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Dewetting Metal Nanofilms-Effect of Substrate on Refractive Index Sensitivity of Nanoplasmonic Gold. NANOMATERIALS 2019; 9:nano9111530. [PMID: 31717894 PMCID: PMC6915419 DOI: 10.3390/nano9111530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) sensitivity of metal nanostructures is strongly dependent on the interaction between the supporting substrate and the metal nanostructure, which may cause a change in the local refractive index of the metal nanostructure. Among various techniques used for the development of LSPR chip preparation, solid-state dewetting of nanofilms offers fast and cost effective methods to fabricate large areas of nanostructures on a given substrate. Most of the previous studies have focused on the effect of the size, shape, and inter-particle distance of the metal nanostructures on the LSPR sensitivity. In this work, we reveal that the silicon-based supporting substrate influences the LSPR associated refractive index sensitivity of gold (Au) nanostructures designed for sensing applications. Specifically, we develop Au nanostructures on four different silicon-based ceramic substrates (Si, SiO2, Si3N4, SiC) by thermal dewetting process and demonstrate that the dielectric properties of these ceramic substrates play a key role in the LSPR-based refractive index (RI) sensitivity of the Au nanostructures. Among these Si-supported Au plasmonic refractive index (RI) sensors, the Au nanostructures on the SiC substrates display the highest average RI sensitivity of 247.80 nm/RIU, for hemispherical Au nanostructures of similar shapes and sizes. Apart from the significance of this work towards RI sensing applications, our results can be advantageous for a wide range of applications where sensitive plasmonic substrates need to be incorporated in silicon based optoelectronic devices.
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Feng W, Ueda E, Levkin PA. Droplet Microarrays: From Surface Patterning to High-Throughput Applications. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2018; 30:e1706111. [PMID: 29572971 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201706111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
High-throughput screening of live cells and chemical reactions in isolated droplets is an important and growing method in areas ranging from studies of gene functions and the search for new drug candidates, to performing combinatorial chemical reactions. Compared with microfluidics and well plates, the facile fabrication, high density, and open structure endow droplet microarrays on planar surfaces with great potential in the development of next-generation miniaturized platforms for high-throughput applications. Surfaces with special wettability have served as substrates to generate and/or address droplets microarrays. Here, the formation of droplet microarrays with designed geometry on chemically prepatterned surfaces is briefly described and some of the newer and emerging applications of these microarrays that are currently being explored are highlighted. Next, some of the available technologies used to add (bio-)chemical libraries to each droplet in parallel are introduced. Current challenges and future prospects that would benefit from using such droplet microarrays are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqian Feng
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Erica Ueda
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pavel A Levkin
- Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Hermann-von-Helmholtz Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Organic Chemistry, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
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Bhalla N, Sathish S, Galvin CJ, Campbell RA, Sinha A, Shen AQ. Plasma-Assisted Large-Scale Nanoassembly of Metal-Insulator Bioplasmonic Mushrooms. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:219-226. [PMID: 29236477 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b15396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Large-scale plasmonic substrates consisting of metal-insulator nanostructures coated with a biorecognition layer can be exploited for enhanced label-free sensing by utilizing the principle of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR). Most often, the uniformity and thickness of the biorecognition layer determine the sensitivity of plasmonic resonances as the inherent LSPR sensitivity of nanomaterials is limited to 10-20 nm from the surface. However, because of time-consuming nanofabrication processes, there is limited work on both the development of large-scale plasmonic materials and the subsequent surface functionalizing with biorecognition layers. In this work, by exploiting properties of reactive ions in an SF6 plasma environment, we are able to develop a nanoplasmonic substrate containing ∼106/cm2 mushroom-like structures on a large-sized silicon dioxide substrate (i.e., 2.5 cm by 7.5 cm). We further investigate the underlying mechanism of the nanoassembly of gold on glass inside the plasma environment, which can be expanded to a variety of metal-insulator systems. By incorporating a novel microcontact printing technique, we deposit a highly uniform biorecognition layer of proteins on the nanoplasmonic substrate. The bioplasmonic assays performed on these substrates achieve a limit of detection of 10-17 g/mL (∼66 zM) for biomolecules such as antibodies (∼150 kDa). Our simple nanofabrication procedure opens new opportunities in fabricating versatile bioplasmonic materials for a wide range of biomedical and sensing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Bhalla
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Shivani Sathish
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Casey J Galvin
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Robert A Campbell
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Abhishek Sinha
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
| | - Amy Q Shen
- Micro/Bio/Nanofluidics Unit, Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology Graduate School , 1919-1 Tancha, Onna-son, Okinawa 904-0495, Japan
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Zhang H, Xu L, Xu Y, Huang G, Zhao X, Lai Y, Shi T. Enhanced Self-Organized Dewetting of Ultrathin Polymer Blend Film for Large-Area Fabrication of SERS Substrate. Sci Rep 2016; 6:38337. [PMID: 27922062 PMCID: PMC5138605 DOI: 10.1038/srep38337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
We study the enhanced dewetting of ultrathin Polystyrene (PS)/Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) blend films in a mixed solution, and reveal the dewetting can act as a simple and effective method to fabricate large-area surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate. A bilayer structure consisting of under PMMA layer and upper PS layer forms due to vertical phase separation of immiscible PS/PMMA during the spin-coating process. The thicker layer of the bilayer structure dominates the dewetting structures of PS/PMMA blend films. The diameter and diameter distribution of droplets, and the average separation spacing between the droplets can be precisely controlled via the change of blend ratio and film thickness. The dewetting structure of 8 nm PS/PMMA (1:1 wt%) blend film is proved to successfully fabricate large-area (3.5 cm × 3.5 cm) universal SERS substrate via deposited a silver layer on the dewetting structure. The SERS substrate shows good SERS-signal reproducibility (RSD < 7.2%) and high enhancement factor (2.5 × 107). The enhanced dewetting of polymer blend films broadens the application of dewetting of polymer films, especially in the nanotechnology, and may open a new approach for the fabrication of large-area SERS substrate to promote the application of SERS substrate in the rapid sensitive detection of trace molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,Laboratory of Surface Physics and Chemistry, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Lin Xu
- Laboratory of Surface Physics and Chemistry, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Yabo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Gang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, P. R. China
| | - Xueyu Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Guizhou Education University, Guiyang 550018, P. R. China
| | - Yuqing Lai
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Tongfei Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
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Kim CB, Wistrom JC, Ha H, Zhou SX, Katsumata R, Jones AR, Janes DW, Miller KM, Ellison CJ. Marangoni Instability Driven Surface Relief Grating in an Azobenzene-Containing Polymer Film. Macromolecules 2016. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.6b01848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chae Bin Kim
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - James C. Wistrom
- Department
of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United States
| | - Heonjoo Ha
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Sunshine X. Zhou
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Reika Katsumata
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Amanda R. Jones
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Dustin W. Janes
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Kevin M. Miller
- Department
of Chemistry, Murray State University, Murray, Kentucky 42071, United States
| | - Christopher J. Ellison
- McKetta
Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
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Yu H, Peng S, Lei L, Zhang J, Greaves TL, Zhang X. Large Scale Flow-Mediated Formation and Potential Applications of Surface Nanodroplets. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:22679-87. [PMID: 27500306 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b07200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Microscopic droplets located on a solid substrate in contact with an immiscible liquid promise a broad range of applications in miniaturized analytical techniques, fabrication of antireflective coatings, high-resolution near-field imaging techniques, and many others. A simple method of producing oil nanodroplets with desirable morphology is a bottom-up approach called solvent exchange, where nanodroplets nucleate and grow, as a good solvent of oil is displaced by a poor solvent. In this work, we have achieved the production of surface nanodroplets over a large surface area on planar or curved surfaces, guided by the principles of the solvent exchange. The droplet size is uniform over the entire surface of a planar or curved substrate and tunable. The production rate is extremely high at 10(6) nanodroplets per second. This advance in the nanodroplet production provides a general platform for droplet-based applications. Here we demonstrate that the application of surface nanodroplets in microextraction of hydrophobic solute (dye) from its highly diluted aqueous solution and in situ detection of the dye in a simple process, and in fabrication of highly ordered array of microlens arrays and polymer-capped microstructures by simple processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Yu
- Soft Matter & Interfaces Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Physics of Fluids Group, Department of Science and Engineering, Mesa+ Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Shuhua Peng
- Soft Matter & Interfaces Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Lei Lei
- Soft Matter & Interfaces Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- School of Electric Power Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology , Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221000, China
| | - Jiwei Zhang
- Soft Matter & Interfaces Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Tamar L Greaves
- School of Sciences, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Soft Matter & Interfaces Group, School of Engineering, RMIT University , Melbourne, VIC 3001, Australia
- Physics of Fluids Group, Department of Science and Engineering, Mesa+ Institute, and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede, The Netherlands
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Ko WR, Zhang J, Park HH, Nah J, Suh JY, Lee MH. Interfacial Mode Interactions of Surface Plasmon Polaritons on Gold Nanodome Films. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:20516-20521. [PMID: 27144402 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b02243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Hollow metallic nanodome structures were fabricated using anodized aluminum oxide (AAO) nanopores as deposition and sacrificial templates. Individual Au nanodomes inherit the unique shapes of the well-defined AAO membranes whose pedestal cells become square or hexagonal lattices with hemispheres in close proximity. Minimal contact between the hollow nanodomes and the glass substrate provide an identical dielectric medium across the film. The nanodome Au films support surface plasmon polaritons (SPPs) of strong air-Au and weak Au-glass modes in the light transmission dispersions. The mode crossings of distinct SPPs exhibit characteristic energy gaps, which depend on the periodic geometries of the nanostructures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo Ri Ko
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
| | - Jinlin Zhang
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Hyeong-Ho Park
- Technology Development Division, Korea Advanced Nanofab Center (KANC) , Suwon, Gyeonggi 16229, Korea
| | - Junghyo Nah
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Chungnam National University , Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Jae Yong Suh
- Department of Physics, Michigan Technological University , Houghton, Michigan 49931, United States
| | - Min Hyung Lee
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University , Yongin, Gyeonggi 17104, Korea
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Zhang H, Xu L, Lai Y, Shi T. Influence of film structure on the dewetting kinetics of thin polymer films in the solvent annealing process. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2016; 18:16310-6. [PMID: 27254136 DOI: 10.1039/c6cp02447e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
On a non-wetting solid substrate, the solvent annealing process of a thin polymer film includes the swelling process and the dewetting process. Owing to difficulties in the in situ analysis of the two processes simultaneously, a quantitative study on the solvent annealing process of thin polymer films on the non-wetting solid substrate is extremely rare. In this paper, we design an experimental method by combining spectroscopic ellipsometry with optical microscopy to achieve the simultaneous in situ study. Using this method, we investigate the influence of the structure of swollen film on its dewetting kinetics during the solvent annealing process. The results show that for a thin PS film with low Mw (Mw = 4.1 kg mol(-1)), acetone molecules can form an ultrathin enriched layer between the PS film and the solid substrate during the swelling process. The presence of the acetone enriched layer accounts for the exponential kinetic behavior in the case of a thin PS film with low Mw. However, the acetone enriched layer is not observed in the case of a thin PS film with high Mw (Mw = 400 kg mol(-1)) and the slippage effect of polymer chains is valid during the dewetting process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China.
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