1
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Knežević S, Totoricaguena-Gorriño J, Gajjala RKR, Hermenegildo B, Ruiz-Rubio L, Vilas-Vilela JL, Lanceros-Méndez S, Sojic N, Del Campo FJ. Enhanced Electrochemiluminescence at the Gas/Liquid Interface of Bubbles Propelled into Solution. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:22724-22735. [PMID: 39090816 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c07566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is typically confined to a micrometric region from the electrode surface. This study demonstrates that ECL emission can extend up to several millimeters away from the electrode employing electrogenerated chlorine bubbles. The mechanism behind this bubble-enhanced ECL was investigated using an Au microelectrode in chloride-containing and chloride-free electrolyte solutions. We discovered that ECL emission at the gas/solution interface is driven by two parallel effects. First, the bubble corona effect facilitates the generation of hydroxyl radicals capable of oxidizing luminol while the bubble is attached to the surface. Second, hypochlorite generated from chlorine sustains luminol emission for over 200 s and extends the emission range up to 5 mm into the solution, following bubble detachment. The new approach can increase the emission intensity of luminol-based assays 5-fold compared to the conventional method. This is demonstrated through a glucose bioassay, using a midrange mobile phone camera for detection. These findings significantly expand the potential applications of ECL by extending its effective range in time and space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Joseba Totoricaguena-Gorriño
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Rajendra Kumar Reddy Gajjala
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Bruno Hermenegildo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Leire Ruiz-Rubio
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - José Luis Vilas-Vilela
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- Grupo de Química Macromolecular, Universidad del País Vasco, UPV-EHU, Campus de Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
| | - Senentxu Lanceros-Méndez
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, Pessac 33607, France
| | - Francisco Javier Del Campo
- BCMaterials, Basque Center for Materials, Applications and Nanostructures, UPV/EHU Science Park, Leioa, Vizcaya 48940, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao 48009, Spain
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2
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Clarke TB, Krushinski LE, Vannoy KJ, Colón-Quintana G, Roy K, Rana A, Renault C, Hill ML, Dick JE. Single Entity Electrocatalysis. Chem Rev 2024; 124:9015-9080. [PMID: 39018111 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.3c00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/19/2024]
Abstract
Making a measurement over millions of nanoparticles or exposed crystal facets seldom reports on reactivity of a single nanoparticle or facet, which may depart drastically from ensemble measurements. Within the past 30 years, science has moved toward studying the reactivity of single atoms, molecules, and nanoparticles, one at a time. This shift has been fueled by the realization that everything changes at the nanoscale, especially important industrially relevant properties like those important to electrocatalysis. Studying single nanoscale entities, however, is not trivial and has required the development of new measurement tools. This review explores a tale of the clever use of old and new measurement tools to study electrocatalysis at the single entity level. We explore in detail the complex interrelationship between measurement method, electrocatalytic material, and reaction of interest (e.g., carbon dioxide reduction, oxygen reduction, hydrazine oxidation, etc.). We end with our perspective on the future of single entity electrocatalysis with a key focus on what types of measurements present the greatest opportunity for fundamental discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Lynn E Krushinski
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | | | - Kingshuk Roy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Loyola University Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60660, United States
| | - Megan L Hill
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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3
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Voci S, Vannoy KJ, Dick JE. Femtoliter oil droplets act as CO 2 micropumps for uninterrupted electrochemiluminescence at the water|oil interface. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 661:853-860. [PMID: 38330657 PMCID: PMC11307245 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2023] [Revised: 01/04/2024] [Accepted: 01/14/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Interfacial effects are well-known to significantly alter chemical reactivity, especially in confined environments, where the surface to volume ratio increases. Here, we observed an inhomogeneity in the electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) intensity decrease over time in a multiphasic system composed of femtoliter water droplets entrapping femtoliter volumes of the 1,2-dichloroethane (DCE) continuous phase. In usual electrochemiluminescence (ECL) reactions involving an ECL chromophore and oxalate ([C2O4]2-), the build-up of CO2 diminishes the ECL signal with time because of bubble formation. We hypothesised that relative solubilities of chemical species in these environments play a dramatic role in interfacial reactivity. Water droplets, loaded with the ECL luminophore [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and the coreactant [C2O4]2- were allowed to stochastically collide and adsorb at the surface of a glassy carbon macroelectrode. When water droplets coalesce on the surface, they leave behind femtoliter droplets of the DCE phase (inclusions). We report the surprising finding that the addition of multiple interfaces, due to the presence of continuous phase's femtoliter inclusions, allows sustained ECL over time after successive potential applications at the triple-phase boundary between water droplet|electrode|DCE inclusion. When femtoliter droplets of DCE form on the electrode surface, bright rings of ECL are observed during the simultaneous oxidation of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ and [C2O4]2-. Control experiments and finite element modelling allowed us to propose that these rings arise because CO2 that is generated near the 1,2-dichloroethane droplet partitions in due to relative solubility of CO2 in 1,2-dichloroethane and builds up and/or is expelled at the top of the droplet. The small droplets of the DCE phase act as micropumps, pumping away carbon dioxide from the interface. These results highlight the unexpected point that confined microenvironments and their geometry can tune chemical reactions of industrial importance and fundamental interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Kathryn J Vannoy
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA; Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 47907, USA.
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4
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Rana A, Renault C, Dick JE. Measuring Liquid-into-Liquid Diffusion Coefficients by Dissolving Microdroplet Electroanalysis. Anal Chem 2023; 95:18748-18753. [PMID: 38082457 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c03256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2023]
Abstract
Diffusion is a fundamental process in various domains, such as pollution control, drug delivery, and isotope separation. Accurately measuring the diffusion coefficients (D) of one liquid into another often encounters challenges stemming from intermolecular interactions, precise observations at the liquid interface, convection, etc. Here, we present an innovative electrochemical methodology for determining the diffusion coefficient of a liquid into another liquid. The method involves precisely tracking the lifetime of a nonaqueous droplet. An organic droplet is placed on an ultramicroelectrode surrounded by an aqueous solution of potassium hexacyanoferrate(II/III). The droplet initially blocks the reduction or oxidation of the redox species. As the droplet dissolves, giving access to the conductive microelectrode surface, a continuously increasing current is observed in voltammetry and the amperometric i-t response. The electrochemical response thus directly reports on the flux of redox species on the electrode surface, allowing us to precisely determine the lifetime of the droplet. D values are directly determined through a combination of electrochemical analysis and the principles of droplet dissolution. We demonstrate the quantification of 1,2-dichloroethane and nitrobenzene into water, yielding diffusion coefficients of (11.3 ± 1.2) × 10-6 cm2/s and (5.2 ± 1.1) × 10-6 cm2/s, respectively. This work establishes a reliable electrochemical approach for quantifying diffusion coefficients based on droplet lifetime analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Rana
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Christophe Renault
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
- Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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5
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Miera GG, Heinz O, Hong W, Walker GC. Virtual Issue: Electrode Interfaces. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2023; 39:18171-18174. [PMID: 38111359 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.3c03655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
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6
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Han D, Fang D, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Kanoufi F, Jiang D, Sojic N. Dynamic Mapping of Electrochemiluminescence Reactivity in Space: Application to Bead-Based Assays. Anal Chem 2023; 95:15700-15706. [PMID: 37815364 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/11/2023]
Abstract
As an electrochemical technique offering an optical readout, electrochemiluminescence (ECL) evolved recently into a powerful microscopy technique with the visualization of a wide range of microscopic entities. However, the dynamic imaging of transient ECL events did not receive intensive attention due to the limited number of electrogenerated photons. Here, the reaction kinetics of the model ECL bioassay system was revealed by dynamic imaging of single [Ru(bpy)3]2+-functionalized beads in the presence of the efficient tripropylamine coreactant. The time profile behavior of ECL emission, the variations of the ECL layer thickness, and the position of maximum ECL intensity over time were investigated, which were not achieved by static imaging in previous studies. Moreover, the dynamics of the ECL emission were confronted with the simulation. The reported dynamic ECL imaging allows the investigation of the ECL kinetics and mechanisms operating in bioassays and cell microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongni Han
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Danjun Fang
- School of Pharmacy, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211126, China
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, Bologna 40126, Italy
| | | | - Dechen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry for Life Science and School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210023, China
| | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, Pessac 33607, France
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7
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Reyes-Morales J, Dick JE. Electrochemical-Shock Synthesis of Nanoparticles from Sub-femtoliter Nanodroplets. Acc Chem Res 2023; 56:1178-1189. [PMID: 37155578 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusNanoparticles have witnessed immense development in the past several decades due to their intriguing physicochemical properties. The modern chemist is interested not only in methods of synthesizing nanoparticles with tunable properties but also in the chemistry that nanoparticles can drive. While several methods exist to synthesize nanoparticles, it is often advantageous to put nanoparticles on a variety of conductive substrates for multiple applications (such as energy storage and conversion). Despite enjoying over 200 years of development, electrodeposition of nanoparticles suffers from a lack of control over nanoparticle size and morphology. There have been heroic efforts to address these issues over time. With an understanding that structure-function studies are imperative to understand the chemistry of nanoparticles, new methods are necessary to electrodeposit a variety of nanoparticles with control over macromorphology and also microstructure.This Account details our group's efforts in overcoming challenges of classical nanoparticle electrodeposition by electrodepositing nanoparticles from water nanodroplets. When a nanodroplet full of metal salt precursor is incident on the electrode biased sufficiently negative to drive electroplating, nanoparticles form at a fast rate (on the order of microseconds to milliseconds). We start with the general nuts-and-bolts of the experiment (nanodroplet formation and methods for electrodeposition). The deposition of new nanomaterials often requires one to develop new methods of measurement, and we detail new measurement tools for quantifying nanoparticle porosity and nanopore tortuosity within single nanoparticles. We achieve nanopore characterization by using Focused Ion Beam milling and Scanning Electron Microscopy. Owing to the small size of the nanodroplets and fast mass transfer (the contents of a femtoliter droplet can be electrolyzed in only a few milliseconds), the use of nanodroplets also allows the electrodeposition of high entropy alloy nanoparticles at room temperature.We detail how a deep understanding of ion transfer mechanisms can be used to expand the library of possible metals that can be deposited. Furthermore, simple ion changes in the dispersed droplet phase can decrease the cost per experiment by orders of magnitude. Finally, electrodeposition in aqueous nanodroplets can also be combined with stochastic electrochemistry for a variety of interesting studies. We detail the quantification of the growth kinetics of single nanoparticles in single aqueous nanodroplets. Nanodroplets can also be used as tiny reactors to trap only a few molecules of a metal salt precursor. Upon reduction to the zerovalent metal, electrocatalysis at very small metal clusters can be probed and evaluated with time using steady-state electrochemical measurements. Overall, this burgeoning synthetic tool is providing unexpected avenues of tunability of metal nanoparticles on conductive substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Reyes-Morales
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
- Elmore School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47906, United States
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8
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Knežević S, Kerr E, Goudeau B, Valenti G, Paolucci F, Francis PS, Kanoufi F, Sojic N. Bimodal Electrochemiluminescence Microscopy of Single Cells. Anal Chem 2023; 95:7372-7378. [PMID: 37098243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c00869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/27/2023]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) microscopy is an emerging technique with new applications such as imaging of single entities and cells. Herein, we have developed a bimodal and bicolor approach to record both positive ECL (PECL: light-emitting object on dark background) and shadow label-free ECL (SECL: nonemissive object shadowing the background luminescence) images of single cells. This bimodal approach is the result of the simultaneous emissions of [Ru(bpy)3]2+ used to label the cellular membrane (PECL) and [Ir(sppy)3]3- dissolved in solution (SECL). By spectrally resolving the ECL emission wavelengths, we recorded the images of the same cells in both PECL and SECL modes using the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ (λmax = 620 nm) and [Ir(sppy)3]3- (λmax = 515 nm) luminescence, respectively. PECL shows the distribution of the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ labels attached to the cellular membrane, whereas SECL reflects the local diffusional hindrance of the ECL reagents by each cell. The high sensitivity and surface-confined features of the reported approach are demonstrated by imaging cell-cell contacts during the mitosis process. Furthermore, the comparison of PECL and SECL images demonstrates the differential diffusion of tri-n-propylamine and [Ir(sppy)3]3- through the permeabilized cell membranes. Consequently, this dual approach enables the imaging of the morphology of the cell adhering on the surface and can significantly contribute to multimodal ECL imaging and bioassays with different luminescent systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Knežević
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Emily Kerr
- Institute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | - Bertrand Goudeau
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "G. Ciamician", University of Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - Paul S Francis
- School of Life and Environmental Sciences, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria 3220, Australia
| | | | - Neso Sojic
- CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP, Univ. Bordeaux, 33607 Pessac, France
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9
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Voci S, Clarke TB, Dick JE. Abiotic microcompartments form when neighbouring droplets fuse: an electrochemiluminescence investigation. Chem Sci 2023; 14:2336-2341. [PMID: 36873831 PMCID: PMC9977408 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06553c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Many studies have shown chemistry proceeds differently in small volumes compared to bulk phases. However, few studies exist elucidating spontaneous means by which small volumes can form in Nature. Such studies are critical in understanding the formation of life in microcompartments. In this study, we track in real-time the coalescence of two or more water microdroplets adsorbed on an electrified surface in a 1,2-dichloroethane continuous phase by electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) imaging, uncovering the spontaneous generation of multiple emulsions inside the resulting water droplets. During the fusion of adsorbed water droplets with each other on the electrode surface, volumes of organic and water phases are entrapped in between and detected respectively as ECL not-emitting and emitting regions. The diameter of those confined environments inside the water droplets can be less than a micrometer, as described by scanning electron microscopy data. This study adds a new mechanism for the generation of micro- and nano-emulsions and provides insight into confinement techniques under abiotic conditions as well as new potential strategies in microfluidic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Voci
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Thomas B Clarke
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA .,Elmore Family School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Purdue University West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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10
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Beladi-Mousavi SM, Salinas G, Bouffier L, Sojic N, Kuhn A. Wireless electrochemical light emission in ultrathin 2D nanoconfinements. Chem Sci 2022; 13:14277-14284. [PMID: 36545138 PMCID: PMC9749134 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc04670a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Spatial confinement of chemical reactions or physical effects may lead to original phenomena and new properties. Here, the generation of electrochemiluminescence (ECL) in confined free-standing 2D spaces, exemplified by surfactant-based air bubbles is reported. For this, the ultrathin walls of the bubbles (typically in the range of 100-700 nm) are chosen as a host where graphene sheets, acting as bipolar ECL-emitting electrodes, are trapped and dispersed. The proposed system demonstrates that the required potential for the generation of ECL is up to three orders of magnitude smaller compared to conventional systems, due to the nanoconfinement of the potential drop. This proof-of-concept study demonstrates the key advantages of a 2D environment, allowing a wireless activation of ECL at rather low potentials, compatible with (bio)analytical systems.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerardo Salinas
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
| | - Neso Sojic
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
| | - Alexander Kuhn
- Univ. Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR 5255, ENSCBP33607 PessacFrance
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11
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Zhao Y, Bouffier L, Xu G, Loget G, Sojic N. Electrochemiluminescence with semiconductor (nano)materials. Chem Sci 2022; 13:2528-2550. [PMID: 35356679 PMCID: PMC8890139 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc06987j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) is the light production triggered by reactions at the electrode surface. Its intrinsic features based on a dual electrochemical/photophysical nature have made it an attractive and powerful method across diverse fields in applied and fundamental research. Herein, we review the combination of ECL with semiconductor (SC) materials presenting various typical dimensions and structures, which has opened new uses of ECL and offered exciting opportunities for (bio)sensing and imaging. In particular, we highlight this particularly rich domain at the interface between photoelectrochemistry, SC material chemistry and analytical chemistry. After an introduction to the ECL and SC fundamentals, we gather the recent advances with representative examples of new strategies to generate ECL in original configurations. Indeed, bulk SC can be used as electrode materials with unusual ECL properties or light-addressable systems. At the nanoscale, the SC nanocrystals or quantum dots (QDs) constitute excellent bright ECL nano-emitters with tuneable emission wavelengths and remarkable stability. Finally, the challenges and future prospects are discussed for the design of new detection strategies in (bio)analytical chemistry, light-addressable systems, imaging or infrared devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiran Zhao
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Laurent Bouffier
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 Pessac 33607 France
| | - Guobao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- University of Science and Technology of China Hefei Anhui 230026 China
| | - Gabriel Loget
- Univ Rennes, CNRS, ISCR (Institut des Sciences Chimiques de Rennes)-UMR6226 Rennes F-35000 France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255 Pessac 33607 France
- State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences Changchun P. R. China
- Department of Chemistry, South Ural State University Chelyabinsk 454080 Russian Federation
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12
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Reyes-Morales J, Vanderkwaak BT, Dick JE. Enabling practical nanoparticle electrodeposition from aqueous nanodroplets. NANOSCALE 2022; 14:2750-2757. [PMID: 35113123 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr08045h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid rise of technology in the modern world has led to an increased demand for energy. Consequently, it is essential to increase the efficiency of current energy-producing systems due to the poor activity of their catalysts. Nanoparticles play a significant role in energy storage and conversion; however, electrodeposition of nanoparticles is difficult to achieve due to surface heterogeneities, nanoparticle diffusion layer overlap, and the inability to electrodeposit multi-metallic nanoparticles with stoichiometric control. These problems can be solved through nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition, a technique where water nanodroplets are filled with metal salt precursors that form stable nanoparticles when they collide with a negatively-biased electrode. Further, this method has demonstrated control over nanoparticle size and morphology, displaying a wide variety of applications for the generation of materials with excellent catalytic properties. Historically, the cost of nanodroplet-mediated electrodeposition experimentation is prohibitive because practitioners use 0.1 M to 0.5 M tetrabutylammonium perchlorate (TBAP) dissolved in the oil phase (∼10 mL). Such high concentrations of electrolytes have been used to lower ohmic drop and provide ions to maintain charge balance during electrodeposition. Here, we show that supporting electrolyte is not necessary for the oil phase. In fact, one can use a suitable salt (such as lithium perchlorate) in the aqueous phase to achieve nanoparticle electrodeposition. This simple change, grounded in an understanding of ion transfer, drives down the cost per experiment by nearly three orders of magnitude, representing a necessary step forward in enabling practical nanoparticle electrodeposition from water nanodroplets. This approach is a promising procedure for future cost-effective energy conversion systems relying on electrocatalytic nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua Reyes-Morales
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
| | | | - Jeffrey E Dick
- Department of Chemistry, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA.
- Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA
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13
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Ben Trad F, Wieczny V, Delacotte J, Morel M, Guille-Collignon M, Arbault S, Lemaître F, Sojic N, Labbé E, Buriez O. Dynamic Electrochemiluminescence Imaging of Single Giant Liposome Opening at Polarized Electrodes. Anal Chem 2022; 94:1686-1696. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatma Ben Trad
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincent Wieczny
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jérôme Delacotte
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Morel
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Manon Guille-Collignon
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Stéphane Arbault
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, CBMN, UMR 5248 CNRS, F-33600 Pessac, France
| | - Frédéric Lemaître
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Neso Sojic
- University of Bordeaux, CNRS, Bordeaux INP, ISM, UMR CNRS 5255, 33607 Pessac, France
| | - Eric Labbé
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Olivier Buriez
- PASTEUR, Département de Chimie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, PSL University, Sorbonne Université, CNRS, 75005 Paris, France
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14
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Rebeccani S, Zanut A, Santo CI, Valenti G, Paolucci F. A Guide Inside Electrochemiluminescent Microscopy Mechanisms for Analytical Performance Improvement. Anal Chem 2021; 94:336-348. [PMID: 34908412 PMCID: PMC8756390 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c05065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Rebeccani
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Alessandra Zanut
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, New York 11201, United States
| | - Claudio Ignazio Santo
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry "Giacomo Ciamician", University of Bologna, Bologna 40127, Italy
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