1
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Lado JJ, García-Quismondo E, Fombona-Pascual A, Mavrandonakis A, de la Cruz C, Oropeza FE, de la Peña O'Shea VA, de Smet LCPM, Palma J. Tuning mono-divalent cation water composition by the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism. Water Res 2024; 255:121469. [PMID: 38493740 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2024] [Revised: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Soil salinization poses a significant challenge to agricultural activities. To address this, the agricultural industry seeks an irrigation water solution that reduces both ionic conductivity and sodium adsorption rate (SAR), thereby diminishing the risks of soil sodification and fostering sustainable crop production. Capacitive deionization (CDI) is an attractive electrochemical technology to advance this search. Recently, a one-dimensional transient CDI model unveiled a capacitive ion-exchange mechanism presenting the potential to adjust the treated water composition by modifying monovalent and divalent cation concentrations, thereby influencing the SAR index. This behavior would be achieved by using electrodes rich in surface functional groups able to efficiently capture divalent cations during conditioning and releasing them during charging while capturing monovalent ions. Beyond the theoretical modelling, the current experimental research demonstrates, for the first time, the effectiveness of the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism in a CDI pilot plant using real water samples spiked with solutions containing specific mono and divalent ions. Electrosorption experiments and computational modeling, specifically Density-Functional Theory (DFT), were used along with the analysis of the surface functional groups present in the electrodes to describe the capacitive ion-exchange phenomenon and validate the steps involved on it, highlighting the conditioning as a critical step. Various operational and flow modes confirm the versatility of CDI technology, achieving separation factors (RMg/Na) of 5-6 in batch, raising production from 0.5 to 0.8 L m-2 h-1 (batch) to 8.0-8.1 L m-2 h-1 when using single pass although reducing RMg/Na to 2. The reliability of the CDI technology in reducing SAR was also successfully tested with different influent compositions, including magnesium and calcium. Finally, the robustness of the capacitive ion-exchange mechanism was validated by a second CDI laboratory 9-cell stack cycled over 350 cycles. Our results confirm the reported theoretical model and expands the conclusions through the experiments in a pilot plant showing direct implications for employing CDI in agricultural applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio J Lado
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Enrique García-Quismondo
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alba Fombona-Pascual
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreas Mavrandonakis
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos de la Cruz
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Freddy E Oropeza
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victor A de la Peña O'Shea
- Photoactivated Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles, 28935, Madrid, Spain
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Advanced Interfaces & Materials, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, Wageningen 6708 WE, the Netherlands
| | - Jesús Palma
- Electrochemical Processes Unit, IMDEA Energy Institute, Avda. Ramón de la Sagra 3, Móstoles 28935, Madrid, Spain
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2
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Dautzenberg E, Lam M, Nikolaeva T, Franssen WMJ, van Lagen B, Gerrits-Benneheij IPAM, Kosinov N, Li G, de Smet LCPM. Tuning UV Absorption in Imine-Linked Covalent Organic Frameworks via Methylation. J Phys Chem C Nanomater Interfaces 2022; 126:21338-21347. [PMID: 36582486 PMCID: PMC9791660 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.2c04586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are porous materials with high surface areas, making them interesting for a large variety of applications including energy storage, gas separation, photocatalysis, and chemical sensing. Structural variation plays an important role in tuning COF properties. Next to the type of the building block core, bonding directionality, and linking chemistry, substitution of building blocks provides another level of synthetic control. Thorough characterization and comparison of various substitution patterns is relevant for the molecular engineering of COFs via rational design. To this end, we have systematically synthesized and characterized multiple combinations of several methylated and non-methylated building blocks to obtain a series of imine-based COFs. This includes the experimental assignment of the COF structure by solid-state NMR. By comparing the properties of all COFs, the following trends were found: (1) upon methylation of the aldehyde nodes, COFs show increased Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface areas, reduced pore collapse, blue-shifted absorbance spectra, and ∼0.2 eV increases in their optical band gaps. (2) COFs with dimethylated amine linkers show a lower porosity. (3) In tetramethylated amine linkers, the COF porosity even further decreases, the absorbance spectra are clearly red-shifted, and smaller optical band gaps are obtained. Our study shows that methyl substitution patterns on COF building blocks are a handle to control the UV absorbance of the resulting frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Dautzenberg
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Milena Lam
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Tatiana Nikolaeva
- MAGNEtic
Resonance Research FacilitY-MAGNEFY, Wageningen
University, Stippeneng
4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wouter M. J. Franssen
- Laboratory
of Biophysics, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Barend van Lagen
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nikolay Kosinov
- Laboratory
of Inorganic Materials and Catalysis, Department of Chemical Engineering
and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MBEindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Guanna Li
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
- Biobased
Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WGWageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WEWageningen, The Netherlands
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3
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Dautzenberg E, Lam M, Li G, de Smet LCPM. Enhanced surface area and reduced pore collapse of methylated, imine-linked covalent organic frameworks. Nanoscale 2021; 13:19446-19452. [PMID: 34788773 PMCID: PMC8638808 DOI: 10.1039/d1nr05911d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Covalent Organic Frameworks (COFs) are thermally and chemically stable, nanoporous materials with high surface areas, making them interesting for a large variety of applications including energy storage, gas separation, catalysis and chemical sensing. However, pore blocking and pore collapse may limit their performance. Reducing the capillary forces by using solvents with low surface tension, like supercritical CO2, for activation, and the introduction of bulky isopropyl/methoxy groups were found to reduce pore collapse. Herein, we present an easy-to-use alternative that involves the combination of a new, methylated building block (2,4,6-trimethylbenzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde, Me3TFB) with vacuum drying. Condensation of Me3TFB with 1,4-phenylenediamine (PA) or benzidine (BD) resulted in imine-linked 2D COFs (Me3TFB-PA and Me3TFB-BD) with higher degrees of crystallinity and higher BET surface areas compared to their non-methylated counterparts (TFB-PA and TFB-BD). This was rationalized by density functional theory computations. Additionally, the methylated COFs are less prone to pore collapse when subjected to vacuum drying and their BET surface area was found to remain stable for at least four weeks. Within the context of their applicability as sensors, we also studied the influence of hydrochloric acid vapour on the optical and structural properties of all COFs. Upon acid exposure their colour and absorbance spectra changed, making them indeed suitable for acid detection. Infrared spectroscopy revealed that the colour change is likely attributed to the cleavage of imine bonds, which are only partially restored after ammonia exposure. While this limits their application as reusable sensors, our work presents a facile method to increase the robustness of commonly known COFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Dautzenberg
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Milena Lam
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Guanna Li
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Biobased Chemistry and Technology, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708WG Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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4
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Cao Z, Zhang Y, Luo Z, Li W, Fu T, Qiu W, Lai Z, Cheng J, Yang H, Ma W, Liu C, de Smet LCPM. Construction of a Self-Assembled Polyelectrolyte/Graphene Oxide Multilayer Film and Its Interaction with Metal Ions. Langmuir 2021; 37:12148-12162. [PMID: 34618452 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a composite multilayer film onto gold was constructed from two charged building blocks, i.e., negatively charged graphene oxide (GO) and a branched polycation (polyethylenimine, PEI) via layer-by-layer (LbL) self-assembly technology, and this process was monitored in situ with quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) under different experimental conditions. This included the differences in frequency (Δf) as well as the changes in dissipation to yield information on the absorbed mass and viscoelastic properties of the formed PEI/GO multilayer films. The experimental conditions were optimized to obtain a high amount of the adsorbed mass of the self-assembled multilayer film. The surface morphology of the PEI/GO multilayer film onto gold was studied with atomic force microscopy (AFM). It was found that the positively charged PEI chains were combined with the oppositely charged GO to form an assembled film on the QCM sensor surface, in a wrapped and curled fashion. Raman and UV-vis spectra also showed that the intensities of the GO-characteristic signals are almost linearly related to the layer number. To explore the films for their use in divalent ion detection, the frequency response of the PEI/GO multilayer-modified QCM sensor to the exposure of aqueous solutions solution of Cu2+, Ca2+, Zn2+, and Sn2+ was further studied using QCM. Based on the Sauerbrey equation and the weight of different ions, the number of metal ions adsorbed per unit area on the surface of QCM sensors was calculated. For metal ion concentrations of 40 ppm, the adsorption capacities per unit area of Cu2+, Zn2+, Sn2+, and Ca2+ were found to be 1.7, 3.2, 0.7, and 4.9 nmol/cm2, respectively. Thus, in terms of the number of adsorbed ions per unit area, the QCM sensor modified by PEI/GO multilayer film shows the largest adsorption capacity of Ca2+. This can be rationalized by the relative hydration energies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Changzhou University Huaide College, Jingjiang 214500, People's Republic of China
- College of Hua Loogeng, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
- National Experimental Demonstration Center for Materials Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zili Luo
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjun Li
- College of Hua Loogeng, Changzhou University, Changzhou, 213164, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Fu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wang Qiu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhirong Lai
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Junfeng Cheng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Haicun Yang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenzhong Ma
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlin Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Photovoltaic Science and Engineering, Changzhou University, Changzhou 213164, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Changzhou University Huaide College, Jingjiang 214500, People's Republic of China
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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5
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Durmaz EN, Sahin S, Virga E, de Beer S, de Smet LCPM, de Vos WM. Polyelectrolytes as Building Blocks for Next-Generation Membranes with Advanced Functionalities. ACS Appl Polym Mater 2021; 3:4347-4374. [PMID: 34541543 PMCID: PMC8438666 DOI: 10.1021/acsapm.1c00654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
The global society is in a transition, where dealing with climate change and water scarcity are important challenges. More efficient separations of chemical species are essential to reduce energy consumption and to provide more reliable access to clean water. Here, membranes with advanced functionalities that go beyond standard separation properties can play a key role. This includes relevant functionalities, such as stimuli-responsiveness, fouling control, stability, specific selectivity, sustainability, and antimicrobial activity. Polyelectrolytes and their complexes are an especially promising system to provide advanced membrane functionalities. Here, we have reviewed recent work where advanced membrane properties stem directly from the material properties provided by polyelectrolytes. This work highlights the versatility of polyelectrolyte-based membrane modifications, where polyelectrolytes are not only applied as single layers, including brushes, but also as more complex polyelectrolyte multilayers on both porous membrane supports and dense membranes. Moreover, free-standing membranes can also be produced completely from aqueous polyelectrolyte solutions allowing much more sustainable approaches to membrane fabrication. The Review demonstrates the promise that polyelectrolytes and their complexes hold for next-generation membranes with advanced properties, while it also provides a clear outlook on the future of this promising field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elif Nur Durmaz
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
| | - Sevil Sahin
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ettore Virga
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
- Wetsus, European
Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water
Technology, Oostergoweg
9, 8911 MA Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Sissi de Beer
- Sustainable
Polymer Chemistry Group, Department of Molecules and Materials MESA+
Institute for Nanotechnology, University
of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wiebe M. de Vos
- Membrane
Science and Technology, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, Faculty
of Science and Technology, University of
Twente, Enschede 7500 AE, The Netherlands
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6
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Merlet R, Winnubst L, Nijmeijer A, Amirilargani M, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM, Salvador Cob S, Vandezande P, Dorbec M, Sluijter S, van Veen H, VanDelft Y, Wienk I, Cuperus P, Behera S, Hartanto Y, Vankelecom IFJ, de Wit P. Comparing the Performance of Organic Solvent Nanofiltration Membranes in Non‐Polar Solvents. CHEM-ING-TECH 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cite.202100032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renaud Merlet
- University of Twente Inorganic Membranes, Membrane Science and Technology Cluster P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Louis Winnubst
- University of Twente Inorganic Membranes, Membrane Science and Technology Cluster P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Arian Nijmeijer
- University of Twente Inorganic Membranes, Membrane Science and Technology Cluster P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Mohammad Amirilargani
- Delft University of Technology Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Delft University of Technology Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering Van der Maasweg 9 2629 HZ Delft The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Wageningen University Laboratory of Organic Chemistry Stippeneng 4 6708 WE Wageningen The Netherlands
| | - Sara Salvador Cob
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Unit Separation and Conversion Technology (SCT) Boeretang 200 2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Pieter Vandezande
- Flemish Institute for Technological Research (VITO) Unit Separation and Conversion Technology (SCT) Boeretang 200 2400 Mol Belgium
| | - Matthieu Dorbec
- Janssen Pharmaceutica NV Turnhoutseweg 30 2340 Beerse Belgium
| | - Soraya Sluijter
- TNO unit ECN part of TNO Westerduinweg 3 1755 LE Petten The Netherlands
| | - Henk van Veen
- TNO unit ECN part of TNO Westerduinweg 3 1755 LE Petten The Netherlands
| | - Yvonne VanDelft
- TNO unit ECN part of TNO Westerduinweg 3 1755 LE Petten The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid Wienk
- SolSep B.V. Robust Membrane Technologies St. Eustatius 65 7333 NW Apeldoorn The Netherlands
| | - Petrus Cuperus
- SolSep B.V. Robust Membrane Technologies St. Eustatius 65 7333 NW Apeldoorn The Netherlands
| | - Subhalaxmi Behera
- KU Leuven Membrane Technology Group, cMACS division Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Yusak Hartanto
- KU Leuven Membrane Technology Group, cMACS division Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Ivo F. J. Vankelecom
- KU Leuven Membrane Technology Group, cMACS division Faculty of Bioscience Engineering Celestijnenlaan 200F B-3001 Heverlee Belgium
| | - Patrick de Wit
- University of Twente EMI Twente, Membrane Science and Technology Cluster P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
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7
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Petrov KV, Paltrinieri L, Poltorak L, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR. Modified cation-exchange membrane for phosphate recovery in an electrochemically assisted adsorption-desorption process. Chem Commun (Camb) 2020; 56:5046-5049. [PMID: 32242561 PMCID: PMC8610146 DOI: 10.1039/c9cc09563b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A novel ion separation methodology using a cation-exchange membrane modified with iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) coated with polyhexamethylene guanidine (PHMG) is proposed. The separation is performed in an electrodialysis cell, where firstly phosphate is electro-adsorbed to the PHMG@Fe3O4 NP coating, followed by a desorption step by applying an electric current.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostadin V. Petrov
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical EngineeringVan der Maasweg 92629 HZ DelftThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Paltrinieri
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical EngineeringVan der Maasweg 92629 HZ DelftThe Netherlands
- Wetsus – European Centre of Excellence for Sustainable Water TechnologyOostergoweg 9Leeuwarden 8932 PGThe Netherlands
| | - Lukasz Poltorak
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical EngineeringVan der Maasweg 92629 HZ DelftThe Netherlands
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of LodzTamka 1291-403 LodzPoland
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical EngineeringVan der Maasweg 92629 HZ DelftThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & ResearchWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Delft University of Technology, Department of Chemical EngineeringVan der Maasweg 92629 HZ DelftThe Netherlands
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8
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Amirilargani M, Yokota GN, Vermeij GH, Merlet RB, Delen G, Mandemaker LDB, Weckhuysen BM, Winnubst L, Nijmeijer A, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR. Melamine-Based Microporous Organic Framework Thin Films on an Alumina Membrane for High-Flux Organic Solvent Nanofiltration. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:136-140. [PMID: 31562787 PMCID: PMC6973050 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.201902341] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Revised: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microporous polymer frameworks have attracted considerable attention to make novel separation layers owing to their highly porous structure, high permeability, and excellent molecular separation. This study concerns the fabrication and properties of thin melamine-based microporous polymer networks with a layer thickness of around 400 nm, supported on an α-alumina support and their potential use in organic solvent nanofiltration. The modified membranes show excellent solvent purification performances, such as n-heptane permeability as high as 9.2 L m-2 h-1 bar -1 in combination with a very high rejection of approximately 99 % for organic dyes with molecular weight of ≥457 Da. These values are higher than for the majority of the state-of-the-art membranes. The membranes further exhibit outstanding long-term operation stability. This work significantly expands the possibilities of using ceramic membranes in organic solvent nanofiltration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amirilargani
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Giovana N. Yokota
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Gijs H. Vermeij
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
| | - Renaud B. Merlet
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Guusje Delen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Laurens D. B. Mandemaker
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Bert M. Weckhuysen
- Debye Institute for Nanomaterials ScienceUtrecht UniversityUniversiteitweg 993584 CGUtrechtThe Netherlands
| | - Louis Winnubst
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Arian Nijmeijer
- Inorganic Membranes, MESA Institute for NanotechnologyUniversity of TwenteP.O. Box 2177500AEEnschedeThe Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic ChemistryWageningen University & ResearchStippeneg 46708 WEWageningenThe Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical EngineeringDelft University of TechnologyVan der Maasweg 92629 HZDelftThe Netherlands
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9
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Paltrinieri L, Huerta E, Puts T, van Baak W, Verver AB, Sudhölter EJ, de Smet LCPM. Functionalized Anion-Exchange Membranes Facilitate Electrodialysis of Citrate and Phosphate from Model Dairy Wastewater. Environ Sci Technol 2019; 53:2396-2404. [PMID: 30574781 PMCID: PMC6407041 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the preparation of a new, functional anion-exchange membrane (AEM), containing guanidinium groups as the anion-exchanging sites (Gu-100), is described as well as the membrane characterization by XPS, water uptake, permselectivities, and electrical resistances. The functional membrane was also employed in pH-dependent electrodialysis experiments using model dairy wastewater streams. The properties of the new membrane are compared to those of a commercially available anion-exchange membrane bearing conventional quaternary ammonium groups (Gu-0). Guanidinium was chosen for its specific binding properties toward oxyanions: e.g., phosphate. This functional moiety was covalently coupled to an acrylate monomer via a facile two-step synthesis to yield bulk-modified membranes upon polymerization. Significant differences were observed in the electrodialysis experiments for Gu-0 and Gu-100 at pH 7, showing an enhanced phosphate and citrate transport for Gu-100 in comparison to Gu-0. At pH 10 the difference is much more pronounced: for Gu-0 membranes almost no phosphate and citrate transport could be detected, while the Gu-100 membranes transported both ions significantly. We conclude that having guanidinium groups as anion-exchange sites improves the selectivity of AEMs. As the presented monomer synthesis strategy is modular, we consider the implementation of functional groups into a polymer-based membrane via the synthesis of tailor-made monomers as an important step toward selective ion transport, which is relevant for various fields, including water treatment processes and fuel cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Paltrinieri
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wetsus−European
centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8932 PG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - Elisa Huerta
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Theo Puts
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Willem van Baak
- FUJIFILM
Manufacturing Europe BV, Oudenstaart 1, 5000 LJ Tilburg, The Netherlands
| | - Albert B. Verver
- FrieslandCampina, Stationsplein 4, 3818 LE Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J.R. Sudhölter
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Delft
University of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wetsus−European
centre of excellence for sustainable water technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8932 PG Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
- Wageningen
University & Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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10
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Venkatesh MR, Sachdeva S, El Mansouri B, Wei J, Bossche A, Bosma D, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR, Zhang GQ. A Low-Power MEMS IDE Capacitor with Integrated Microhotplate: Application as Methanol Sensor using a Metal-Organic Framework Coating as Affinity Layer. Sensors (Basel) 2019; 19:s19040888. [PMID: 30791657 PMCID: PMC6412504 DOI: 10.3390/s19040888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Capacitors made of interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) as a transducer platform for the sensing of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have advantages due to their lower power operation and fabrication using standard micro-fabrication techniques. Integrating a micro-electromechanical system (MEMS), such as a microhotplate with IDE capacitor, further allows study of the temperature-dependent sensing response of VOCs. In this paper, the design, fabrication, and characterization of a low-power MEMS microhotplate with IDE capacitor to study the temperature-dependent sensing response to methanol using Zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF-8), a class of metal-organic framework (MOF), is presented. A Titanium nitride (TiN) microhotplate with aluminum IDEs suspended on a silicon nitride membrane is fabricated and characterized. The power consumption of the ZIF-8 MOF-coated device at an operating temperature of 50 ∘C is 4.5 mW and at 200 ∘C it is 26 mW. A calibration methodology for the effects of temperature of the isolation layer between the microhotplate electrodes and the capacitor IDEs is developed. The device coated with ZIF-8 MOF shows a response to methanol in the concentration range of 500 ppm to 7000 ppm. The detection limit of the sensor for methanol vapor at 20 ∘C is 100 ppm. In situ study of sensing properties of ZIF-8 MOF to methanol in the temperature range from 20 ∘C to 50 ∘C using the integrated microhotplate and IDE capacitor is presented. The kinetics of temperature-dependent adsorption and desorption of methanol by ZIF-8 MOF are fitted with double-exponential models. With the increase in temperature from 20 ∘C to 50 ∘C, the response time for sensing of methanol vapor concentration of 5000 ppm decreases by 28%, whereas the recovery time decreases by 70%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath R Venkatesh
- Beijing Research Centre, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Sumit Sachdeva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Brahim El Mansouri
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Andre Bossche
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Duco Bosma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Guo Qi Zhang
- Beijing Research Centre, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628 CD Delft, The Netherlands.
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11
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Amirilargani M, Merlet RB, Hedayati P, Nijmeijer A, Winnubst L, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR. MIL-53(Al) and NH2-MIL-53(Al) modified α-alumina membranes for efficient adsorption of dyes from organic solvents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2019; 55:4119-4122. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cc01624d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
MIL-53(Al) and NH2-MIL-53(Al) modified α-alumina membranes are investigated for the adsoption of organic dyes from organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Amirilargani
- Organic Materials and Interfaces
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Renaud B. Merlet
- Inorganic Membranes
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Pegah Hedayati
- Organic Materials and Interfaces
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Arian Nijmeijer
- Inorganic Membranes
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Louis Winnubst
- Inorganic Membranes
- MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology
- University of Twente
- 7500 AE Enschede
- The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Organic Materials and Interfaces
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Organic Materials and Interfaces
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Delft University of Technology
- 2629 HZ Delft
- The Netherlands
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12
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Oonk S, Schuurmans T, Pabst M, de Smet LCPM, de Puit M. Proteomics as a new tool to study fingermark ageing in forensics. Sci Rep 2018; 8:16425. [PMID: 30401937 PMCID: PMC6219553 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-34791-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Fingermarks are trace evidence of great forensic importance, and their omnipresence makes them pivotal in crime investigation. Police and law enforcement authorities have exploited fingermarks primarily for personal identification, but crucial knowledge on when fingermarks were deposited is often lacking, thereby hindering crime reconstruction. Biomolecular constituents of fingermark residue, such as amino acids, lipids and proteins, may provide excellent means for fingermark age determination, however robust methodologies or detailed knowledge on molecular mechanisms in time are currently not available. Here, we address fingermark age assessment by: (i) drafting a first protein map of fingermark residue, (ii) differential studies of fresh and aged fingermarks and (iii), to mimic real-world scenarios, estimating the effects of donor contact with bodily fluids on the identification of potential age biomarkers. Using a high-resolution mass spectrometry-based proteomics approach, we drafted a characteristic fingermark proteome, of which five proteins were identified as promising candidates for fingermark age estimation. This study additionally demonstrates successful identification of both endogenous and contaminant proteins from donors that have been in contact with various bodily fluids. In summary, we introduce state-of-the-art proteomics as a sensitive tool to monitor fingermark aging on the protein level with sufficient selectivity to differentiate potential age markers from body fluid contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stijn Oonk
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Digital Technology and Biometrics, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, Den Haag, Netherlands. .,Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Tom Schuurmans
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Digital Technology and Biometrics, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, Den Haag, Netherlands
| | - Martin Pabst
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Biotechnology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.,Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel de Puit
- Netherlands Forensic Institute, Digital Technology and Biometrics, Laan van Ypenburg 6, 2497 GB, Den Haag, Netherlands. .,Delft University of Technology, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Department of Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands.
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13
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Pustovarenko A, Goesten MG, Sachdeva S, Shan M, Amghouz Z, Belmabkhout Y, Dikhtiarenko A, Rodenas T, Keskin D, Voets IK, Weckhuysen BM, Eddaoudi M, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR, Kapteijn F, Seoane B, Gascon J. Nanosheets of Nonlayered Aluminum Metal-Organic Frameworks through a Surfactant-Assisted Method. Adv Mater 2018; 30:e1707234. [PMID: 29774609 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201707234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
During the last decade, the synthesis and application of metal-organic framework (MOF) nanosheets has received growing interest, showing unique performances for different technological applications. Despite the potential of this type of nanolamellar materials, the synthetic routes developed so far are restricted to MOFs possessing layered structures, limiting further development in this field. Here, a bottom-up surfactant-assisted synthetic approach is presented for the fabrication of nanosheets of various nonlayered MOFs, broadening the scope of MOF nanosheets application. Surfactant-assisted preorganization of the metallic precursor prior to MOF synthesis enables the manufacture of nonlayered Al-containing MOF lamellae. These MOF nanosheets are shown to exhibit a superior performance over other crystal morphologies for both chemical sensing and gas separation. As revealed by electron microscopy and diffraction, this superior performance arises from the shorter diffusion pathway in the MOF nanosheets, whose 1D channels are oriented along the shortest particle dimension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey Pustovarenko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center, Advanced Catalytic Materials, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Maarten G Goesten
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Baker Laboratory, Cornell University, 259 East Ave, NY, 14850, USA
| | - Sumit Sachdeva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Meixia Shan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Zakariae Amghouz
- Servicios Científico Técnicos, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, 33006, Spain
| | - Youssef Belmabkhout
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Functional Materials Design, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alla Dikhtiarenko
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center, Advanced Catalytic Materials, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Tania Rodenas
- Heterogene Reaktionen, Max-Planck-Institut für Chemische Engergiekonversion, Stifstrasse 34-36, D-45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Damla Keskin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Antonius Deusinglaan 1, 9713 AV, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ilja K Voets
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, Eindhoven University of Technology, P. O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Bert M Weckhuysen
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Mohamed Eddaoudi
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Functional Materials Design, Advanced Membranes & Porous Materials Center, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Beatriz Seoane
- Inorganic Chemistry and Catalysis group, Debye Institute for Nanomaterials Science, Utrecht University, Universiteitsweg 99, 3584 CG, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, KAUST Catalysis Center, Advanced Catalytic Materials, Thuwal, 23955, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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14
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Sachdeva S, Venkatesh MR, Mansouri BE, Wei J, Bossche A, Kapteijn F, Zhang GQ, Gascon J, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR. Sensitive and Reversible Detection of Methanol and Water Vapor by In Situ Electrochemically Grown CuBTC MOFs on Interdigitated Electrodes. Small 2017; 13:1604150. [PMID: 28593743 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201604150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The in situ electrochemical growth of Cu benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate (CuBTC) metal-organic frameworks, as an affinity layer, directly on custom-fabricated Cu interdigitated electrodes (IDEs) is described, acting as a transducer. Crystalline 5-7 µm thick CuBTC layers are grown on IDEs consisting of 100 electrodes with a width and a gap of both 50 µm and a height of 6-8 µm. These capacitive sensors are exposed to methanol and water vapor at 30 °C. The affinities show to be completely reversible with higher affinity toward water compared to methanol. For exposure to 1000 ppm methanol, a fast response is observed with a capacitance change of 5.57 pF at equilibrium. The capacitance increases in time followed diffusion-controlled kinetics (k = 2.9 mmol s-0.5 g-1CuBTC ). The observed capacitance change with methanol concentration follows a Langmuir adsorption isotherm, with a value for the equilibrium affinity Ke = 174.8 bar-1 . A volume fraction fMeOH = 0.038 is occupied upon exposure to 1000 ppm of methanol. The thin CuBTC affinity layer on the Cu-IDEs shows fast, reversible, and sensitive responses to methanol and water vapor, enabling quantitative detection in the range of 100-8000 ppm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sachdeva
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Manjunath R Venkatesh
- Beijing Research Centre, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Brahim El Mansouri
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jia Wei
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andre Bossche
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Guo Qi Zhang
- Beijing Research Centre, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
- Department of Microelectronics, Delft University of Technology, Mekelweg 4, 2628, CD, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research, Stippeneng 4, 6708, WE, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629, HZ, Delft, The Netherlands
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15
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Sachdeva S, Koper SJH, Sabetghadam A, Soccol D, Gravesteijn DJ, Kapteijn F, Sudhölter EJR, Gascon J, de Smet LCPM. Gas Phase Sensing of Alcohols by Metal Organic Framework-Polymer Composite Materials. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2017; 9:24926-24935. [PMID: 28440621 PMCID: PMC5532685 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b02630] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Affinity layers play a crucial role in chemical sensors for the selective and sensitive detection of analytes. Here, we report the use of composite affinity layers containing Metal Organic Frameworks (MOFs) in a polymeric matrix for sensing purposes. Nanoparticles of NH2-MIL-53(Al) were dispersed in a Matrimid polymer matrix with different weight ratios (0-100 wt %) and drop-casted on planar capacitive transducer devices. These coated devices were electrically analyzed using impedance spectroscopy and investigated for their sensing properties toward the detection of a series of alcohols and water in the gas phase. The measurements indicated a reversible and reproducible response in all devices. Sensor devices containing 40 wt % NH2-MIL-53(Al) in Matrimid showed a maximum response for methanol and water. The sensor response time slowed down with increasing MOF concentration until 40 wt %. The half time of saturation response (τ0.5) increased by ∼1.75 times for the 40 wt % composition compared to devices coated with Matrimid only. This is attributed to polymer rigidification near the MOF/polymer interface. Higher MOF loadings (≥50 wt %) resulted in brittle coatings with a response similar to the 100 wt % MOF coating. Cross-sensitivity studies showed the ability to kinetically distinguish between the different alcohols with a faster response for methanol and water compared to ethanol and 2-propanol. The observed higher affinity of the pure Matrimid polymer toward methanol compared to water allows also for a higher uptake of methanol in the composite matrices. Also, as indicated by the sensing studies with a mixture of water and methanol, the methanol uptake is independent of the presence of water up to 6000 ppm of water. The NH2-MIL-53(Al) MOFs dispersed in the Matrimid matrix show a sensitive and reversible capacitive response, even in the presence of water. By tuning the precise compositions, the affinity kinetics and overall affinity can be tuned, showing the promise of this type of chemical sensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sachdeva
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Sander J. H. Koper
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Anahid Sabetghadam
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Soccol
- NXP Semiconductors BV, Interleuvenlaan 80, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk J. Gravesteijn
- MESA+ Institute University of Twente, formerly NXP Semiconductors
BV, Interleuvenlaan 80, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Delft University
of Technology, Department of Chemical
Engineering, Van der Maasweg
9, 2629 HZ Delft, Netherlands
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory
of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE, Wageningen, Netherlands
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16
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Cao A, Zhu W, Shang J, Klootwijk JH, Sudhölter EJR, Huskens J, de Smet LCPM. Metal-Organic Polyhedra-Coated Si Nanowires for the Sensitive Detection of Trace Explosives. Nano Lett 2017; 17:1-7. [PMID: 28073264 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.6b02360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Surface-modified silicon nanowire-based field-effect transistors (SiNW-FETs) have proven to be a promising platform for molecular recognition in miniature sensors. In this work, we present a novel nanoFET device for the sensitive and selective detection of explosives based on affinity layers of metal-organic polyhedra (MOPs). The judicious selection of the geometric and electronic characteristics of the assembly units (organic ligands and unsaturated metal site) embedded within the MOP cage allowed for the formation of multiple charge-transfer (CT) interactions to facilitate the selective explosive inclusion. Meanwhile, the host-stabilized CT complex inside the cage acted as an effective molecular gating element to strongly modulate the electrical conductance of the silicon nanowires. By grafting the MOP cages onto a SiNW-FET device, the resulting sensor showed a good electrical sensing capability to various explosives, especially 2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT), with a detection limit below the nanomolar level. Importantly, coupling MOPs-which have tunable structures and properties-to SiNW-based devices may open up new avenues for a wide range of sensing applications, addressing various target analytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anping Cao
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhu
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Jin Shang
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong , Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Melbourne , Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Johan H Klootwijk
- Philips Research Laboratories, High Tech Campus 4, 5656 AE Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J R Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jurriaan Huskens
- Molecular NanoFabrication Group, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University & Research , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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17
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Sachdeva S, Soccol D, Gravesteijn DJ, Kapteijn F, Sudhölter EJR, Gascon J, de Smet LCPM. Polymer–Metal Organic Framework Composite Films as Affinity Layer for Capacitive Sensor Devices. ACS Sens 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.6b00295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sumit Sachdeva
- Delft University of Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Dimitri Soccol
- NXP semiconductors BV, Interleuvenlaan
80, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Dirk J. Gravesteijn
- MESA+ Institute University of Twente, formerly NXP semiconductors
BV, Interleuvenlaan 80, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Freek Kapteijn
- Delft University of Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Delft University of Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Jorge Gascon
- Delft University of Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Delft University of Technology, Department of
Chemical Engineering, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
- Wageningen University & Research, Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Feng J, Hontañón E, Blanes M, Meyer J, Guo X, Santos L, Paltrinieri L, Ramlawi N, Smet LCPMD, Nirschl H, Kruis FE, Schmidt-Ott A, Biskos G. Scalable and Environmentally Benign Process for Smart Textile Nanofinishing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2016; 8:14756-65. [PMID: 27196424 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b03632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
A major challenge in nanotechnology is that of determining how to introduce green and sustainable principles when assembling individual nanoscale elements to create working devices. For instance, textile nanofinishing is restricted by the many constraints of traditional pad-dry-cure processes, such as the use of costly chemical precursors to produce nanoparticles (NPs), the high liquid and energy consumption, the production of harmful liquid wastes, and multistep batch operations. By integrating low-cost, scalable, and environmentally benign aerosol processes of the type proposed here into textile nanofinishing, these constraints can be circumvented while leading to a new class of fabrics. The proposed one-step textile nanofinishing process relies on the diffusional deposition of aerosol NPs onto textile fibers. As proof of this concept, we deposit Ag NPs onto a range of textiles and assess their antimicrobial properties for two strains of bacteria (i.e., Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae). The measurements show that the logarithmic reduction in bacterial count can get as high as ca. 5.5 (corresponding to a reduction efficiency of 99.96%) when the Ag loading is 1 order of magnitude less (10 ppm; i.e., 10 mg Ag NPs per kg of textile) than that of textiles treated by traditional wet-routes. The antimicrobial activity does not increase in proportion to the Ag content above 10 ppm as a consequence of a "saturation" effect. Such low NP loadings on antimicrobial textiles minimizes the risk to human health (during textile use) and to the ecosystem (after textile disposal), as well as it reduces potential changes in color and texture of the resulting textile products. After three washes, the release of Ag is in the order of 1 wt %, which is comparable to textiles nanofinished with wet routes using binders. Interestingly, the washed textiles exhibit almost no reduction in antimicrobial activity, much as those of as-deposited samples. Considering that a realm of functional textiles can be nanofinished by aerosol NP deposition, our results demonstrate that the proposed approach, which is universal and sustainable, can potentially lead to a wide number of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jicheng Feng
- Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Esther Hontañón
- Institute for Technology of Nanostructures and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen , Bismarckstrasse 81, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Maria Blanes
- Department of Technical Finishing and Comfort, AITEX , Plaza Emilio Sala 1, 03801 Alcoy, Spain
| | - Jörg Meyer
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Strasse am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Xiaoai Guo
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Strasse am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Laura Santos
- Foundation for the Promotion of the Textile Industry (FOMENTEX) , Els Telers 20, 46870 Ontinyent, Spain
| | - Laura Paltrinieri
- Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Nabil Ramlawi
- Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University , Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hermann Nirschl
- Institute for Mechanical Process Engineering and Mechanics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT) , Strasse am Forum 8, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Frank Einar Kruis
- Institute for Technology of Nanostructures and Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE), University of Duisburg-Essen , Bismarckstrasse 81, 47057 Duisburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schmidt-Ott
- Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - George Biskos
- Faculty of Applied Science, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology , 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands
- Energy Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute , Nicosia 2121, Cyprus
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19
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Cao Z, Gordiichuk PI, Loos K, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM. The effect of guanidinium functionalization on the structural properties and anion affinity of polyelectrolyte multilayers. Soft Matter 2016; 12:1496-505. [PMID: 26658499 DOI: 10.1039/c5sm01655j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Poly(allylamine hydrochloride) (PAH) is chemically functionalized with guanidinium (Gu) moieties in water at room temperature. The resulting PAH-Gu is used to prepare polyelectrolyte multilayers (PEMs) with poly(sodium 4-styrene sulfonate) (PSS) via layer-by-layer deposition. The polyelectrolyte (PE) adsorption processes are monitored real-time by optical reflectometry and a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring (QCM-D). Compared to the reference PSS/PAH PEMs, the PSS/PAH-Gu PEMs show a lower amount of deposited PE materials, lower wet thickness, higher stability under alkaline conditions and higher rigidity. These differences are rationalized by the additional Gu-SO3(-) interactions, also affecting the conformation of the PE chains in the PEM. The interactions between the PEMs and various sodium salts (NaCl, NaNO3, Na2SO4 and NaH2PO4) are also monitored using QCM-D. From the changes in the frequency, dissipation responses and supportive Reflection Absorption Infrared Spectroscopy it is concluded that Gu-functionalized PEMs absorb more H2PO4(-) compared to the Gu-free reference PEMs. This can be understood by strong interactions between Gu and H2PO4(-), the differences in the anion hydration energy and the anion valency. It is anticipated that compounds like the presented Gu-functionalized PE may facilitate the further development of H2PO4(-) sensors and ion separation/recovery systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Cao
- Organic Materials and Interfaces, Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
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20
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Sachdeva S, Pustovarenko A, Sudhölter EJR, Kapteijn F, de Smet LCPM, Gascon J. Control of interpenetration of copper-based MOFs on supported surfaces by electrochemical synthesis. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ce02462e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Srivastava SK, Ramaneti R, Roelse M, Tong HD, Vrouwe EX, Brinkman AGM, de Smet LCPM, van Rijn CJM, Jongsma MA. A generic microfluidic biosensor of G protein-coupled receptor activation – impedance measurements of reversible morphological changes of reverse transfected HEK293 cells on microelectrodes. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04976h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Flowcell with micro-IDEs (250–500 μm) covered with both stable and reverse transfected cells overexpressing membrane receptors to demonstrate impedance responses to serial injections of analyte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh K. Srivastava
- Plant Research International
- Wageningen UR
- 6708 PB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
| | | | - Margriet Roelse
- Plant Research International
- Wageningen UR
- 6708 PB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Aldo G. M. Brinkman
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
- NanoNextNL
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering
- Delft University of Technology
- 2628 BL Delft
- The Netherlands
- NanoNextNL
| | - Cees J. M. van Rijn
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry
- WageningenUR
- 6703 HB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- Nanosens B.V
| | - Maarten A. Jongsma
- Plant Research International
- Wageningen UR
- 6708 PB Wageningen
- The Netherlands
- NanoNextNL
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22
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Ullien D, Thüne PC, Jager WF, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM. Controlled amino-functionalization by electrochemical reduction of bromo and nitro azobenzene layers bound to Si(111) surfaces. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:19258-65. [PMID: 25100049 DOI: 10.1039/c4cp02464h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
4-Nitrobenzenediazonium (4-NBD) and 4-bromobenzenediazonium (4-BBD) salts were grafted electrochemically onto H-terminated, p-doped silicon (Si) surfaces. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry experiments clearly showed layer thicknesses of 2-7 nm, which indicate multilayer formation. Decreasing the diazonium salt concentration and the reaction time resulted in a smaller layer thickness, but did not prevent the formation of multilayers. It was demonstrated, mainly by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), that the diazonium salts not only react with the H-terminated Si surface, but also with electrografted phenyl groups via azo-bond formation. These azo bonds can be electrochemically reduced at Ered = -1.5 V, leading to the corresponding amino groups. This reduction resulted in a modest decrease in layer thickness, and did not yield monolayers. This indicates that other coupling reactions, notably a biphenyl coupling, induced by electrochemically produced phenyl radicals, take place as well. In addition to the azo functionalities, the nitro functionalities in electrografted layers of 4-NBD were independently reduced to amino functionalities at a lower potential (Ered = -2.1 V). The presence of amino functionalities on fully reduced layers, both from 4-NBD- and 4-BBD-modified Si, was shown by the presence of fluorine after reaction with trifluoroacetic anhydride (TFAA). This study shows that the electrochemical reduction of azo bonds generates amino functionalities on layers produced by electrografting of aryldiazonium derivatives. In this way multifunctional layers can be formed by employing functional aryldiazonium salts, which is believed to be very practical in the fabrication of sensor platforms, including those made of multi-array silicon nanowires.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Ullien
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands.
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23
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Seshan V, Murthy DHK, Castellanos-Gomez A, Sachdeva S, Ahmad HA, Janssens SD, Janssen W, Haenen K, van der Zant HSJ, Sudhölter EJR, Savenije TJ, de Smet LCPM. Contactless photoconductance study on undoped and doped nanocrystalline diamond films. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2014; 6:11368-11375. [PMID: 24918631 DOI: 10.1021/am501907q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Hydrogen and oxygen surface-terminated nanocrystalline diamond (NCD) films are studied by the contactless time-resolved microwave conductivity (TRMC) technique and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The optoelectronic properties of undoped NCD films are strongly affected by the type of surface termination. Upon changing the surface termination from oxygen to hydrogen, the TRMC signal rises dramatically. For an estimated quantum yield of 1 for sub-bandgap optical excitation the hole mobility of the hydrogen-terminated undoped NCD was found to be ∼0.27 cm(2)/(V s) with a lifetime exceeding 1 μs. Assuming a similar mobility for the oxygen-terminated undoped NCD a lifetime of ∼100 ps was derived. Analysis of the valence band spectra obtained by XPS suggests that upon oxidation of undoped NCD the surface Fermi level shifts (toward an increased work function). This shift originates from the size and direction of the electronic dipole moment of the surface atoms, and leads to different types of band bending at the diamond/air interface in the presence of a water film. In the case of boron-doped NCD no shift of the work function is observed, which can be rationalized by pinning of the Fermi level. This is confirmed by TRMC results of boron-doped NCD, which show no dependency on the surface termination. We suggest that photoexcited electrons in boron-doped NCD occupy nonionized boron dopants, leaving relatively long-lived mobile holes in the valence band.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venkatesh Seshan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology , Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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24
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Ullien D, Harmsma PJ, Abdulla SMC, de Boer BM, Bosma D, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM, Jager WF. Protein detection on biotin-derivatized polyallylamine by optical microring resonators. Opt Express 2014; 22:16585-16594. [PMID: 24977907 DOI: 10.1364/oe.22.016585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Silicon optical microring resonators (MRRs) are sensitive devices that can be used for biosensing. We present a novel biosensing platform based on the application of polyelectrolyte (PE) layers on such MRRs. The top PE layer was covalently labeled with biotin to ensure binding sites for antibodies via a streptavidin-biotin binding scheme. Monitoring the shift in the microring resonance wavelength allows real-time, highly sensitive detection of the biomolecular interaction.
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25
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Cao A, Sudhölter EJR, de Smet LCPM. Silicon nanowire-based devices for gas-phase sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2013; 14:245-71. [PMID: 24368699 PMCID: PMC3926556 DOI: 10.3390/s140100245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Revised: 11/12/2013] [Accepted: 11/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Since their introduction in 2001, SiNW-based sensor devices have attracted considerable interest as a general platform for ultra-sensitive, electrical detection of biological and chemical species. Most studies focus on detecting, sensing and monitoring analytes in aqueous solution, but the number of studies on sensing gases and vapors using SiNW-based devices is increasing. This review gives an overview of selected research papers related to the application of electrical SiNW-based devices in the gas phase that have been reported over the past 10 years. Special attention is given to surface modification strategies and the sensing principles involved. In addition, future steps and technological challenges in this field are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Louis C P M de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, Delft 2628 BL, The Netherlands.
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26
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Mescher M, de Smet LCPM, Sudhölter EJR, Klootwijk JH. Robust fabrication method for silicon nanowire field effect transistors for sensing applications. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 2013; 13:5649-5653. [PMID: 23882811 DOI: 10.1166/jnn.2013.7548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper demonstrates a new method for the top-down production of silicon nanowire field effect transistors for sensing applications. A simple and robust method for the fabrication of these devices is described, using only conventional CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) processing techniques making it manufacturable on large scale in a broad range of production facilities. Moreover, the process is flexible in terms of the choice of the type of front oxide of the transistor, as it is applied in a separate, independent step from the application of the surrounding oxide. In case ultimate small dimensions are required that go beyond the wafer stepper resolution, the use of e-beam technology to produce even smaller structures can be easily integrated. Furthermore, the use of a passivation layer opens possibilities for adding selectivity via surface modification on silicon dioxide and silicon. After a detailed description of the process, the electrical characteristics of the devices are shown together with data on the device reliability, indicating that the process is easy to manufacture, has a large yield and results in sensor devices with electrical characteristics in the desired regime.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marleen Mescher
- Materials innovation institute M2i, PO Box 5008, 2600 GA Delft, The Netherlands
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27
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Martens AA, Besseling NAM, Rueb S, Sudhölter EJR, Spaink HP, de Smet LCPM. Random Scission of Polymers: Numerical Simulations, and Experiments on Hyaluronan Hydrolosis. Macromolecules 2011. [DOI: 10.1021/ma200009y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aernout A. Martens
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Nicolaas A. M. Besseling
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Saskia Rueb
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Herman P. Spaink
- Institute of Biology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Delft University of Technology, Julianalaan 136, 2628 BL Delft, The Netherlands
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Scheres L, Achten R, Giesbers M, de Smet LCPM, Arafat A, Sudhölter EJR, Marcelis ATM, Zuilhof H. Covalent attachment of bent-core mesogens to silicon surfaces. Langmuir 2009; 25:1529-1533. [PMID: 19113814 DOI: 10.1021/la8032995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Two vinyl-terminated bent core-shaped liquid crystalline molecules that exhibit thermotropic antiferroelectric SmCPA phases have been covalently attached onto a hydrogen-terminated silicon(111) surface. The surface attachment was achieved via a mild procedure from a mesitylene solution, using visible light at room temperature. AFM measurements indicate that a smooth monolayer has been formed. The thickness of the monolayer was evaluated with ellipsometry and X-ray reflectivity. Although the molecules differ in length by four carbon atoms, the thickness of the resulting monolayers was the same. The measured thicknesses correspond quite well with the smectic layer thickness in the bulk liquid crystalline material, suggesting a similar self-organization within the monolayer. From attenuated total reflectance infrared (ATR-IR), which clearly shows the C-H and C-O vibrations, a tilt angle of the mesogens is deduced that also corresponds well with the tilt angle in the liquid crystalline state. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements confirm the high quality of the monolayers, with only marginal silicon oxide formation. The elemental composition and amounts of different O and C atoms deduced from the high-resolution XPS correspond very well with the calculated compositions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc Scheres
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Thierry B, Jasieniak M, de Smet LCPM, Vasilev K, Griesser HJ. Reactive epoxy-functionalized thin films by a pulsed plasma polymerization process. Langmuir 2008; 24:10187-95. [PMID: 18680384 DOI: 10.1021/la801140u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel plasma functionalization process based on the pulsed plasma polymerization of allyl glycidyl ether is reported for the generation of robust and highly reactive epoxy-functionalized surfaces with well-defined chemical properties. Using a multitechnique approach including X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), atomic force microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometry, the effect of the plasma deposition parameters on the creation and retention of epoxy surface functionalities was characterized systematically. Under optimal plasma polymerization conditions (duty cycle: 1 ms/20 ms and 1 ms/200 ms), reactive uniform films with a high level of reproducibility were prepared and successfully used to covalently immobilize the model protein lysozyme. Surface derivatization was also carried out with ethanolamine to probe for epoxy groups. The ethanolamine blocked surface resisted nonspecific adsorption of lysozyme. Lysozyme immobilization was also done via microcontact printing. These results show that allyl glycidyl ether plasma polymer layers are an attractive strategy to produce a reactive epoxy functionalized surface on a wide range of substrate materials for biochip and other biotechnology applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Thierry
- Ian Wark Research Institute, University of South Australia, Mawson Lakes Campus, Mawson Lakes, Adelaide, SA 5095, Australia.
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Faber EJ, Sparreboom W, Groeneveld W, de Smet LCPM, Bomer J, Olthuis W, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR, Bergveld P, van den Berg A. pH Sensitivity of SiC Linked Organic Monolayers on Crystalline Silicon Surfaces. Chemphyschem 2007; 8:101-12. [PMID: 17121410 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200600447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The electrochemical behavior of Si--C linked organic monolayers is studied in electrolyte-insulator-Si devices, under conditions normally encountered in potentiometric biosensors, to gain fundamental knowledge on the behavior of such Si electrodes under practical conditions. This is done via titration experiments, Mott-Schottky data analysis, and data fitting using a site-binding model. The results are compared with those of native SiO(2) layers and native SiO(2) layers modified with hexamethyldisilazane. All samples display pH sensitivity. The number of Si--OH groups on the alkylated samples is calculated to be less than 0.7 % of that of a pure SiO(2) insulator, which still causes a pH sensitivity of approximately 25 mV per pH unit in the pH range: 4-7. The alkylated samples hardly suffer from response changes during up- and down-going titrations, which indicates that very little oxide is additionally formed during the measurements. The pK(a) values of all samples with monolayers (4.0-4.4) are lower than that of native SiO(2) (6.0). The long-term drift (of approximately 1 mV h(-1)) is moderate. The results indicate that biosensors composed of alkylated Si substrates are feasible if a cross-sensitivity towards pH in the sensor signal is taken into account.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Faber
- BIOS, Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+ Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Faber EJ, de Smet LCPM, Olthuis W, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR, Bergveld P, van den Berg A. SiC Linked Organic Monolayers on Crystalline Silicon Surfaces as Alternative Gate Insulators. Chemphyschem 2005; 6:2153-66. [PMID: 16208740 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.200500120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Herein, the influence of silicon surface modification via Si-C(n)H(2n+1) (n=10,12,16,22) monolayer-based devices on p-type 100 and n-type 100 silicon is studied by forming MIS (metal-insulator-semiconductor) diodes using a mercury probe. From current density-voltage (J-V) and capacitance-voltage (C-V) measurements, the relevant parameters describing the electrical behavior of these diodes are derived, such as the diode ideality factor, the effective barrier height, the flatband voltage, the barrier height, the monolayer dielectric constant, the tunneling attenuation factor, and the fixed charge density (Nf). It is shown that the J-V behavior of our MIS structures could be precisely tuned via the monolayer thickness. The use of n-type silicon resulted in lower diode ideality factors as compared to p-type silicon. A similar flatband voltage, independent of monolayer thickness, was found, indicating similar properties for all silicon-monolayer interfaces. An exception was the C10-based monolayer device on p-type silicon. Furthermore, low values of N(f) were found for monolayers on p-type silicon (approximately 6 x 10(11) cm(-2)). These results suggest that Si--C linked monolayers on flat silicon may be a viable material for future electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik J Faber
- BIOS, Lab-on-a-Chip Group, MESA+Research Institute, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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de Smet LCPM, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR, Lie LH, Houlton A, Horrocks BR. Mechanism of the Hydrosilylation Reaction of Alkenes at Porous Silicon: Experimental and Computational Deuterium Labeling Studies. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:12020-31. [PMID: 16852483 DOI: 10.1021/jp044400a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of the formation of Si-C bonded monolayers on silicon by reaction of 1-alkenes with hydrogen-terminated porous silicon surfaces has been studied by both experimental and computational means. We propose that monolayer formation occurs via the same radical chain process as at single-crystal surfaces: a silyl radical attacks the 1-alkene to form both the Si-C bond and a radical center on the beta-carbon atom. This carbon radical may then abstract a hydrogen atom from a neighboring Si-H bond to propagate the chain. Highly deuterated porous silicon and FTIR spectroscopy were used to provide evidence for this mechanism by identifying the IR bands associated with the C-D bond formed in the proposed propagation step. Deuterated porous silicon surfaces formed by galvanostatic etching in 48% DF/D2O:EtOD (1:1) electrolytes showed a 30% greater density of Si-D sites on the surface than Si-H sites on hydrogen-terminated porous silicon surfaces prepared in the equivalent H-electrolyte. The thermal reaction of undec-1-ene and the Lewis acid catalyzed reaction of styrene on a deuterated surface both resulted in alkylated surfaces with the same C-C and C-H vibrational features as formed in the corresponding reactions at a hydrogen-terminated surface. However, a broad band around 2100 cm(-1) was observed upon alkylating the deuterated surfaces. Ab initio and density functional theory calculations on small molecule models showed that the integrated absorbance of this band was comparable to the intensity expected for the C-D stretches predicted by the chain mechanism. The calculations also indicate that there is substantial interaction between the hydrogen atoms on the beta-carbons and the hydrogen atoms on the Si(111)-H surface. These broad 2100 cm(-1) features are therefore assigned to C-D bands arising from the involvement of surface D atoms in the hydrosilylation reactions, while the line broadening can be explained partly by interaction with neighboring surface atoms/groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Sun QY, de Smet LCPM, van Lagen B, Giesbers M, Thüne PC, van Engelenburg J, de Wolf FA, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Covalently attached monolayers on crystalline hydrogen-terminated silicon: extremely mild attachment by visible light. J Am Chem Soc 2005; 127:2514-23. [PMID: 15725006 DOI: 10.1021/ja045359s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A very mild method was developed for the attachment of high-quality organic monolayers on crystalline silicon surfaces. By using visible light sources, from 447 to 658 nm, a variety of 1-alkenes and 1-alkynes were attached to hydrogen-terminated Si(100) and Si(111) surfaces at room temperature. The presence and the quality of the monolayers were evaluated by static water contact angles, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and IR spectroscopy. Monolayers prepared by thermal, UV light, or visible light initiation were compared. Additionally, the ability of infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy to study organic monolayers on silicon was explored. A reaction mechanism is discussed on the basis of investigations of the reaction behavior of 1-alkenes with silicon wafers with varying types and levels of doping. Finally, a series of mixed monolayers derived from the mixed solutions of a 1-alkene and an omega-fluoro-1-alkene were investigated to reveal that the composition of the mixed monolayers was directly proportional to the molar ratio of the two compounds in the solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University and Research Center, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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de Smet LCPM, Pukin AV, Stork GA, Ric de Vos CH, Visser GM, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Syntheses of alkenylated carbohydrate derivatives toward the preparation of monolayers on silicon surfaces. Carbohydr Res 2004; 339:2599-605. [PMID: 15476721 DOI: 10.1016/j.carres.2004.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2004] [Accepted: 09/01/2004] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This note describes the synthesis of different alkenylated carbohydrate derivatives suitable for direct attachment to hydrogen-terminated silicon surfaces. The derivatives were alkenylated at the C-1 position, while the remaining hydroxyl groups were protected. The development of such new carbohydrate-based sensing elements opens the access to new classes of biosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
This communication presents the first functionalization of a hydrogen-terminated silicon-rich silicon nitride (Si3Nx) surface with a well-defined, covalently attached organic monolayer. Properties of the resulting monolayers are monitored by measurement of the static water contact angle, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRRAS). Further functionalization was performed by reaction of Si3Nx with a trifluoroethanol ester alkene (CH2=CH-(CH2)8CO2CH2CF3) followed by basic hydrolysis to afford the corresponding carboxylic acid-terminated monolayer with hydrophilic properties. These results show that Si3Nx can be functionalized with a tailor-made organic monolayer, has highly tunable wetting properties, and displays significant potential for further functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Arafat
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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36
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Sun QY, de Smet LCPM, van Lagen B, Wright A, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Covalently Attached Monolayers on Hydrogen-Terminated Si(100): Extremely Mild Attachment by Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004; 43:1352-5. [PMID: 15368404 DOI: 10.1002/anie.200352137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Qiao-Yu Sun
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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37
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Sun QY, de Smet LCPM, van Lagen B, Wright A, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Covalently Attached Monolayers on Hydrogen-Terminated Si(100): Extremely Mild Attachment by Visible Light. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.200352137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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de Smet LCPM, Stork GA, Hurenkamp GHF, Sun QY, Topal H, Vronen PJE, Sieval AB, Wright A, Visser GM, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Covalently Attached Saccharides on Silicon Surfaces. J Am Chem Soc 2003; 125:13916-7. [PMID: 14611201 DOI: 10.1021/ja037445i] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper presents the first functionalization of silicon surfaces with well-defined, covalently attached monolayers containing saccharides. Two methods were used to this aim: a thermal method (refluxing in mesitylene) and a recently developed, extremely mild photochemical method (irradiation with 447 nm at room temperature). The results were analyzed by FT-IR and angle-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The use of a two-dimensional detector in ARXPS allows for unparalleled, subnanometer resolution in the determination of the elemental composition of monolayers. Even for monolayers with a total thickness of only approximately 1.5 nm, a clear elemental depth profile can be obtained. Such analyses display for sialic acid-containing monolayers that the mild photochemical attachment does not destroy the (rather fragile) sialic acid moiety and that the sugar is present at the top of the monolayer and thus available for biological interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis C P M de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands
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Willemen HM, de Smet LCPM, Koudijs A, Stuart MCA, Heikamp-de Jong IGAM, Marcelis ATM, Sudhölter EJR. Micelle formation and antimicrobial activity of cholic Acid derivatives with three permanent ionic head groups. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2002; 41:4275-7. [PMID: 12434361 DOI: 10.1002/1521-3773(20021115)41:22<4275::aid-anie4275>3.0.co;2-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hendra M Willemen
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, The Netherlands
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Kaneti J, de Smet LCPM, Boom R, Zuilhof H, Sudhölter EJR. Computational Probes into the Basis of Silver Ion Chromatography. II. Silver(I)−Olefin Complexes. J Phys Chem A 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jp020994a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jose Kaneti
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Louis C. P. M. de Smet
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Remko Boom
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Han Zuilhof
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ernst J. R. Sudhölter
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry and Food and Bioprocess Engineering, Wageningen University, Dreijenplein 8, 6703 HB Wageningen, The Netherlands, and Institute of Organic Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Acad. G. Bonchev str., Block 9, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria
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