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Yu M, Wen W, Yi X, Zhu W, Aa J, Wang G. Plasma Metabolomics Reveals Diagnostic Biomarkers and Risk Factors for Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Front Oncol 2022; 12:829350. [PMID: 35198450 PMCID: PMC8859148 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.829350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Esophageal squamous carcinoma (ESCC) has a high morbidity and mortality rate. Identifying risk metabolites associated with its progression is essential for the early prevention and treatment of ESCC. A total of 373 ESCC, 40 esophageal squamous dysplasia (ESD), and 218 healthy controls (HC) subjects were enrolled in this study. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to acquire plasma metabolic profiles. Receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) and adjusted odds ratio (OR) were calculated to evaluate the potential diagnosis and prediction ability markers. The levels of alpha-tocopherol and cysteine were progressively decreased, while the levels of aminomalonic acid were progressively increased during the various stages (from precancerous lesions to advanced-stage) of exacerbation in ESCC patients. Alpha-tocopherol performed well for the differential diagnosis of HC and ESD/ESCC (AUROC>0.90). OR calculations showed that a high level of aminomalonic acid was not only a risk factor for further development of ESD to ESCC (OR>13.0) but also a risk factor for lymphatic metastasis in ESCC patients (OR>3.0). A low level of alpha-tocopherol was a distinguished independent risk factor of ESCC (OR< 0.5). The panel constructed by glycolic acid, oxalic acid, glyceric acid, malate and alpha-tocopherol performed well in distinguishing between ESD/ESCC from HC in the training and validation set (AUROC>0.95). In conclusion, the oxidative stress function was impaired in ESCC patients, and improving the body’s antioxidant function may help reduce the early occurrence of ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengjie Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Wen
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Yi
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Wei Zhu
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiye Aa, ; Wei Zhu,
| | - Jiye Aa
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
- *Correspondence: Jiye Aa, ; Wei Zhu,
| | - Guangji Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Metabolism and Pharmacokinetics, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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Ji L, Chen S, Gu G, Wang W, Ren J, Xu F, Li F, Wu J, Yang D, Zheng Y. Discovery of potential biomarkers for human atherosclerotic abdominal aortic aneurysm through untargeted metabolomics and transcriptomics. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2021; 22:733-745. [PMID: 34514753 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b2000713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and atherosclerosis (AS) have considerable similarities in clinical risk factors and molecular pathogenesis. The aim of our study was to investigate the differences between AAA and AS from the perspective of metabolomics, and to explore the potential mechanisms of differential metabolites via integration analysis with transcriptomics. Plasma samples from 32 AAA and 32 AS patients were applied to characterize the metabolite profiles using untargeted liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS). A total of 18 remarkably different metabolites were identified, and a combination of seven metabolites could potentially serve as a biomarker to distinguish AAA and AS, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.93. Subsequently, we analyzed both the metabolomics and transcriptomics data and found that seven metabolites, especially 2'-deoxy-D-ribose (2dDR), were significantly correlated with differentially expressed genes. In conclusion, our study presents a comprehensive landscape of plasma metabolites in AAA and AS patients, and provides a research direction for pathogenetic mechanisms in atherosclerotic AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Ji
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Siliang Chen
- School of Clinical Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100005, China
| | - Guangchao Gu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jinrui Ren
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fang Xu
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Fangda Li
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Jianqiang Wu
- Medical Research Center, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Dan Yang
- Department of Computational Biology and Bioinformatics, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yuehong Zheng
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100730, China.
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Li T, Wang T, Jing J, Sun L. Expression Pattern and Clinical Value of Key m6A RNA Modification Regulators in Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. J Inflamm Res 2021; 14:4245-4258. [PMID: 34511965 PMCID: PMC8412829 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s327152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 08/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of N6-methyladenosine (m6A) RNA modification regulators plays a critical role in a variety of human diseases. However, their implication in abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) remains largely unknown. Herein, we sought to explore the general expression pattern and potential functions of m6A regulators in AAA. Methods We analyzed gene expression data of m6A regulators in human AAA and normal tissues from public GEO database. The R package and other tools such as m6A2Target database, Gene ontology (GO) functional and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathway analyses, gene set variation analysis (GSVA), Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes (STRING), starBase, miRDB and Cytoscape software were applied for bioinformatics analysis to investigate the downstream molecular mechanisms and upstream regulatory mechanisms for distinctly expressed regulators. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were performed to validate the expression of key m6A regulators in our collected human AAA specimens. Results We found that METTL14 and HNRNPC were the downregulated m6A regulators, and RBM15B was the upregulated methylation transferase in human AAA. The modified genes were primarily enriched in RNA catabolic process, regulation of translation, focal adhesion, transcription coregulator activity, ribosome, RNA transport, cell cycle, et al. METTL14, HNRNPC and RBM15B levels were correlated with the immune infiltration degree of Tcm, macrophages, mast cells, Tgd and NK CD56bright cells. A total of 154 and 76 target genes of three regulators were separately involved in body metabolism and autophagy in AAA disease, and their interactive relationships and hub genes were identified. The lncRNA-miRNA-mRNA interaction regulatory networks were also constructed for METTL14, HNRNPC and RBM15B. Based on our clinical tissue and serum samples, METTL14 exhibited lower expression levels in AAA and its rupture type, and low METTL14 expression was associated with high levels of WBC and CRP (all P < 0.05). Conclusion Our study presents an overview of the expression pattern and functional significance of m6A regulators in human AAA. Our findings will provide a valuable resource that may guide both mechanistic and therapeutic analyses about the role of key m6A regulators in AAA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Ultrasound, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Tianlong Wang
- The First Clinical College of China Medical University, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Jing
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Sun
- Tumor Etiology and Screening Department of Cancer Institute and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Cancer Etiology and Prevention in Liaoning Education Department, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Lieberg J, Wanhainen A, Ottas A, Vähi M, Zilmer M, Soomets U, Björck M, Kals J. Metabolomic Profile of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm. Metabolites 2021; 11:metabo11080555. [PMID: 34436496 PMCID: PMC8401627 DOI: 10.3390/metabo11080555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2021] [Revised: 08/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is characterized by structural deterioration of the aortic wall, leading to aortic dilation and rupture. The aim was to compare 183 low molecular weight metabolites in AAA patients and aorta-healthy controls and to explore if low molecular weight metabolites are linked to AAA growth. Blood samples were collected from male AAA patients with fast (mean 3.3 mm/year; range 1.3-9.4 mm/year; n = 39) and slow growth (0.2 mm/year; range -2.6-1.1 mm/year; n = 40), and from controls with non-aneurysmal aortas (n = 79). Targeted analysis of 183 metabolites in plasma was performed with AbsoluteIDQ p180 kit. The samples were measured on a QTRAP 4500 coupled to an Agilent 1260 series HPLC. The levels of only four amino acids (histidine, asparagine, leucine, isoleucine) and four phosphatidylcholines (PC.ae.C34.3, PC.aa.C34.2, PC.ae.C38.0, lysoPC.a.C18.2) were found to be significantly lower (p < 0.05) after adjustment for confounders among the AAA patients compared with the controls. There were no differences in the metabolites distinguishing the AAA patients with slow or fast growth from the controls, or distinguishing the patients with slow growth from those with fast growth. The current study describes novel significant alterations in amino acids and phosphatidylcholines metabolism associated with AAA occurrence, but no associations were found with AAA growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jüri Lieberg
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
| | - Anders Wanhainen
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Aigar Ottas
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.O.); (M.Z.); (U.S.)
| | - Mare Vähi
- Institute of Mathematics and Statistics, University of Tartu, 18 Narva mnt. Street, 51009 Tartu, Estonia;
| | - Mihkel Zilmer
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.O.); (M.Z.); (U.S.)
| | - Ursel Soomets
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.O.); (M.Z.); (U.S.)
| | - Martin Björck
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Section of Vascular Surgery, Uppsala University, SE-751 85 Uppsala, Sweden; (A.W.); (M.B.)
| | - Jaak Kals
- Department of Surgery, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia;
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Tartu University Hospital, 8 Puusepa Street, 51014 Tartu, Estonia
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Biomedicine and Translational Medicine, Centre of Excellence for Genomics and Translational Medicine, University of Tartu, 19 Ravila Street, 50411 Tartu, Estonia; (A.O.); (M.Z.); (U.S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +372-7318-292
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Imaging Predictive Factors of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Growth. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10091917. [PMID: 33925046 PMCID: PMC8124923 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10091917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Variable imaging methods may add important information about abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) progression. The aim of this study is to assess available literature data regarding the predictive imaging factors of AAA growth. Methods: This systematic review was conducted using the PRISMA guidelines. A review of the literature was conducted, using PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL databases. The quality of the studies was assessed using the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Primary outcomes were defined as AAA growth rate and factors associated to sac expansion. Results: The analysis included 23 studies. All patients (2244; mean age; 69.8 years, males; 85%) underwent imaging with different modalities; the initial evaluation was followed by one or more studies to assess aortic expansion. AAA initial diameter was reported in 13 studies (range 19.9–50.9 mm). Mean follow-up was 34.5 months. AAA diameter at the end was ranging between 20.3 and 55 mm. The initial diameter and intraluminal thrombus were characterized as prognostic factors associated to aneurysm expansion. A negative association between atherosclerosis and AAA expansion was documented. Conclusions: Aneurysm diameter is the most studied factor to be associated with expansion and the main indication for intervention. Appropriate diagnostic modalities may account for different anatomical characteristics and identify aneurysms with rapid growth and higher rupture risk. Future perspectives, including computed mathematical models that will assess wall stress and elasticity and further flow characteristics, may offer valuable alternatives in AAA growth prediction.
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Khan T, Loftus TJ, Filiberto AC, Ozrazgat-Baslanti T, Ruppert MM, Bandhyopadyay S, Laiakis EC, Arnaoutakis DJ, Bihorac A. Metabolomic Profiling for Diagnosis and Prognostication in Surgery: A Scoping Review. Ann Surg 2021; 273:258-268. [PMID: 32482979 PMCID: PMC7704904 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000003935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This review assimilates and critically evaluates available literature regarding the use of metabolomic profiling in surgical decision-making. BACKGROUND Metabolomic profiling is performed by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy or mass spectrometry of biofluids and tissues to quantify biomarkers (ie, sugars, amino acids, and lipids), producing diagnostic and prognostic information that has been applied among patients with cardiovascular disease, inflammatory bowel disease, cancer, and solid organ transplants. METHODS PubMed was searched from 1995 to 2019 to identify studies investigating metabolomic profiling of surgical patients. Articles were included and assimilated into relevant categories per PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Results were summarized with descriptive analytical methods. RESULTS Forty-seven studies were included, most of which were retrospective studies with small sample sizes using various combinations of analytic techniques and types of biofluids and tissues. Results suggest that metabolomic profiling has the potential to effectively screen for surgical diseases, suggest diagnoses, and predict outcomes such as postoperative complications and disease recurrence. Major barriers to clinical adoption include a lack of high-level evidence from prospective studies, heterogeneity in study design regarding tissue and biofluid procurement and analytical methods, and the absence of large, multicenter metabolome databases to facilitate systematic investigation of the efficacy, reproducibility, and generalizability of metabolomic profiling diagnoses and prognoses. CONCLUSIONS Metabolomic profiling research would benefit from standardization of study design and analytic approaches. As technologies improve and knowledge garnered from research accumulates, metabolomic profiling has the potential to provide personalized diagnostic and prognostic information to support surgical decision-making from preoperative to postdischarge phases of care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tabassum Khan
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
| | - Tyler J. Loftus
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
| | | | - Tezcan Ozrazgat-Baslanti
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
- Precision and Intelligent Systems in Medicine (PrismaP),
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | | | - Sabyasachi Bandhyopadyay
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
- Precision and Intelligent Systems in Medicine (PrismaP),
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
| | - Evagelia C. Laiakis
- Department of Oncology, Georgetown University, Washington
DC, USA
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular
Biology, Georgetown University, Washington DC, USA
| | | | - Azra Bihorac
- Department of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville,
FL, USA
- Precision and Intelligent Systems in Medicine (PrismaP),
University of Florida, Gainesville, FL
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Identification of Novel microRNA Profiles Dysregulated in Plasma and Tissue of Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Patients. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21134600. [PMID: 32605321 PMCID: PMC7370113 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21134600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small RNAs that regulate different biological processes. Our objective was to identify miRNAs dysregulated in plasma and tissue of patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and explore new potential targets involved in AAA. Fifty-seven subjects were recruited for a plasma study (30 AAA patients, 16 healthy volunteers and 11 patients with atherosclerosis). The expression level of 179 miRNAs was screened in plasma from a subset of samples, and dysregulated miRNAs were validated in the entire study population. Dysregulated miRNAs were also quantified in aortic tissue of 21 AAA patients and 8 organ donors. Applying a gene set enrichment analysis, an interaction map of dysregulated miRNAs and their targets was built, and selected targets were quantified in tissue samples. miR-27b-3p and miR-221-3p were overexpressed in plasma of AAA patients compared with healthy controls, 1.6 times and 1.9 times, respectively. In AAA tissue, six miRNAs (miR-1, miR-27b-3p, miR-29b-3p, miR-133a-3p, miR-133b, and miR-195-5p) were underexpressed from 1.6 to 4.8 times and four miRNAs (miR-146a-5p, miR-21-5p, miR-144-3p, and miR-103a-3p) were overexpressed from 1.3 to 7.2 times. Thrombospondin-2, a target of miR-195-5p, was increased in AAA tissue and negatively correlated with the expression of miR-195-5p, suggesting their involvement in a common regulatory mechanism.
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Xu MY, Wang P, Sun YJ, Yang L, Wu YJ. Identification of metabolite biomarkers in serum of rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and cadmium. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4999. [PMID: 32193438 PMCID: PMC7081290 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61982-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chlorpyrifos (CPF) and cadmium (Cd) are widespread environmental pollutants, which are often present in drinking water and foods. However, the combined effects of CPF and Cd were not entirely clear at present. There was also no biomarker available to diagnose the poisoning of the two chemicals at low dose for long-term exposures. In this study, we investigated the change of serum metabolites of rats with subchronic exposure to CPF, Cd, and CPF plus Cd using gas chromatography-mass spectrometer-based metabolomics approach. We performed a stepwise optimization algorithm based on receiver operating characteristic to identify serum metabolite biomarkers for toxic diagnosis of the chemicals at different doses after 90-day exposure. We found that aminomalonic acid was the biomarker for the toxicity of Cd alone administration, and serine and propanoic acid were unique biomarkers for the toxicities of CPF plus Cd administrations. Our results suggest that subchronic exposure to CPF and Cd alone, or in combination at their low doses, could cause disturbance of energy and amino acid metabolism. Overall, we have shown that analysis of serum metabolomics can make exceptional contributions to the understanding of the toxic effects following long-term low-dose exposure of the organophosphorus pesticide and heavy metal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Pan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, P.R. China
| | - Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, P.R. China.
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Kirlikaya B, Langridge B, Davies A, Onida S. Metabolomics as a tool to improve decision making for the vascular surgeon – wishful thinking or a dream come true? Vascul Pharmacol 2019; 116:1-3. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Atturu G, Gooneratne T. Introduction to translational research in vascular surgery/medicine. INDIAN JOURNAL OF VASCULAR AND ENDOVASCULAR SURGERY 2019. [DOI: 10.4103/ijves.ijves_30_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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