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Thomsson KA, Benktander J, Toxqui-Rodríguez S, Piazzon MC, Linden SK. Gilthead seabream mucus glycosylation is complex, differs between epithelial sites and carries unusual poly N-acetylhexosamine motifs. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2024; 153:109864. [PMID: 39216712 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2024.109864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2024] [Revised: 08/26/2024] [Accepted: 08/26/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) is a marine finfish of economic importance in aquaculture. Despite its adaptability to varying culture conditions, gilthead seabream culture can be affected by viral, bacterial or parasitic diseases. The main route of entry of pathogens is through mucosal surfaces. Teleost external and internal surfaces are covered by mucus, mainly comprised of highly glycosylated proteins called mucins. The mucin glycans regulate pathogen growth, adhesion, virulence and inter and intra species communication. Here, we characterized the gilthead seabream mucus glycosylation, compared it to previously described species and investigated associations with microbiota. 214 glycans were identified. The majority of the glycans were found at more than one epithelial surface, but 27, 22 and 89 O-glycan structures were unique to skin, gill and intestinal sample groups, respectively. Six O-glycan core types were observed. The majority of the seabream skin and gill O-glycans were neutral with unusual poly HexNAc motifs. In contrast, seabream intestinal O-glycans were highly acidic and not of the 'poly HexNAc' type observed in skin and gill. Furthermore, gilthead seabream gill mucosa had less oligomannose and more complex N-glycans compared to skin and intestine. The concentration and diversity of bacteria was similar in skin, gill and intestine, but the bacterial species differed between epithelia and co-varied with glycan epitopes. The presence of a complex mucus glycosylation with plenty of glycan epitopes for bacterial foraging, suggest that the skin mucosal defense in seabream includes an abundant resident microbiota. This large library of structures provides a platform for further studies, for example aiming to identifying glycans to use for diagnostic purposes, to study host-microbe interactions or disease intervention therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Thomsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Socorro Toxqui-Rodríguez
- Fish Pathology Group and; Nutrigenomics and Fish Growth Endocrinology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS, CSIC), Ribera de Cabanes s/n, 12595, Cabanes, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - Sara K Linden
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Riera-Ferrer E, Del Pozo R, Muñoz-Berruezo U, Palenzuela O, Sitjà-Bobadilla A, Estensoro I, Piazzon MC. Mucosal affairs: glycosylation and expression changes of gill goblet cells and mucins in a fish-polyopisthocotylidan interaction. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1347707. [PMID: 38655531 PMCID: PMC11035888 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1347707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Secreted mucins are highly O-glycosylated glycoproteins produced by goblet cells in mucosal epithelia. They constitute the protective viscous gel layer overlying the epithelia and are involved in pathogen recognition, adhesion and expulsion. The gill polyopisthocotylidan ectoparasite Sparicotyle chrysophrii, feeds on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) blood eliciting severe anemia. Methods Control unexposed and recipient (R) gill samples of gilthead seabream experimentally infected with S. chrysophrii were obtained at six consecutive times (0, 11, 20, 32, 41, and 61 days post-exposure (dpe)). In histological samples, goblet cell numbers and their intensity of lectin labelling was registered. Expression of nine mucin genes (muc2, muc2a, muc2b, muc5a/c, muc4, muc13, muc18, muc19, imuc) and three regulatory factors involved in goblet cell differentiation (hes1, elf3, agr2) was studied by qPCR. In addition, differential expression of glycosyltransferases and glycosidases was analyzed in silico from previously obtained RNAseq datasets of S. chrysophrii-infected gilthead seabream gills with two different infection intensities. Results and Discussion Increased goblet cell differentiation (up-regulated elf3 and agr2) leading to neutral goblet cell hyperplasia on gill lamellae of R fish gills was found from 32 dpe on, when adult parasite stages were first detected. At this time point, acute increased expression of both secreted (muc2a, muc2b, muc5a/c) and membrane-bound mucins (imuc, muc4, muc18) occurred in R gills. Mucins did not acidify during the course of infection, but their glycosylation pattern varied towards more complex glycoconjugates with sialylated, fucosylated and branched structures, according to lectin labelling and the shift of glycosyltransferase expression patterns. Gilthead seabream gill mucosal response against S. chrysophrii involved neutral mucus hypersecretion, which could contribute to worm expulsion and facilitate gas exchange to counterbalance parasite-induced hypoxia. Stress induced by the sparicotylosis condition seems to lead to changes in glycosylation characteristic of more structurally complex mucins.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Itziar Estensoro
- Fish Pathology Group, Instituto de Acuicultura Torre de la Sal, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (IATS, CSIC), Castellón, Spain
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Sayyaf Dezfuli B, Lorenzoni M, Carosi A, Giari L, Bosi G. Teleost innate immunity, an intricate game between immune cells and parasites of fish organs: who wins, who loses. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1250835. [PMID: 37908358 PMCID: PMC10613888 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1250835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Fish, comprising over 27,000 species, represent the oldest vertebrate group and possess both innate and adaptive immune systems. The susceptibility of most wild fish to parasitic infections and related diseases is well-established. Among all vertebrates, the digestive tract creates a remarkably favorable and nutrient-rich environment, which, in turn, renders it susceptible to microparasites and macroparasites. Consequently, metazoan parasites emerge as important disease agents, impacting both wild and farmed fish and resulting in substantial economic losses. Given their status as pathogenic organisms, these parasites warrant considerable attention. Helminths, a general term encompassing worms, constitute one of the most important groups of metazoan parasites in fish. This group includes various species of platyhelminthes (digeneans, cestodes), nematodes, and acanthocephalans. In addition, myxozoans, microscopic metazoan endoparasites, are found in water-dwelling invertebrates and vertebrate hosts. It is worth noting that several innate immune cells within the fish alimentary canal and certain visceral organs (e.g., liver, spleen, and gonads) play active roles in the immune response against parasites. These immune cells include macrophages, neutrophils, rodlet cells, and mast cells also known as eosinophilic granular cells. At the site of intestinal infection, helminths often impact mucous cells number and alter mucus composition. This paper presents an overview of the state of the art on the occurrence and characteristics of innate immune cells in the digestive tract and other visceral organs in different fish-parasite systems. The data, coming especially from studies employed immunohistochemical, histopathological, and ultrastructural analyses, provide evidence supporting the involvement of teleost innate immune cells in modulating inflammatory responses to metazoan and protozoan parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahram Sayyaf Dezfuli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Lorenzoni
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Antonella Carosi
- Department of Chemistry, Biology and Biotechnologies, University of Perugia, Perugia, Italy
| | - Luisa Giari
- Department of Environmental and Prevention Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giampaolo Bosi
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Milan, Lodi, Italy
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Bachar-Wikstrom E, Thomsson KA, Sihlbom C, Abbo L, Tartor H, Lindén SK, Wikstrom JD. Identification of Novel Glycans in the Mucus Layer of Shark and Skate Skin. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14331. [PMID: 37762632 PMCID: PMC10532229 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/13/2023] [Accepted: 09/16/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mucus layer covering the skin of fish has several roles, including protection against pathogens and mechanical damage. While the mucus layers of various bony fish species have been investigated, the composition and glycan profiles of shark skin mucus remain relatively unexplored. In this pilot study, we aimed to explore the structure and composition of shark skin mucus through histological analysis and glycan profiling. Histological examination of skin samples from Atlantic spiny dogfish (Squalus acanthias) sharks and chain catsharks (Scyliorhinus retifer) revealed distinct mucin-producing cells and a mucus layer, indicating the presence of a functional mucus layer similar to bony fish mucus albeit thinner. Glycan profiling using liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry unveiled a diverse repertoire of mostly O-glycans in the mucus of the two sharks as well as little skate (Leucoraja erinacea). Elasmobranch glycans differ significantly from bony fish, especially in being more sulfated, and some bear resemblance to human glycans, such as gastric mucin O-glycans and H blood group-type glycans. This study contributes to the concept of shark skin having unique properties and provides a foundation for further research into the functional roles and potential biomedical implications of shark skin mucus glycans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etty Bachar-Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Kristina A. Thomsson
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Carina Sihlbom
- Proteomics Core Facility of Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, 41390 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lisa Abbo
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
| | - Haitham Tartor
- Department of Fish Health and Welfare, Norwegian Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 750, Sentrum, 0106 Oslo, Norway
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, P.O. Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 40530 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jakob D. Wikstrom
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine (Solna), Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
- Whitman Center, Marine Biological Laboratory, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA
- Dermato-Venereology Clinic, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
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5
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Thomsson KA, Benktander J, Quintana-Hayashi MP, Sharba S, Lindén SK. Mucin O-glycosylation and pathogen binding ability differ between rainbow trout epithelial sites. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:349-357. [PMID: 36241003 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Mucins are highly glycosylated proteins that make up the mucus covering internal and external surfaces of fish. Mucin O-glycans regulate pathogen quorum sensing, growth, virulence and attachment to the host. Knowledge on this mucosal defense system can enable alternative treatments to diseases posing a threat to productivity and welfare in aquaculture. Here, we characterize the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill, skin, pyloric ceca and distal intestinal mucin O-glycosylation and compare it to known teleost O-glycomes. We identified 54 O-glycans, consisting of up to nine monosaccharide residues. Skin glycans were most acidic, shortest on average and consisted mainly of NeuAcα2-6GalNAc. Glycans from the gills were less acidic with predominantly core 1 and 2 glycans, whereas glycans from pyloric ceca and distal intestine expressed an increased number of core 5 glycans, distinctly decorated with NeuAcα2-8NeuAc- like epitopes. When compared to Atlantic salmon and Arctic charr, trends on the core distribution, average size and overall acidity remained similar, although the epitopes varied. Rainbow trout mucins from gill and intestine bound A. salmonicida and A. hydrophila more efficiently than skin mucins. This is in line with a model where skin mucins with small glycans limit bacterial adhesion to the fish surface whereas the complex intestinal mucin glycans aid in trapping and removing pathogens from the epithelial surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina A Thomsson
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Macarena P Quintana-Hayashi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sinan Sharba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Sundell K, Berge GM, Ruyter B, Sundh H. Low Omega-3 Levels in the Diet Disturbs Intestinal Barrier and Transporting Functions of Atlantic Salmon Freshwater and Seawater Smolts. Front Physiol 2022; 13:883621. [PMID: 35574453 PMCID: PMC9095827 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.883621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to a limited access to marine raw materials from capture fisheries, Atlantic salmon feeds are currently based on mainly plant ingredients (75%) while only 25% come from traditional marine ingredients including marine fish meal and fish oil. Thus, current feeds contain less of the essential omega-3 fatty acids. The aim of the study was to assess the impact of different omega-3 levels in fish feed on intestinal barrier and transporting functions of Atlantic salmon freshwater and seawater smolts. Atlantic salmon were fed three levels of omega-3 (2, 1 and 0.5%) and fish performance was followed through smoltification and the subsequent seawater acclimation. Intestinal barrier and transporting functions were assessed using Ussing chamber methodology and combined with transcript analysis of tight junction related proteins and ion transporters. A linear decrease in growth was observed with decreasing omega-3 levels. Low (0.5%) inclusion of omega-3 impaired the barrier function of the proximal intestine compared to 2% inclusion. Further, low levels of omega-3 decrease the transepithelial electrical potential across the epithelium indicating disturbed ion transport. It can be concluded that low dietary levels of omega-3 impair somatic growth and intestinal function of Atlantic salmon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Sundell
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gerd Marit Berge
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima), Nofima, Sjølsengen, Sunndalsøra, Norway
| | - Bente Ruyter
- Norwegian Institute of Food, Fisheries and Aquaculture Research (Nofima), Nofima, Sjølsengen, Sunndalsøra, Norway
- Nofima, Ås, Norway
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Swedish Mariculture Research Center, Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Henrik Sundh,
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7
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Padra JT, Loibman SO, Thorell K, Sundh H, Sundell K, Lindén SK. Atlantic Salmon Mucins Inhibit LuxS-Dependent A. Salmonicida AI-2 Quorum Sensing in an N-Acetylneuraminic Acid-Dependent Manner. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084326. [PMID: 35457143 PMCID: PMC9026418 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the most important bacterial diseases in salmonid aquaculture is furunculosis, caused by Aeromonas salmonicida. Bacterial communication through secreted autoinducer signals, quorum sensing, takes part in the regulation of gene expression in bacteria, influencing growth and virulence. The skin and mucosal surfaces, covered by a mucus layer, are the first point of contact between fish and bacteria. Mucins are highly glycosylated and are the main components of mucus. Here, we validate the Vibrio harveyi BB170 bioreporter assay for quantifying A. salmonicida quorum sensing and study the effects of Atlantic salmon mucins as well as mono- and disaccharides on the AI-2 levels of A. salmonicida. Atlantic salmon mucins from skin, pyloric ceca, proximal and distal intestine reduced A. salmonicida AI-2 levels. Among the saccharides abundant on mucins, fucose, N-acetylneuraminic acid and GlcNAcβ1-3Gal inhibited AI-2 A. salmonicida secretion. Removal of N-acetylneuraminic acid, which is the most abundant terminal residue on mucin glycans on Atlantic salmon mucins, attenuated the inhibitory effects on AI-2 levels of A. salmonicida. Deletion of A. salmonicida luxS abolished AI-2 production. In conclusion, Atlantic salmon mucins regulate A. salmonicida quorum sensing in a luxS and N-acetylneuraminic acid-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.T.P.); (S.O.L.); (K.T.)
| | - Stefany Ojaimi Loibman
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.T.P.); (S.O.L.); (K.T.)
| | - Kaisa Thorell
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.T.P.); (S.O.L.); (K.T.)
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.T.P.); (S.O.L.); (K.T.)
- Correspondence:
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8
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Sharba S, Sundh H, Sundell K, Benktander J, Santos L, Birchenough G, Lindén SK. Rainbow trout gastrointestinal mucus, mucin production, mucin glycosylation and response to lipopolysaccharide. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 122:181-190. [PMID: 35077869 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Mucus, whereof the highly glycosylated mucins are a major component, protects the epithelial mucosal surfaces. The aim of this study was to characterize the rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gastrointestinal mucus barrier function, mucin production, glycosylation and response to lipopolysaccharide. Both gastric and intestinal mucus was thick and impenetrable to bacteria-sized beads ex vivo. The secreted mucus covering the gastric epithelium predominantly contained sialylated mucins. Plume-like structures emerging from the gastric pits were both sialylated and fucosylated, indicating heterogeneity in gastric mucus secreted by the surface mucus cells and gland secretory cells, whereas intestinal mucus appeared more homogenous. In vivo metabolic mucin labelling revealed regional differences in mucin production and basal to apical transport, while lipopolysaccharide stimulation increased the rate of mucin production and basal to apical transport in both stomach and intestine. Using mass spectrometry, 34 mucin O-glycans were identified, with ∼70% of the relative abundance being sialylated, ∼40% di-sialylated and 20-25% fucosylated. No effects of lipopolysaccharide treatment were apparent regarding O-glycan repertoires, relative abundance of components, size distribution or core structures. Thus, the mucus production and organization differ between epithelial sites but provide a barrier to bacteria in both stomach and intestine. Furthermore, mucin production and basal to apical transport was stimulated by lipopolysaccharide in all regions, suggesting a mechanism to combat infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sinan Sharba
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Licinia Santos
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - George Birchenough
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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9
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Aoki K, Kumagai T, Ranzinger R, Bergmann C, Camus A, Tiemeyer M. Serum N-Glycome Diversity in Teleost and Chondrostrean Fishes. Front Mol Biosci 2021; 8:778383. [PMID: 34859056 PMCID: PMC8631502 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.778383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in carbohydrate chemistry, chemical biology, and mass spectrometric techniques have opened the door to rapid progress in uncovering the function and diversity of glycan structures associated with human health and disease. These strategies can be equally well applied to advance non-human health care research. To date, the glycomes of only a handful of non-human, non-domesticated vertebrates have been analyzed in depth due to the logistic complications associated with obtaining or handling wild-caught or farm-raised specimens. In contrast, the last 2 decades have seen advances in proteomics, glycoproteomics, and glycomics that have significantly advanced efforts to identify human serum/plasma biomarkers for various diseases. In this study, we investigated N-glycan structural diversity in serum harvested from five cultured fish species. This biofluid is a useful starting point for glycomic analysis because it is rich in glycoproteins, can be acquired in a sustainable fashion, and its contents reflect dynamic physiologic changes in the organism. Sera acquired from two chondrostrean fish species, the Atlantic sturgeon and shortnose sturgeon, and three teleost fish species, the Atlantic salmon, Arctic char, and channel catfish, were delipidated by organic extraction and the resulting protein-rich preparations sequentially treated with trypsin and PNGaseF to generate released N-glycans for structural analysis. Released N-glycans were analyzed as their native or permethylated forms by nanospray ionization mass spectrometry in negative or positive mode. While the basic biosynthetic pathway that initiates the production of glycoprotein glycan core structures is well-conserved across the teleost fish species examined in this study, species-specific structural differences were detected across the five organisms in terms of their monosaccharide composition, sialylation pattern, fucosylation, and degree of O-acetylation. Our methods and results provide new contributions to a growing library of datasets describing fish N-glycomes that can eventually establish species-normative baselines for assessing N-glycosylation dynamics associated with pathogen invasion, environmental stress, and fish immunologic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuhiro Aoki
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Tadahiro Kumagai
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States.,Procter & Gamble, Takasaki, Japan
| | - René Ranzinger
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Carl Bergmann
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Alvin Camus
- College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Michael Tiemeyer
- Complex Carbohydrate Research Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
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10
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Padra M, Benktander J, Padra JT, Andersson A, Brundin B, Tengvall S, Christenson K, Qvarfordt I, Gad R, Paulsson M, Pournaras N, Lindén A, Lindén SK. Mucin Binding to Moraxella catarrhalis During Airway Inflammation is Dependent on Sialic Acid. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2021; 65:593-602. [PMID: 34192508 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2021-0064oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is associated with colonization by bacterial pathogens and repeated airway infections, leading to exacerbations and impaired lung function. The highly glycosylated mucins in the mucus lining the airways are an important part of the host defense against pathogens. However, mucus accumulation can contribute to COPD pathology. Here, we examined whether inflammation is associated with glycosylation changes that affect interactions between airway mucins and pathogens. We isolated mucins from lower airway samples (LAS, n=4-9) from long-term smokers with and without COPD and from never-smokers. The most abundant terminal glycan moiety was N-acetylneuraminic acid (Neu5Ac) among smokers with and without COPD and N-acetyl-hexoseamine among never-smokers. Moraxella catarrhalis bound to MUC5 mucins from smokers with and without COPD. M. catarrhalis binding correlated with inflammatory parameters and Neu5Ac content. M. catarrhalis binding was abolished by enzymatic removal of Neu5Ac. Furthermore, M. catarrhalis bound to α2-6 sialyl-lactose suggesting that α2-6 sialic acid contributes to M. catarrhalis binding to mucins. Further, we detected more M. catarrhalis binding to mucins from patients with pneumonia than to those from control subjects (n=8-13) and this binding correlated with C-reactive protein and Neu5Ac levels. These results suggest a key role of inflammation induced Neu5Ac in adhesion of M. catarrhalis to airway mucins. Inflammation induced ability of MUC5 mucins to bind M. catarrhalis is likely a host defense mechanism in the healthy lung, although it cannot be excluded that impaired mucociliary clearance limits the effectiveness of this defense in COPD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Médea Padra
- Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Institute of Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - John Benktander
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - János T Padra
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Anders Andersson
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden.,Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 56749, COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Bettina Brundin
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara Tengvall
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Karin Christenson
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Odontology, 251781, Department of Oral Microbiology & Immunology, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Qvarfordt
- University of Gothenburg Institute of Medicine, 174417, Department of Internal Medicine and Clinical Nutrition, Goteborg, Sweden
| | - Robert Gad
- Skåne University Hospital Lund, 59564, Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Lund, Sweden
| | - Magnus Paulsson
- Lunds Universitet, 5193, Translational Medicine, Malmö, Sweden.,Skåne University Hospital Lund, 59564, Department of Infectious diseases, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nikolaos Pournaras
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, 59562, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anders Lindén
- Karolinska Institute Institute of Environmental Medicine, 193414, Unit for Lung and Airway Research, Stockholm, Sweden.,Karolinska University Hospital, 59562, Karolinska Severe COPD Center, Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sara K Lindén
- University of Gothenburg Sahlgrenska Academy, 70712, Biomedicine, Goteborg, Sweden;
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11
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Sørensen SL, Park Y, Gong Y, Vasanth GK, Dahle D, Korsnes K, Phuong TH, Kiron V, Øyen S, Pittman K, Sørensen M. Nutrient Digestibility, Growth, Mucosal Barrier Status, and Activity of Leucocytes From Head Kidney of Atlantic Salmon Fed Marine- or Plant-Derived Protein and Lipid Sources. Front Immunol 2021; 11:623726. [PMID: 33679713 PMCID: PMC7934624 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.623726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 12/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Nutrient digestibility, growth, and mucosal barrier status of fish skin, gills, and distal intestine were studied in Atlantic salmon fed feeds based on marine or plant-derived ingredients. The barrier status was assessed by considering the expression of four mucin genes, five genes that encode antimicrobial proteins, distal intestine micromorphology, and design-based stereology of the midgut epithelium. In addition, the head kidney leukocytes were examined using flow cytometry; to understand the differences in their counts and function. Five experimental feeds containing the main components i) fishmeal and fish oil (BG1), ii) soybean meal (BG2; to induce enteritis), iii) fishmeal as the main protein source and rapeseed oil as the main lipid source (BG3), iv) a mix of plant protein concentrates as the protein sources and fish oil as the lipid source (BG4), and v) plant and marine ingredients in the ratio 70:30 (BG5) were produced for the study. Atlantic salmon with initial weight 72.7 ± 1.2 g was offered the experimental feeds for 65 days. The results revealed that the weights of all fish groups doubled, except for fish fed BG2. Fish fed the BG2 diet had lower blood cholesterol concentration, developed enteritis, had lower expression of muc2 in the distal intestine, and had a compromised barrier status in the intestine. Expression of both the mucin genes and genes that encode antimicrobial peptides were tissue-specific and some were significantly affected by diet. The fish fed BG1 and BG3 had more head kidney lymphocyte-like cells compared to BG5-fed fish, and the phagocytic activity of macrophage-like cells from the head kidney was the highest in fish fed BG1. The intestinal micromorphology and the mucosal mapping suggest two different ways by which plant-based diets can alter the gut barrier status; by either reducing the mucous cell sizes, volumetric densities and barrier status (as noted for BG2) or increasing volumetric density of mucous cells (as observed for BG4 and BG5). The results of the compromised intestinal barrier in fish fed plant ingredients should be further confirmed through transcriptomic and immunohistochemical studies to refine ingredient composition for sustainable and acceptable healthy diets.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Youngjin Park
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Yangyang Gong
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Ghana K Vasanth
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Dalia Dahle
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Kjetil Korsnes
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway.,BioVivo Technologies AS, Bodø, Norway
| | - Tran Ha Phuong
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Viswanath Kiron
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
| | - Sjur Øyen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Karin Pittman
- Department of Biosciences, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway.,Quantidoc AS, Bergen, Norway
| | - Mette Sørensen
- Faculty of Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
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12
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Benktander J, Sundh H, Sundell K, Murugan AVM, Venkatakrishnan V, Padra JT, Kolarevic J, Terjesen BF, Gorissen M, Lindén SK. Stress Impairs Skin Barrier Function and Induces α2-3 Linked N-Acetylneuraminic Acid and Core 1 O-Glycans on Skin Mucins in Atlantic Salmon, Salmo salar. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031488. [PMID: 33540792 PMCID: PMC7867331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin barrier consists of mucus, primarily comprising highly glycosylated mucins, and the epithelium. Host mucin glycosylation governs interactions with pathogens and stress is associated with impaired epithelial barrier function. We characterized Atlantic salmon skin barrier function during chronic stress (high density) and mucin O-glycosylation changes in response to acute and chronic stress. Fish held at low (LD: 14–30 kg/m3) and high densities (HD: 50-80 kg/m3) were subjected to acute stress 24 h before sampling at 17 and 21 weeks after start of the experiment. Blood parameters indicated primary and secondary stress responses at both sampling points. At the second sampling, skin barrier function towards molecules was reduced in the HD compared to the LD group (Papp mannitol; p < 0.01). Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry revealed 81 O-glycan structures from the skin. Fish subjected to both chronic and acute stress had an increased proportion of large O-glycan structures. Overall, four of the O-glycan changes have potential as indicators of stress, especially for the combined chronic and acute stress. Stress thus impairs skin barrier function and induces glycosylation changes, which have potential to both affect interactions with pathogens and serve as stress indicators.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Benktander
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.B.); (A.V.M.M.); (V.V.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Henrik Sundh
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Kristina Sundell
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (H.S.); (K.S.)
| | - Abarna V. M. Murugan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.B.); (A.V.M.M.); (V.V.); (J.T.P.)
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.B.); (A.V.M.M.); (V.V.); (J.T.P.)
| | - János Tamás Padra
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.B.); (A.V.M.M.); (V.V.); (J.T.P.)
| | | | | | - Marnix Gorissen
- Radboud University, Institute for Water and Wetland Research, Department of Animal Ecology & Physiology, Heyendaalseweg 135, 6525 AJ Nijmegen, The Netherlands;
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9C, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden; (J.B.); (A.V.M.M.); (V.V.); (J.T.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +46-(0)-31-786-3057
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13
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A mass spectrometry-based glycotope-centric cellular glycomics is the more fruitful way forward to see the forest for the trees. Biochem Soc Trans 2021; 49:55-69. [PMID: 33492355 DOI: 10.1042/bst20190861] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The nature of protein glycosylation renders cellular glycomics a very challenging task in having to deal with all the disparate glycans carried on membrane glycoproteins. Rapid mapping by mass spectrometry analysis provides only a coarse sketch of the glycomic complexity based primarily on glycosyl compositions, whereby the missing high-resolution structural details require a combination of multi-mode separations and multi-stages of induced fragmentation to gain sufficiently discriminative precision, often at the expenses of throughput and sensitivity. Given the available technology and foreseeable advances in the near future, homing in on resolving the terminal fucosylated, sialylated and/or sulfated structural units, or glycotopes, maybe a more pragmatic and ultimately more rewarding approach to gain insights into myriad biological processes mediated by these terminal coding units carried on important glycoproteins, to be decoded by a host of endogenous glycan-binding proteins and antibodies. A broad overview of recent technical advances and limitations in cellular glycomics is first provided as a backdrop to the propounded glycotope-centric approach based on advanced nanoLC-MS2/MS3 analysis of permethylated glycans. To prioritize analytical focus on the more tangible glycotopes is akin to first identifying the eye-catching and characteristic-defining flowers and fruits of the glyco-forest, to see the forest for the trees. It has the best prospects of attaining the much-needed balance in sensitivity, structural precision and analytical throughput to match advances in other omics.
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14
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Gill Mucus and Gill Mucin O-glycosylation in Healthy and Amebic Gill Disease-Affected Atlantic Salmon. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8121871. [PMID: 33256221 PMCID: PMC7768351 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8121871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Amoebic gill disease (AGD) causes poor performance and death in salmonids. Mucins are mainly comprised by carbohydrates and are main components of the mucus covering the gill. Since glycans regulate pathogen binding and growth, glycosylation changes may affect susceptibility to primary and secondary infections. We investigated gill mucin O-glycosylation from Atlantic salmon with and without AGD using liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry. Gill mucin glycans were larger and more complex, diverse and fucosylated than skin mucins. Confocal microscopy revealed that fucosylated mucus coated sialylated mucus strands in ex vivo gill mucus. Terminal HexNAcs were more abundant among O-glycans from AGD-affected Atlantic salmon, whereas core 1 structures and structures with acidic moieties such as N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuAc) and sulfate groups were less abundant compared to non-infected fish. The fucosylated and NeuAc-containing O-glycans were inversely proportional, with infected fish on the lower scale of NeuAc abundance and high on fucosylated structures. The fucosylated epitopes were of three types: Fuc-HexNAc-R, Gal-[Fuc-]HexNAc-R and HexNAc-[Fuc-]HexNAc-R. These blood group-like structures could be an avenue to diversify the glycan repertoire to limit infection in the exposed gills. Furthermore, care must be taken when using skin mucus as proxy for gill mucus, as gill mucins are distinctly different from skin mucins.
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15
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Näpflin K, O’Connor EA, Becks L, Bensch S, Ellis VA, Hafer-Hahmann N, Harding KC, Lindén SK, Olsen MT, Roved J, Sackton TB, Shultz AJ, Venkatakrishnan V, Videvall E, Westerdahl H, Winternitz JC, Edwards SV. Genomics of host-pathogen interactions: challenges and opportunities across ecological and spatiotemporal scales. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8013. [PMID: 31720122 PMCID: PMC6839515 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary genomics has recently entered a new era in the study of host-pathogen interactions. A variety of novel genomic techniques has transformed the identification, detection and classification of both hosts and pathogens, allowing a greater resolution that helps decipher their underlying dynamics and provides novel insights into their environmental context. Nevertheless, many challenges to a general understanding of host-pathogen interactions remain, in particular in the synthesis and integration of concepts and findings across a variety of systems and different spatiotemporal and ecological scales. In this perspective we aim to highlight some of the commonalities and complexities across diverse studies of host-pathogen interactions, with a focus on ecological, spatiotemporal variation, and the choice of genomic methods used. We performed a quantitative review of recent literature to investigate links, patterns and potential tradeoffs between the complexity of genomic, ecological and spatiotemporal scales undertaken in individual host-pathogen studies. We found that the majority of studies used whole genome resolution to address their research objectives across a broad range of ecological scales, especially when focusing on the pathogen side of the interaction. Nevertheless, genomic studies conducted in a complex spatiotemporal context are currently rare in the literature. Because processes of host-pathogen interactions can be understood at multiple scales, from molecular-, cellular-, and physiological-scales to the levels of populations and ecosystems, we conclude that a major obstacle for synthesis across diverse host-pathogen systems is that data are collected on widely diverging scales with different degrees of resolution. This disparity not only hampers effective infrastructural organization of the data but also data granularity and accessibility. Comprehensive metadata deposited in association with genomic data in easily accessible databases will allow greater inference across systems in the future, especially when combined with open data standards and practices. The standardization and comparability of such data will facilitate early detection of emerging infectious diseases as well as studies of the impact of anthropogenic stressors, such as climate change, on disease dynamics in humans and wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Näpflin
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Emily A. O’Connor
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Lutz Becks
- Aquatic Ecology and Evolution, Limnological Institute University Konstanz, Konstanz, Germany
| | - Staffan Bensch
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Vincenzo A. Ellis
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Nina Hafer-Hahmann
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- EAWAG, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Karin C. Harding
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Sara K. Lindén
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Morten T. Olsen
- Section for Evolutionary Genomics, Natural History Museum of Denmark, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jacob Roved
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Timothy B. Sackton
- Informatics Group, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
| | - Allison J. Shultz
- Ornithology Department, Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- Department of Medical Chemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Elin Videvall
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- Center for Conservation Genomics, Smithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, National Zoological Park, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Helena Westerdahl
- Molecular Ecology and Evolution Lab, Department of Biology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Jamie C. Winternitz
- Department of Evolutionary Ecology, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Biology, Plön, Germany
- Department of Animal Behaviour, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Scott V. Edwards
- Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology and Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA, United States of America
- Gothenburg Centre for Advanced Studies in Science and Technology, Chalmers University of Technology and University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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16
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Role of Sialic Acid in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Adhesion to Pig Colonic Mucins. Infect Immun 2019; 87:IAI.00889-18. [PMID: 30988055 DOI: 10.1128/iai.00889-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae results in mucoid hemorrhagic diarrhea. This pathogen is associated with the colonic mucus layer, mainly composed of mucins. Infection regulates mucin O-glycosylation in the colon and increases mucin secretion as well as B. hyodysenteriae binding sites on mucins. Here, we analyzed potential mucin epitopes for B. hyodysenteriae adhesion in the colon, as well as the effect of colonic mucins on bacterial growth. Associations between B. hyodysenteriae binding to pig colonic mucins and mucin glycan data showed that B. hyodysenteriae binding was associated with the presence of N-glycolylneuraminic acid (NeuGc) on mucins. The role of sialic acid in B. hyodysenteriae adhesion was analyzed after the removal of sialic acid residues on the mucins by enzymatic treatment with sialidase A, which decreased bacterial binding to the mucins. The effect of pig colonic mucins on B. hyodysenteriae growth was determined in carbohydrate-free medium. B. hyodysenteriae growth increased in the presence of mucins from two out of five infected pigs, suggesting utilization of mucins as a carbon source for growth. Additionally, bacterial growth was enhanced by free sialic acid and N-acetylglucosamine. The results highlight a role of sialic acid as an adhesion epitope for B. hyodysenteriae interaction with colonic mucins. Furthermore, the mucin response and glycosylation changes exerted in the colon during B. hyodysenteriae infection result in a potentially favorable environment for pathogen growth in the intestinal mucus layer.
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17
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Benktander J, Venkatakrishnan V, Padra JT, Sundh H, Sundell K, Murugan AVM, Maynard B, Lindén SK. Effects of Size and Geographical Origin on Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, Mucin O-Glycan Repertoire. Mol Cell Proteomics 2019; 18:1183-1196. [PMID: 30923042 PMCID: PMC6553937 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra119.001319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Diseases cause ethical concerns and economic losses in the Salmonid industry. The mucus layer comprised of highly O-glycosylated mucins is the first contact between pathogens and fish. Mucin glycans govern pathogen adhesion, growth and virulence. The Atlantic salmon O-glycome from a single location has been characterized and the interindividual variation was low. Because interindividual variation is considered a population-based defense, hindering the entire population from being wiped out by a single infection, low interindividual variation among Atlantic salmon may be a concern. Here, we analyzed the O-glycome of 25 Atlantic salmon from six cohorts grown under various conditions from Sweden, Norway and Australia (Tasmania) using mass spectrometry. This expanded the known Atlantic salmon O-glycome by 60% to 169 identified structures. The mucin O-glycosylation was relatively stable over time within a geographical region, but the size of the fish affected skin mucin glycosylation. The skin mucin glycan repertoires from Swedish and Norwegian Atlantic salmon populations were closely related compared with Tasmanian ones, regardless of size and salinity, with differences in glycan size and composition. The internal mucin glycan repertoire also clustered based on geographical origin and into pyloric cecal and distal intestinal groups, regardless of cohort and fish size. Fucosylated structures were more abundant in Tasmanian pyloric caeca and distal intestine mucins compared with Swedish ones. Overall, Tasmanian Atlantic salmon mucins have more O-glycan structures in skin but less in the gastrointestinal tract compared with Swedish fish. Low interindividual variation was confirmed within each cohort. The results can serve as a library for identifying structures of importance for host-pathogen interactions, understanding population differences of salmon mucin glycosylation in resistance to diseases and during breeding and selection of strains. The results could make it possible to predict potential vulnerabilities to diseases and suggest that inter-region breeding may increase the glycan diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Benktander
- From the ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vignesh Venkatakrishnan
- From the ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - János T Padra
- From the ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Sundh
- §Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Kristina Sundell
- §Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Abarna V M Murugan
- From the ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Ben Maynard
- ¶The Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, Hobart, Australia
| | - Sara K Lindén
- From the ‡Department of Medical Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Box 440, Medicinaregatan 9A, 405 30 Gothenburg, Sweden;
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