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Chow PS, Lim RTY, Cyriac F, Shah JC, Badruddoza AZM, Yeoh T, Yagnik CK, Tee XY, Wong ABH, Chia VD, Wang G. The Effect of Process Parameters on the Microstructure, Stability, and Sensorial Properties of an Emulsion Cream Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2024; 16:773. [PMID: 38931894 PMCID: PMC11207101 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics16060773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2024] [Revised: 05/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/30/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
A classical emulsion formulation based on petrolatum and mineral oil as the internal phase with emulsifier wax as a typical topical emulsion cream was investigated for the effect of process parameters on drug product quality and performance attributes. The Initial Design of Experiment (DoE) suggested that an oil phase above 15%, coupled with less than 10% emulsifying wax, resulted in less stable emulsions. Different processing parameters such as homogenization speed, duration, cooling rate, and final temperature showed minimal influence on properties and failed to improve stability. The final DoE suggested that the optimal emulsion stability was achieved by introducing a holding period midway through the cooling stage after solvent addition. Within the studied holding temperature range (25-35 °C), a higher holding temperature correlated with increased emulsion stability. However, the application of shear during the holding period, using a paddle mixer, adversely affected stability by disrupting the emulsion microstructure. IVRT studies revealed that the release of lidocaine was higher in the most stable emulsion produced at a holding temperature of 35 °C compared to the least stable emulsion produced at a holding temperature of 25 °C. This suggests that a holding temperature of 35 °C improves both the stability and active release performance. It appears that a slightly higher holding temperature, 35 °C, allows a more flexible and stable emulsifying agent film around the droplets facilitating stabilization of the emulsion. This study offers valuable insights into the relationship between process parameters at various stages of manufacture, microstructure, and various quality attributes of emulsion cream systems. The knowledge gained will facilitate improved design and optimization of robust manufacturing processes, ensuring the production of the formulations with the desired critical quality attributes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Shan Chow
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | - Ron Tau Yee Lim
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | - Febin Cyriac
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | | | | | - Thean Yeoh
- Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA; (A.Z.M.B.)
| | - Chetan Kantilal Yagnik
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | - Xin Yi Tee
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | - Annie Bao Hua Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | - Vernissa Dilys Chia
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.)
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Wang Z, Li J, Peng C, Li B, Shen Q, Chen Y. Physicochemical Quantitative Analysis of the Oil-Water Interface as Affected by the Mutual Interactions between Pea Protein Isolate and Mono- and Diglycerides. Foods 2024; 13:176. [PMID: 38201204 PMCID: PMC10779286 DOI: 10.3390/foods13010176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024] Open
Abstract
As a commercially available ingredient, the mono- and diglycerides (MDG) were widely used in a plant protein-based emulsion to provide effective, functional, emulsifying properties. The simultaneous addition of the MDG and pea protein isolate (PPI) was investigated by the methods of interfacial rheology and quantitative protein proteomics. The physicochemical quantitative analysis of the oil-water interface revealed an interfacial stability mechanism for the protein adsorption layer. For a low MDG concentration, the interfacial quantities of vicilin and albumin were increased, which could be attributed to the adsorption rate. For a high MDG concentration, both vicilin and albumin were displaced by MDG and desorbed from the interface, while legumin was more difficult to displace due to its slow adsorption and the complex structure of protein molecules. The protein molecules with the structural rearrangement interacted with MDG, exhibiting potential effects on the interfacial film structure. Combined with some nanotechnologies, the new comprehension of protein-emulsifier interactions may promote food delivery systems. The research aims to develop an in-depth analysis of interfacial proteins, and provide more innovative and tailored functionalities for the application of the plant protein emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products and College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
- School of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Jingwen Li
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (J.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201210, China; (J.L.); (C.P.)
| | - Bin Li
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
| | - Qian Shen
- Hubei Key Laboratory for Processing and Transformation of Agricultural Products and College of Food Science and Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China;
| | - Yijie Chen
- College of Food Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China;
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Chow PS, Lim RTY, Cyriac F, Shah JC, Badruddoza AZM, Yeoh T, Yagnik CK, Tee XY, Wong ABH, Chia VD, Wang G. Influence of Manufacturing Process on the Microstructure, Stability, and Sensorial Properties of a Topical Ointment Formulation. Pharmaceutics 2023; 15:2219. [PMID: 37765188 PMCID: PMC10536044 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The manufacturing process for ointments typically involves a series of heating, cooling, and mixing steps. Precise control of the level of mixing through homogenization and the cooling rate, as well as temperature at different stages, is important in delivering ointments with the desired quality attributes, stability, and performance. In this work, we investigated the influence of typical plant processing conditions on the microstructure, stability, and sensorial properties of a model ointment system through a Design of Experiments (DoE) approach. Homogenization speed at the cooling stage after the addition of the solvent (propylene glycol, PG) was found to be the critical processing parameter that affects stability and the rheological and sensorial properties of the ointment. A lower PG addition temperature was also found to be beneficial. The stabilization of the ointment at a lower PG addition temperature was hypothesized to be due to more effective encapsulation by crystallizing mono- and diglycerides at the lower temperature. The in vitro release profiles were found to be not influenced by the processing parameters, suggesting that for the ointment platform studied, processing affects the microstructure, but the effects do not translate into the release profile, a key performance indicator. Our systematic study represents a Quality-by-Design (QbD) approach to the design of a robust manufacturing process for delivering stable ointments with the desired performance attributes and properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pui Shan Chow
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Ron Tau Yee Lim
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Febin Cyriac
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Jaymin C. Shah
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA; (A.Z.M.B.); (T.Y.)
| | - Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA; (A.Z.M.B.); (T.Y.)
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA; (A.Z.M.B.); (T.Y.)
| | - Chetan Kantilal Yagnik
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Xin Yi Tee
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Annie Bao Hua Wong
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Vernissa Dilys Chia
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
| | - Guan Wang
- Institute of Sustainability for Chemicals, Energy and Environment, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), 1 Pesek Road, Jurong Island, Singapore 627833, Singapore; (P.S.C.); (F.C.); (C.K.Y.); (X.Y.T.); (A.B.H.W.); (G.W.)
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Badruddoza AZM, Yeoh T, Shah JC, Walsh T. Assessing and Predicting Physical Stability of Emulsion-Based Topical Semisolid Products: A Review. J Pharm Sci 2023; 112:1772-1793. [PMID: 36966902 DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2023.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023]
Abstract
The emulsion-based topical semisolid dosage forms present a high degree of complexity due to their microstructures which is apparent from their compositions comprising at least two immiscible liquid phases, often times of high viscosity. These complex microstructures are thermodynamically unstable, and the physical stability of such preparations is governed by formulation parameters such as phase volume ratio, type of emulsifiers and their concentration, HLB value of the emulsifier, as well as by process parameters such as homogenizer speed, time, temperature etc. Therefore, a detailed understanding of the microstructure in the DP and critical factors that influence the stability of emulsions is essential to ensure the quality and shelf-life of emulsion-based topical semisolid products. This review aims to provide an overview of the main strategies used to stabilize pharmaceutical emulsions contained in semisolid products and various characterization techniques and tools that have been utilized so far to evaluate their long-term stability. Accelerated physical stability assessment using dispersion analyzer tools such as an analytical centrifuge to predict the product shelf-life has been discussed. In addition, mathematical modeling for phase separation rate for non-Newtonian systems like semisolid emulsion products has also been discussed to guide formulation scientists to predict a priori stability of these products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abu Zayed Md Badruddoza
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA.
| | - Thean Yeoh
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Jaymin C Shah
- Drug Product Design, Worldwide Research, Development and Medical, Pfizer Inc., Groton, CT 06340, USA
| | - Taylor Walsh
- Eurofins Lancaster Laboratories Professional Scientific Services, 2425 New Holland Pike, Lancaster, PA 17601, USA
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