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Espinoza-Araya C, Starbird R, Prasad ES, Renugopalakrishnan V, Mulchandani A, Bruce BD, Villarreal CC. A bacteriorhodopsin-based biohybrid solar cell using carbon-based electrolyte and cathode components. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA. BIOENERGETICS 2023; 1864:148985. [PMID: 37236292 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbabio.2023.148985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
There is currently a high demand for energy production worldwide, mainly producing renewable and sustainable energy. Bio-sensitized solar cells (BSCs) are an excellent option in this field due to their optical and photoelectrical properties developed in recent years. One of the biosensitizers that shows promise in simplicity, stability and quantum efficiency is bacteriorhodopsin (bR), a photoactive, retinal-containing membrane protein. In the present work, we have utilized a mutant of bR, D96N, in a photoanode-sensitized TiO2 solar cell, integrating low-cost, carbon-based components, including a cathode composed of PEDOT (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) functionalized with multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNT) and a hydroquinone/benzoquinone (HQ/BQ) redox electrolyte. The photoanode and cathode were characterized morphologically and chemically (SEM, TEM, and Raman). The electrochemical performance of the bR-BSCs was investigated using linear sweep voltammetry (LSV), open circuit potential decay (VOC), and impedance spectroscopic analysis (EIS). The champion device yielded a current density (JSC) of 1.0 mA/cm2, VOC of -669 mV, a fill factor of ~24 %, and a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 0.16 %. This bR device is one of the first bio-based solar cells utilizing carbon-based alternatives for the photoanode, cathode, and electrolyte. This may decrease the cost and significantly improve the device's sustainability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Espinoza-Araya
- Escuela de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación y Extensión en Ingeniería de Materiales (CIEMTEC), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica; Maestría en Ingeniería de Dispositivos Médicos, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - Ricardo Starbird
- Centro de Investigación y de Servicios Químicos y Microbiológicos (CEQIATEC), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica; Escuela de Química, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica
| | - E Senthil Prasad
- Council of Scientific & Industrial Research, Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India
| | - Venkatesan Renugopalakrishnan
- Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; MGB Center for COVID Innovation, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Center for Renewable Energy Technology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02138, USA
| | - Ashok Mulchandani
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92521, USA; Center for Environmental Research & Technology (CE-CERT), University of California Riverside, Riverside, CA 92507, USA
| | - Barry D Bruce
- Department of Biochemistry, Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, TN 37996, USA; Program in Genome Science and Technology, University of Tennessee at Knoxville, TN 37830, USA.
| | - Claudia C Villarreal
- Escuela de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales, Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica; Centro de Investigación y Extensión en Ingeniería de Materiales (CIEMTEC), Instituto Tecnológico de Costa Rica, Cartago 30101, Costa Rica.
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Passantino JM, Christiansen BA, Nabhan MA, Parkerson ZJ, Oddo TD, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Photoactive and conductive biohybrid films by polymerization of pyrrole through voids in photosystem I multilayer films. NANOSCALE ADVANCES 2023; 5:5301-5308. [PMID: 37767044 PMCID: PMC10521210 DOI: 10.1039/d3na00354j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The combination of conducting polymers with electro- and photoactive proteins into thin films holds promise for advanced energy conversion materials and devices. The emerging field of protein electronics requires conductive soft materials in a composite with electrically insulating proteins. The electropolymerization of pyrrole through voids in a drop-casted photosystem I (PSI) multilayer film enables the straightforward fabrication of photoactive and conductive biohybrid films. The rate of polypyrrole (PPy) growth is reduced by the presence of the PSI film but is insensitive to its thickness, suggesting that rapid diffusion of pyrrole through the voids within the PSI film enables initiation at vacant areas on the gold surface. The base thickness of the composite tends to increase with time, as PPy chains propagate through and beyond the PSI film, coalescing to exhibit a tubule-like morphology as observed by scanning electron microscopy. Increasing amounts of PPy greatly increase the capacitance of the composite films in a manner almost identical to that of pure PPy films grown from unmodified gold, consistent with a high polymer/aqueous interfacial area and a conductive composite film. While PPy is not photoactive here, all composite films, including those with large amounts of PPy, exhibit photocurrents when irradiated by white light in the presence of redox mediator species. Optimization of the Py electropolymerization time is necessary, as increasing amounts of PPy lead to decreased photocurrent density due to a combination of light absorbance by the polymer and reduced accessibility of redox species to active PSI sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua M Passantino
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1604 USA
| | - Blake A Christiansen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1604 USA
| | - Marc A Nabhan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1604 USA
| | - Zane J Parkerson
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1604 USA
| | - Tyler D Oddo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1604 USA
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1822 USA
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University Nashville TN 37235-1604 USA
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Than L, Wolfe KD, Cliffel DE, Jennings GK. Drop-casted Photosystem I/cytochrome c multilayer films for biohybrid solar energy conversion. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH 2023; 155:299-308. [PMID: 36564600 DOI: 10.1007/s11120-022-00993-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
One of the main barriers to making efficient Photosystem I-based biohybrid solar cells is the need for an electrochemical pathway to facilitate electron transfer between the P700 reaction center of Photosystem I and an electrode. To this end, nature provides inspiration in the form of cytochrome c6, a natural electron donor to the P700 site. Its natural ability to access the P700 binding pocket and reduce the reaction center can be mimicked by employing cytochrome c, which has a similar protein structure and redox chemistry while also being compatible with a variety of electrode surfaces. Previous research has incorporated cytochrome c to improve the photocurrent generation of Photosystem I using time consuming and/or specialized electrode preparation. While those methods lead to high protein areal density, in this work we use the quick and facile vacuum-assisted drop-casting technique to construct a Photosystem I/cytochrome c photoactive composite film with micron-scale thickness. We demonstrate that this simple fabrication technique can result in high cytochrome c loading and improvement in cathodic photocurrent over a drop-casted Photosystem I film without cytochrome c. In addition, we analyze the behavior of the cytochrome c/Photosystem I system at varying applied potentials to show that the improvement in performance can be attributed to enhancement of the electron transfer rate to P700 sites and therefore the PSI turnover rate within the composite film.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Than
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA
| | - Kody D Wolfe
- Interdisciplinary Materials Science and Engineering Program, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-0106, USA
| | - David E Cliffel
- Department of Chemistry, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1822, USA
| | - G Kane Jennings
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 37235-1604, USA.
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Morlock S, Subramanian SK, Zouni A, Lisdat F. Closing the green gap of photosystem I with synthetic fluorophores for enhanced photocurrent generation in photobiocathodes. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1696-1708. [PMID: 36819875 PMCID: PMC9930989 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc05324a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
One restriction for biohybrid photovoltaics is the limited conversion of green light by most natural photoactive components. The present study aims to fill the green gap of photosystem I (PSI) with covalently linked fluorophores, ATTO 590 and ATTO 532. Photobiocathodes are prepared by combining a 20 μm thick 3D indium tin oxide (ITO) structure with these constructs to enhance the photocurrent density compared to setups based on native PSI. To this end, two electron transfer mechanisms, with and without a mediator, are studied to evaluate differences in the behavior of the constructs. Wavelength-dependent measurements confirm the influence of the additional fluorophores on the photocurrent. The performance is significantly increased for all modifications compared to native PSI when cytochrome c is present as a redox-mediator. The photocurrent almost doubles from -32.5 to up to -60.9 μA cm-2. For mediator-less photobiocathodes, interestingly, drastic differences appear between the constructs made with various dyes. While the turnover frequency (TOF) is doubled to 10 e-/PSI/s for PSI-ATTO590 on the 3D ITO compared to the reference specimen, the photocurrents are slightly smaller since the PSI-ATTO590 coverage is low. In contrast, the PSI-ATTO532 construct performs exceptionally well. The TOF increases to 31 e-/PSI/s, and a photocurrent of -47.0 μA cm-2 is obtained. This current is a factor of 6 better than the reference made with native PSI in direct electron transfer mode and sets a new record for mediator-free photobioelectrodes combining 3D electrode structures and light-converting biocomponents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Morlock
- Biosystems Technology, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau Hochschulring 1 15745 Wildau Germany .,Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Humboldt University of Berlin Philippstraße 13 10099 Berlin Germany
| | - Senthil K. Subramanian
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Humboldt University of BerlinPhilippstraße 1310099 BerlinGermany
| | - Athina Zouni
- Biophysics of Photosynthesis, Humboldt University of BerlinPhilippstraße 1310099 BerlinGermany
| | - Fred Lisdat
- Biosystems Technology, Technical University of Applied Sciences Wildau Hochschulring 1 15745 Wildau Germany
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Wang P, Frank A, Zhao F, Nowaczyk MM, Conzuelo F, Schuhmann W. A biomimetic assembly of folded photosystem I monolayers for an improved light utilization in biophotovoltaic devices. Bioelectrochemistry 2023; 149:108288. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2022.108288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2022] [Revised: 10/03/2022] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
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Boranna R, Nataraj CT, Bannur Nanjunda S, Pahal S, Jagannath RK, Prashanth GR. Fluorescence Signal Enhancement by a Spray-Assisted Layer-by-Layer Technique on Aluminum Tape Devices for Biosensing Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:3149-3157. [PMID: 35235318 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembled polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM) films are a simple yet elegant bottom-up technology to create films at the nano-microscale. This low-cost technology has been widely used as a universal functionalization technique on a broad spectrum of substrates. Biomolecules under investigation can be incubated onto films based on complementary charge interactions between the films and biomolecules. There is a great demand for developing an ultralow-cost biosensing device, which can optimally enhance the fluorescence signal of the adsorbed biomolecules from the traditional labeled sensing platforms. In this work, we have incorporated a blend of the conventional metal enhanced fluorescence technology and the PEM as a dielectric spacer and functionalized film, coated on an aluminum paper (tape)-based substrate. These device has been found to be capable of holding biomolecules in three-dimensional PEM space. The devices fabricated by the proposed spray LbL technique provide significant fluorescence signal enhancement by holding a relatively higher mass per volume of the adsorbed biomolecules, when compared to traditional spin- and dip-coating techniques. Interestingly, our proposed device has expressed a fluorescence enhancement factor, which is 9 times higher than PEM-functionalized glass-based devices. To demonstrate the practical utility of our devices, we also compared our devices to Whatman FAST slides. Our experimental fluorescence results are almost comparable to Whatman FAST slides. Such PEM devices fabricated on top of low-cost aluminum tape using a spray LbL technique give new insights into the future development of ultralow-cost, high-throughput, and disposable lab-on-chip diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakshith Boranna
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
| | - Chandrika Thondagere Nataraj
- Department of Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering, Siddaganga Institute of Technology, Tumkuru, Karnataka 572103, India
| | - Shivananju Bannur Nanjunda
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Centre of Excellence in Biochemical Sensing and Imaging Technologies (Cen-Bio-SIM), Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, Tamil Nadu 600036, India
| | - Suman Pahal
- Centre for Nano Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, Karnataka 560012, India
| | | | - Gurusiddappa R Prashanth
- Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, National Institute of Technology Goa, Farmagudi, Ponda, Goa 403401, India
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Torabi N, Rousseva S, Chen Q, Ashrafi A, Kermanpur A, Chiechi RC. Graphene oxide decorated with gold enables efficient biophotovolatic cells incorporating photosystem I. RSC Adv 2022; 12:8783-8791. [PMID: 35424820 PMCID: PMC8984948 DOI: 10.1039/d1ra08908k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes the use of reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles as an efficient electron transfer layer for solid-state biophotovoltic cells containing photosystem I as the sole photo-active component. Together with polytyrosine–polyaniline as a hole transfer layer, this device architecture results in an open-circuit voltage of 0.3 V, a fill factor of 38% and a short-circuit current density of 5.6 mA cm−2 demonstrating good coupling between photosystem I and the electrodes. The best-performing device reached an external power conversion efficiency of 0.64%, the highest for any solid-state photosystem I-based photovoltaic device that has been reported to date. Our results demonstrate that the functionality of photosystem I in the non-natural environment of solid-state biophotovoltaic cells can be improved through the modification of electrodes with efficient charge-transfer layers. The combination of reduced graphene oxide with gold nanoparticles caused tailoring of the electronic structure and alignment of the energy levels while also increasing electrical conductivity. The decoration of graphene electrodes with gold nanoparticles is a generalizable approach for enhancing charge-transfer across interfaces, particularly when adjusting the levels of the active layer is not feasible, as is the case for photosystem I and other biological molecules. This paper describes the use of reduced graphene oxide decorated with gold nanoparticles as an efficient electron transport layer for solid-state biophotovoltic cells containing photosystem I as the sole photo-active component.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Nahid Torabi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Sylvia Rousseva
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Qi Chen
- Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ali Ashrafi
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Ahmad Kermanpur
- Department of Materials Engineering, Isfahan University of Technology Isfahan 84156-83111 Iran
| | - Ryan C Chiechi
- Stratingh Institute for Chemistry, University of Groningen Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Zernike Institute for Advanced Materials Nijenborgh 4 9747 AG Groningen The Netherlands.,Department of Chemistry, North Carolina State University Raleigh North Carolina 27695-8204 USA
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Cao Z, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Li W, Fu T, Qiu W, Lai Z, Cheng J, Yang H, Ma W, Liu C, de Smet LCPM. Construction of a Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte/Graphene Oxide Multilayer Film and Its Interaction with Metal Ions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:12148-12162. [PMID: 34618452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a composite multilayer film onto gold was constructed from two charged building blocks, i.e., negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) and a branched polycation (polyethylenimine, PEI) via layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technology, and this process was monitored in situ with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) under different experimental conditions. This included the differences in frequency (Δf) as well as the changes in dissipation to yield information on the absorbed mass and viscoelastic properties of the formed PEI/GO multilayer films. The experimental conditions were optimized to obtain a high amount of the adsorbed mass of the self-assembled multilayer film. The surface morphology of the PEI/GO multilayer film onto gold was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the positively charged PEI chains were combined with the oppositely charged GO to form an assembled film on the QCM sensor surface, in a wrapped and curled fashion. Raman and UV-vis spectra also showed that the intensities of the GO-characteristic signals are almost linearly related to the layer number. To explore the films for their use in divalent ion detection, the frequency response of the PEI/GO multilayer-modified QCM sensor to the exposure of aqueous solutions solution of Cu2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Sn2+ was further studied using QCM. Based on the Sauerbrey equation and the weight of different ions, the number of metal ions adsorbed per unit area on the surface of QCM sensors was calculated. For metal ion concentrations of 40 ppm, the adsorption capacities per unit area of Cu2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, and Ca2+ were found to be 1.7, 3.2, 0.7, and 4.9 nmol/cm2, respectively. Thus, in terms of the number of adsorbed ions per unit area, the QCM sensor modified by PEI/GO multilayer film shows the largest adsorption capacity of Ca2+. This can be rationalized by the relative hydration energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Changzhou University Huaide College, Jingjiang 214500, People's Republic of China
- College of Hua Loogeng, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- College of Hua Loogeng, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Changzhou University Huaide College, Jingjiang 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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