On-Surface Photocatalytic Coupling Reactions Using Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 144:538-546. [PMID: 34941263 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c11263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-enhanced photocatalytic coupling reactions have been used as model systems in surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy and tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) research for decades. However, the role of reactive arrangement on efficiency of these model reactions has remained largely unknown to date often leading to conflicting interpretations of experimental results. Herein, we use an interdisciplinary toolbox of nanoscale TERS imaging in combination with molecular-resolution ambient scanning tunnelling microscopy (STM) and density functional theory (DFT) modeling to investigate the role of reactive arrangement in photocatalytic coupling of 4-nitrobenzenethiol (4-NTP) to p,p'-dimercaptoazobisbenzene on single-crystal and polycrystalline Au surfaces for the first time. TERS imaging with 3 nm resolution clearly revealed a significantly higher catalytic efficiency inside a kinetically driven disordered phase of the 4-NTP adlayer on Au compared to the thermodynamically stable ordered phase. Furthermore, molecular level details of the self-assembled structures in the disordered and ordered phases obtained using ambient high-resolution STM enabled an unambiguous structure-reactivity correlation of photocatalytic coupling. Finally, quantitative mechanistic insights obtained from DFT modeling based on the accurate parameters determined from STM imaging emphatically confirmed that a combination of steric hindrance effect and energetic barrier leads to a lower reaction efficiency in the ordered phase of the 4-NTP adlayer. This fundamental study establishes the first direct structure-reactivity correlation in photocatalytic coupling and highlights the critical role of reactive arrangement in the efficiency of on-surface coupling reactions in heterogeneous catalysis at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen-Feng Cai
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Juan Pedro Merino
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wei Fang
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland.,Department of Chemistry, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, People's Republic of China
| | - Naresh Kumar
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy O Richardson
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
| | - Steven De Feyter
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Photonics, KU Leuven, Celestijnenlaan 200F, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 3, Zurich CH-8093, Switzerland
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16
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Zhou B, Ou W, Shen J, Zhao C, Zhong J, Du P, Bian H, Li P, Yang L, Lu J, Li YY. Controlling Plasmon-Aided Reduction of p-Nitrothiophenol by Tuning the Illumination Wavelength. ACS Catal 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.1c04091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhou
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Weihui Ou
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Junda Shen
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R.China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Chenghao Zhao
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R.China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Jing Zhong
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R.China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Peng Du
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R.China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
| | - Haidong Bian
- Shenzhen Automotive Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Pan Li
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Liangbao Yang
- Institute of Health and Medical Technology, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
- Department of Pharmacy, Hefei Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei 230031, Anhui, P. R. China
| | - Jian Lu
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
- CityU-Shenzhen Futian Research Institute, Shenzhen 518045, P. R. China
| | - Yang Yang Li
- Hong Kong Branch of National Precious Metals Material Engineering Research Centre, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Center of Super-Diamond and Advanced Films (COSDAF), City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R.China
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon 99907, Hong Kong SAR, P. R. China
- Centre for Advanced Structural Materials, Greater Bay Joint Division, Shenyang National Laboratory for Materials Science, City University of Hong Kong Shenzhen Research Institute, Shenzhen 518057, P. R. China
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17
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Shao F, Wang W, Yang W, Yang Z, Zhang Y, Lan J, Dieter Schlüter A, Zenobi R. In-situ nanospectroscopic imaging of plasmon-induced two-dimensional [4+4]-cycloaddition polymerization on Au(111). Nat Commun 2021; 12:4557. [PMID: 34315909 PMCID: PMC8316434 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-24856-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Plasmon-induced chemical reactions (PICRs) have recently become promising approaches for highly efficient light-chemical energy conversion. However, an in-depth understanding of their mechanisms at the nanoscale still remains challenging. Here, we present an in-situ investigation by tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) imaging of the plasmon-induced [4+4]-cycloaddition polymerization within anthracene-based monomer monolayers physisorbed on Au(111), and complement the experimental results with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This two-dimensional (2D) polymerization can be flexibly triggered and manipulated by the hot carriers, and be monitored simultaneously by TERS in real time and space. TERS imaging provides direct evidence for covalent bond formation with ca. 3.7 nm spatial resolution under ambient conditions. Combined with DFT calculations, the TERS results demonstrate that the lateral polymerization on Au(111) occurs by a hot electron tunneling mechanism, and crosslinks form via a self-stimulating growth mechanism. We show that TERS is promising to be plasmon-induced nanolithography for organic 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Shao
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, National Graphene Institute, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Wei Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Green Chemistry and Chemical Processes, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Chang-Kung Chuang Institute, East China Normal University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Weimin Yang
- Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhilin Yang
- Department of Physics, Collaborative Innovation Center for Optoelectronic Semiconductors and Efficient Devices, Jiujiang Research Institute, Xiamen University, Xiamen, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Zhang
- Hefei National Laboratory for Physical Sciences at the Microscale and Synergetic Innovation Center of Quantum Information & Quantum Physics, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinggang Lan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - A Dieter Schlüter
- Department of Materials, Polymer Chemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Renato Zenobi
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.
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18
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Gray TP, Nishida J, Johnson SC, Raschke MB. 2D Vibrational Exciton Nanoimaging of Domain Formation in Self-Assembled Monolayers. NANO LETTERS 2021; 21:5754-5759. [PMID: 34156252 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c01515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Order, disorder, and domains affect many of the functional properties in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). However, carrier transport, wettability, and chemical reactivity are often associated with collective effects, where conventional imaging techniques have limited sensitivity to the underlying intermolecular coupling. Here we demonstrate vibrational excitons as a molecular ruler of intermolecular wave function delocalization and nanodomain size in SAMs. In the model system of a 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) SAM on gold, we resolve coupling-induced peak shifts of the nitro symmetric stretch mode with full spatio-spectral infrared scattering scanning near-field optical microscopy. From modeling of the underlying 2D Hamiltonian, we infer domain sizes and their distribution ranging from 3 to 12 nm across a field of view on the micrometer scale. This approach of vibrational exciton nanoimaging is generally applicable to study structural phases and domains in SAMs and other molecular interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas P Gray
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Jun Nishida
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Samuel C Johnson
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Markus B Raschke
- Department of Physics, Department of Chemistry, and JILA, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
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19
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Liu L, Li D, Deng W. Stimuli-responsive microgels with fluorescent and SERS activities for water and temperature sensing. Biosens Bioelectron 2021; 180:113138. [PMID: 33706159 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2021.113138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Design and application of stimulus-responsive microgels is still in its infancy but is an exhilarating topic in controllable sensing device. Here, we have fabricated a dual-responsive platform capable of both sensitive on-spot fluorescence analysis and reliable surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) quantification of water and temperature by in-situ encapsulating 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB), meso-formyl-1,3,5,7-tetramethyl pyrromethene fluoroborate (FPF) probe and Ag nanoparticles (AgNPs) into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) microgels. The smart microgels exhibit ultra-sensitive (detection limit 10-4% v/v) and reversible response towards water due to the liner relationship between network volume and SERS performance of the microgels. Furthermore, the presence of water triggers the conversion of FPF to aldehyde hydrate, facilitating visual assay of trace water in matrix samples through the enhanced fluorescence signals. Interestingly, the SERS signals can be precisely tuned by the thermo-sensitive microgels substrate, thus achieving the temperature monitoring from 32 to 50 °C. The microgels-based sensor has fast-response (2 min), excellent stability, and enables accurate and reliable response of water in organic solvent and pharmaceutical products. As a smart and flexible sensor, the hybrid microgels will facilitate the field of POC analysis, as well as molecular recognition in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Liu
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | - Dan Li
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, PR China.
| | - Wei Deng
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, 100 Haiquan Road, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
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20
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Li Z, El-Khoury PZ, Kurouski D. Tip-enhanced Raman imaging of photocatalytic reactions on thermally-reshaped gold and gold–palladium microplates. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:891-894. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07060b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The plasmonic/photocatalytic properties of thermally-reshaped walled gold–palladium microplates (WAu@PdMPs) have been explored by TERS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhandong Li
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
| | | | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics
- Texas A&M University
- College Station
- USA
- The Institute for Quantum Science and Engineering
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21
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Koopman W, Sarhan RM, Stete F, Schmitt CNZ, Bargheer M. Decoding the kinetic limitations of plasmon catalysis: the case of 4-nitrothiophenol dimerization. NANOSCALE 2020; 12:24411-24418. [PMID: 33300518 DOI: 10.1039/d0nr06039a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Plasmon-mediated chemistry presents an intriguing new approach to photocatalysis. However, the reaction enhancement mechanism is not well understood. In particular, the relative importance of plasmon-generated hot charges and photoheating is strongly debated. In this article, we evaluate the influence of microscopic photoheating on the kinetics of a model plasmon-catalyzed reaction: the light-induced 4-nitrothiophenol (4NTP) to 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB) dimerization. Direct measurement of the reaction temperature by nanoparticle Raman-thermometry demonstrated that the thermal effect plays a dominant role in the kinetic limitations of this multistep reaction. At the same time, no reaction is possible by dark heating to the same temperature. This shows that plasmon nanoparticles have the unique ability to enhance several steps of complex tandem reactions simultaneously. These results provide insight into the role of hot electron and thermal effects in plasmonic catalysis of complex organic reactions, which is highly important for the ongoing development of plasmon based photosynthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wouter Koopman
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Str. 24-25, 14476 Potsdam, Germany.
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22
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Sartin MM, Su HS, Wang X, Ren B. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy for nanoscale probing of dynamic chemical systems. J Chem Phys 2020; 153:170901. [PMID: 33167627 DOI: 10.1063/5.0027917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dynamics are fundamental to all aspects of chemistry and play a central role in the mechanism and product distribution of a chemical reaction. All dynamic processes are influenced by the local environment, so it is of fundamental and practical value to understand the structure of the environment and the dynamics with nanoscale resolution. Most techniques for measuring dynamic processes have microscopic spatial resolution and can only measure the average behavior of a large ensemble of sites within their sampling volumes. Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) is a powerful tool for overcoming this limitation due to its combination of high chemical specificity and spatial resolution that is on the nanometer scale. Adapting it for the study of dynamic systems remains a work in progress, but the increasing sophistication of TERS is making such studies more routine, and there are now growing efforts to use TERS to examine more complex processes. This Perspective aims to promote development in this area of research by highlighting recent progress in using TERS to understand reacting and dynamic systems, ranging from simple model reactions to complex processes with practical applications. We discuss the unique challenges and opportunities that TERS presents for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew M Sartin
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Hai-Sheng Su
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Xiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
| | - Bin Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemistry for Energy Materials (iChEM), Department of Chemistry, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, China
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23
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Schultz JF, Mahapatra S, Li L, Jiang N. The Expanding Frontiers of Tip-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. APPLIED SPECTROSCOPY 2020; 74:1313-1340. [PMID: 32419485 DOI: 10.1177/0003702820932229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Fundamental understanding of chemistry and physical properties at the nanoscale enables the rational design of interface-based systems. Surface interactions underlie numerous technologies ranging from catalysis to organic thin films to biological systems. Since surface environments are especially prone to heterogeneity, it becomes crucial to characterize these systems with spatial resolution sufficient to localize individual active sites or defects. Spectroscopy presents as a powerful means to understand these interactions, but typical light-based techniques lack sufficient spatial resolution. This review describes the growing number of applications for the nanoscale spectroscopic technique, tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS), with a focus on developments in areas that involve measurements in new environmental conditions, such as liquid, electrochemical, and ultrahigh vacuum. The expansion into unique environments enables the ability to spectroscopically define chemistry at the spatial limit. Through the confinement and enhancement of light at the apex of a plasmonic scanning probe microscopy tip, TERS is able to yield vibrational fingerprint information of molecules and materials with nanoscale resolution, providing insight into highly localized chemical effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Sayantan Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Linfei Li
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, 14681University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
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24
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Schultz JF, Li S, Jiang S, Jiang N. Optical scanning tunneling microscopy based chemical imaging and spectroscopy. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2020; 32:463001. [PMID: 32702674 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aba8c7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Through coupling optical processes with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM), single-molecule chemistry and physics have been investigated at the ultimate spatial and temporal limit. Electrons and photons can be used to drive interactions and reactions in chemical systems and simultaneously probe their characteristics and consequences. In this review we introduce and review methods to couple optical imaging and spectroscopy with scanning tunneling microscopy. The integration of the STM and optical spectroscopy provides new insights into individual molecular adsorbates, surface-supported molecular assemblies, and two-dimensional materials with subnanoscale resolution, enabling the fundamental study of chemistry at the spatial and temporal limit. The inelastic scattering of photons by molecules and materials, that results in unique and sensitive vibrational fingerprints, will be considered with tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. STM-induced luminescence examines the intrinsic luminescence of organic adsorbates and their energy transfer and charge transfer processes with their surroundings. We also provide a survey of recent efforts to probe the dynamics of optical excitation at the molecular level with scanning tunneling microscopy in the context of light-induced photophysical and photochemical transformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy F Schultz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
| | - Shaowei Li
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, United States of America
- Kavli Energy NanoScience Institute, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, United States of America
| | - Song Jiang
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPCMS, UMR 7504, F-67000 Strasbourg, France
| | - Nan Jiang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60607, United States of America
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25
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Wang CF, O'Callahan BT, Kurouski D, Krayev A, Schultz ZD, El-Khoury PZ. Suppressing Molecular Charging, Nanochemistry, and Optical Rectification in the Tip-Enhanced Raman Geometry. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:5890-5895. [PMID: 32619091 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Classical versus quantum plasmons are responsible for the recorded signals in non-contact-mode versus contact-mode tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and lead to distinct observables. Under otherwise identical experimental conditions, we illustrate the concept through tapping- and contact-mode TERS mapping of chemically functionalized silver nanocubes. Whereas molecular charging, chemical transformations, and optical rectification are prominent observables in contact-mode TERS, the same effects are suppressed using tapping-mode feedback. In effect, this work demonstrates that nanoscale physical and chemical processes can be accessed and/or suppressed on demand in the TERS geometry. The advantages of tapping-mode TERS are otherwise highlighted with the latter in mind.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrey Krayev
- Horiba Instruments Inc., 359 Bel Marin Keys Boulevard, Suite 18, Novato, California 94949, United States
| | - Zachary D Schultz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio 43210, United States
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26
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Dunne LJ, Manos G. Exact matrix treatment of the statistical mechanics of adsorption of large aromatic molecules on graphene. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:12113-12119. [PMID: 32441296 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00255k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Experimental studies of adsorption from solution of the large aromatic molecules 1,2-dihydroxybenzene (catechol) and phenyl hydroquinone on graphene nanoplatelets show that at low coverage adsorption is followed by a transition which occurs from adsorbed molecules in flat to more vertically oriented states. Catechol adsorption isotherms exhibit 2 plateaus while phenyl hydroquinone shows 3 plateaus indicating 2 and 3 active conformers respectively participating in the adsorption process. Modelling such adsorption isotherms presents a challenge. Here, an exact matrix treatment of the statistical mechanics of a one-dimensional model of adsorption of catechol and dihydroquinone on graphene nanoplatelets is presented. The theoretical adsorption isotherms successfully reproduce all the features of both the catechol and dihydroquinone experimental adsorption isotherms. As suggested by the experimentalists, our theoretical model demonstrates that adsorbed phenyl hydroquinone molecules adopt a flat orientation at low concentrations and an edge orientation at higher coverage before eventually adopting a vertical configuration. Both catechol and phenyl hydroquinone can be described by our interconvertible monomer-dimer-trimer model. The theoretical adsorption isotherms obtained show several plateaus reflecting the types of conformer on the graphene surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence J Dunne
- School of Engineering, London South Bank University, London SE1 0AA, UK.
| | - George Manos
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, Torrington Place, London, WC1E 7JE, UK.
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27
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Wang CF, O'Callahan BT, Kurouski D, Krayev A, El-Khoury PZ. The Prevalence of Anions at Plasmonic Nanojunctions: A Closer Look at p-Nitrothiophenol. J Phys Chem Lett 2020; 11:3809-3814. [PMID: 32340455 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpclett.0c01006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We revisit the reductive coupling of p-nitrothiophenol (NTP) to form dimercaptoazobenzene (DMAB), herein monitored through gap-mode tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (TERS) and nanoimaging. We employ a plasmonic Au probe (100 nm diameter at its apex) illuminated with a 633 nm laser source (50 μW/μm2 at the sample position) to image an NTP-coated faceted silver nanoparticle (∼70 nm diameter). A detailed analysis of the recorded spectra reveals that anionic NTP species contribute to the recorded spectral images, in addition to the more thoroughly described DMAB product. Notably, the signatures of the anions are more pronounced than those of the DMAB product under our present experimental conditions. Our results thus demonstrate that anions and their spectral signatures must be considered in the analysis of plasmon-enhanced optical spectra and images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Feng Wang
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Brian T O'Callahan
- Earth and Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Dmitry Kurouski
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas 77843, United States
| | - Andrey Krayev
- Horiba Instruments Inc., 359 Bel Marin Keys Blvd, Suite 18, Novato, California 94949, United States
| | - Patrick Z El-Khoury
- Physical Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, P.O. Box 999, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
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28
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Cohen G, Galperin M. Green’s function methods for single molecule junctions. J Chem Phys 2020; 152:090901. [DOI: 10.1063/1.5145210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Guy Cohen
- The Raymond and Beverley Sackler Center for Computational Molecular and Materials Science, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
- School of Chemistry, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Michael Galperin
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093, USA
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29
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Liebig F, Sarhan RM, Schmitt CNZ, Thünemann AF, Prietzel C, Bargheer M, Koetz J. Gold Nanotriangles with Crumble Topping and their Influence on Catalysis and Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy. Chempluschem 2020; 85:519-526. [PMID: 31961045 DOI: 10.1002/cplu.201900745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
By adding hyaluronic acid (HA) to dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate (AOT)-stabilized gold nanotriangles (AuNTs) with an average thickness of 7.5±1 nm and an edge length of about 175±17 nm, the AOT bilayer is replaced by a polymeric HA-layer leading to biocompatible nanoplatelets. The subsequent reduction process of tetrachloroauric acid in the HA-shell surrounding the AuNTs leads to the formation of spherical gold nanoparticles on the platelet surface. With increasing tetrachloroauric acid concentration, the decoration with gold nanoparticles can be tuned. SAXS measurements reveal an increase of the platelet thickness up to around 14.5 nm, twice the initial value of bare AuNTs. HRTEM micrographs show welding phenomena between densely packed particles on the platelet surface, leading to a crumble formation while preserving the original crystal structure. Crumbles crystallized on top of the platelets enhance the Raman signal by a factor of around 20, and intensify the plasmon-driven dimerization of 4-nitrothiophenol (4-NTP) to 4,4'-dimercaptoazobenzene in a yield of up to 50 %. The resulting crumbled nanotriangles, with a biopolymer shell and the absorption maximum in the second window for in vivo imaging, are promising candidates for biomedical sensing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ferenc Liebig
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Radwan M Sarhan
- Chemistry Department Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, 12613, Egypt.,Institute of Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 27, 14476, Potsdam, Germany.,Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, School of Analytical Sciences Adlershof (SALSA), Albert-Einstein-Str. 5-9, 10099, Berlin, Germany
| | - Clemens N Z Schmitt
- Department of Biomaterials, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Andreas F Thünemann
- Anstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Prietzel
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Matias Bargheer
- Institute of Physics, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 27, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Joachim Koetz
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, Karl-Liebknecht-Strasse 24-25, Haus 25, 14476, Potsdam, Germany
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Wallace GQ, Masson JF. From single cells to complex tissues in applications of surface-enhanced Raman scattering. Analyst 2020; 145:7162-7185. [DOI: 10.1039/d0an01274b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This tutorial review explores how three of the most common methods for introducing nanoparticles to single cells for surface-enhanced Raman scattering measurements can be adapted for experiments with complex tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory Q. Wallace
- Département de Chimie
- Centre Québécois des Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF)
- and Regroupement Québécois des Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP)
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
| | - Jean-François Masson
- Département de Chimie
- Centre Québécois des Matériaux Fonctionnels (CQMF)
- and Regroupement Québécois des Matériaux de Pointe (RQMP)
- Université de Montréal
- Montréal
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31
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Rapid and label-free screening of echinococcosis serum profiles through surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy. Anal Bioanal Chem 2019; 412:279-288. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-019-02234-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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