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Paul S, Gupta M, Kumar Mahato A, Karak S, Basak A, Datta S, Banerjee R. Covalent Organic Frameworks for the Purification of Recombinant Enzymes and Heterogeneous Biocatalysis. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:858-867. [PMID: 38159294 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c11169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Recombinant enzymes have gained prominence due to their diverse functionalities and specificity and are often a greener alternative in biocatalysis. This context makes purifying recombinant enzymes from host cells and other impurities crucial. The primary goal is to isolate the pure enzyme of interest and ensure its stability under ambient conditions. Covalent organic frameworks (COFs), renowned for their well-ordered structure and permeability, offer a promising approach for purifying histidine-tagged (His-tagged) enzymes. Furthermore, immobilizing enzymes within COFs represents a growing field in heterogeneous biocatalysis. In this study, we have developed a flow-based technology utilizing a nickel-infused covalent organic framework (Ni-TpBpy COF) to combine two distinct processes: the purification of His-tagged enzymes and the immobilization of enzymes simultaneously. Our work primarily focuses on the purification of three His-tagged enzymes β-glucosidase, cellobiohydrolase, and endoglucanase as well as two proteins with varying molecular weights, namely, green fluorescent protein (27 kDa) and BG Rho (88 kDa). We employed Ni-TpBpy as a column matrix to showcase the versatility of our system. Additionally, we successfully obtained a Ni-TpBpy COF immobilized with enzymes, which can serve as a heterogeneous catalyst for the hydrolysis of p-nitrophenyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and carboxymethylcellulose. These immobilized enzymes demonstrated catalytic activity comparable to that of their free counterparts, with the added advantages of recyclability and enhanced stability under ambient conditions for an extended period, ranging from 60 to 90 days. This contrasts with the free enzymes, which do not maintain their activity as effectively over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satyadip Paul
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Mani Gupta
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Climate and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Ashok Kumar Mahato
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Shayan Karak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Ananda Basak
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Supratim Datta
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Department of Biological Sciences and Center for the Climate and Environmental Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
| | - Rahul Banerjee
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
- Centre for Advanced Functional Materials, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Kolkata, Mohanpur 741246, India
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Ducker RE, Brügge OS, Meijer AJHM, Leggett GJ. Tribochemical nanolithography: selective mechanochemical removal of photocleavable nitrophenyl protecting groups with 23 nm resolution at speeds of up to 1 mm s -1. Chem Sci 2023; 14:1752-1761. [PMID: 36819865 PMCID: PMC9931061 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc06305k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2023] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
We describe the mechanochemical regulation of a reaction that would otherwise be considered to be photochemical, via a simple process that yields nm spatial resolution. An atomic force microscope (AFM) probe is used to remove photocleavable nitrophenyl protecting groups from alkylsilane films at loads too small for mechanical wear, thus enabling nanoscale differentiation of chemical reactivity. Feature sizes of 20-50 nm are achieved repeatably and controllably at writing rates up to 1 mm s-1. Line widths vary monotonically with the load up to 2000 nN. To demonstrate the capacity for sophisticated surface functionalisation provided by this strategy, we show that functionalization of nanolines with nitrilo triacetic acid enables site-specific immobilization of histidine-tagged green fluorescent protein. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the key energetic barrier in the photo-deprotection reaction of the nitrophenyl protecting group is excitation of a π-π* transition (3.1 eV) via an intramolecular charge-transfer mechanism. Under modest loading, compression of the adsorbate layer causes a decrease in the N-N separation, with the effect that this energy barrier can be reduced to as little as 1.2 eV. Thus, deprotection becomes possible via either absorption of visible photons or phononic excitation transfer, facilitating fast nanolithography with a very small feature size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert E. Ducker
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffield S3 7HFUK
| | - Oscar Siles Brügge
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield Brook Hill Sheffield S3 7HF UK
| | | | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of SheffieldBrook HillSheffield S3 7HFUK
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3
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Ji C, Zheng J, Jin Y, Yin X, Han S, Zhang M. In Site Generation of Well‐Dispersed Ag
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PO
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NPs on Protein‐Inorganic Hybrid Nanoflowers with Enhanced Catalytic Performance. ChemistrySelect 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chunxiao Ji
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Jing Zheng
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Yuqin Jin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Xue‐bo Yin
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
| | - Suping Han
- Department of Pharmacy Shandong Medical College No.5460 Erhuannanlu Road Jinan 250002 China
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Shanghai University of Engineering Science Shanghai 201620 P. R. China
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4
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Nickel-Functionalized Chitosan for the Oriented Immobilization of Histidine-Tagged Enzymes: A Promising Support for Food Bioprocess Applications. Catal Letters 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10562-021-03912-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Zhang X, Zhang M, Wu M, Yang L, Liu R, Zhang R, Zhao T, Song C, Liu G, Zhu Q. Photoresponsive Bridged Polysilsesquioxanes for Protein Immobilization/Controlled Release and Micropatterns. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:36370-36379. [PMID: 34297533 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c10542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Protein micropatterning on microfabricated surfaces is a promising technology in applications for biochip microarrays, cell attachment, and biosensors. In the present work, a novel photoresponsive polymer based on light-triggered charge shifting bridged polysilsesquioxane (CBPS) is designed and prepared. The organic bridged units containing a photocleavable group of diethylaminocoumarin-4-yl in CBPS could be cleaved rapidly upon irradiation at 410 nm, resulting in the polymer surface switching from a positive charge to a negative charge property. The photoresponsive behavior of CBPS is studied using FTIR, UV-vis, SEM, fluorescence microscopy, and zeta potential analysis. Proteins are easily immobilized on the polymer surface via electrostatic interactions and released after irradiation as required. Combined with photopatterning techniques, accurate protein micropatterns are fabricated by covering a photomask upon irradiation. A gradient protein pattern is also spatially and temporally controlled by regulating irradiation parameters. This smart photoresponsive polymer surface provides a gentle and straightforward strategy to micropattern charged proteins. Moreover, the photoresponsive polymer holds permitting potential in biomedical applications such as conjugating biomolecules, guiding cell arrays, and resisting bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mengmeng Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Mingyue Wu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Linchuan Yang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rui Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Tongtong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Ci Song
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Gang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Qingzeng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Special Functional Aggregated Materials, Ministry of Education, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
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6
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Humenik M, Winkler A, Scheibel T. Patterning of protein-based materials. Biopolymers 2020; 112:e23412. [PMID: 33283876 DOI: 10.1002/bip.23412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Micro- and nanopatterning of proteins on surfaces allows to develop for example high-throughput biosensors in biomedical diagnostics and in general advances the understanding of cell-material interactions in tissue engineering. Today, many techniques are available to generate protein pattern, ranging from technically simple ones, such as micro-contact printing, to highly tunable optical lithography or even technically sophisticated scanning probe lithography. Here, one focus is on the progress made in the development of protein-based materials as positive or negative photoresists allowing micro- to nanostructured scaffolds for biocompatible photonic, electronic and tissue engineering applications. The second one is on approaches, which allow a controlled spatiotemporal positioning of a single protein on surfaces, enabled by the recent developments in immobilization techniques coherent with the sensitive nature of proteins, defined protein orientation and maintenance of the protein activity at interfaces. The third one is on progress in photolithography-based methods, which allow to control the formation of protein-repellant/adhesive polymer brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Humenik
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Anika Winkler
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Thomas Scheibel
- Department of Biomaterials, Faculty of Engineering Science, Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Colloids and Interfaces (BZKG), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Molecular Biosciences (BZMB), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bayreuth Center for Material Science (BayMAT), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany.,Bavarian Polymer Institute (BPI), Universität Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
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7
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3D nanoporous hybrid nanoflower for enhanced non-faradaic redox-free electrochemical impedimetric biodetermination. J Taiwan Inst Chem Eng 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jtice.2020.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Li M, Cheng F, Li H, Jin W, Chen C, He W, Cheng G, Wang Q. Site-Specific and Covalent Immobilization of His-Tagged Proteins via Surface Vinyl Sulfone-Imidazole Coupling. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:16466-16475. [PMID: 31756107 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b02933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Site-specific immobilization of proteins on a surface has been a long-lasting challenge in the fields of biosensing and biotechnology because of the need for improving the biological activity of immobilized protein via the maximal exposure of its bioactive domain. Herein, we reported a new site-specific immobilization method for His-tagged proteins onto a vinyl sulfone (VS)-bearing surface in a covalent manner. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy characterization indicated the specificity of the addition reaction of the imidazole group in histidine on the VS-bearing surface at pH 7.0. Solution-based experiments were carried out to verify the reaction priority of the imidazole residue of histidine with the VS group at neutral conditions. The real-time immobilization process of two His-tagged proteins (HaloTag-6His and anti-HER2 Fab-6His) on surfaces presenting VS, preactivated carboxyl, and NTA groups were studied by quartz crystal microbalance. Compared to the existing methods utilizing covalent (NHS/EDC activated carboxyl) and coordinate (Ni2+-NTA) linking, our method offers two significant advantages for protein immobilization: high density and high specificity. The orientation of the two His-tagged proteins on the VS-bearing surface was confirmed by an enzyme-linked assay and an HER2+ liposome binding experiment. Our method of site-specific immobilization of His-tagged proteins is efficient and straightforward, which would be helpful to expand the applications of recombinant proteins in enzyme immobilization, biosensor and array fabrication, and drug delivery system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haoqiang Li
- Hangzhou HealSun Biopharm Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 735400 , China
| | - Weiwei Jin
- Hangzhou HealSun Biopharm Co., Ltd. , Hangzhou , Zhejiang 735400 , China
| | | | | | - Gang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering , University of Illinois at Chicago , Chicago , Illinois 60607 , United States
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9
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Leggett GJ. Tools for Low-Dimensional Chemistry. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:7589-7602. [PMID: 30365897 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Many biological mechanisms can be considered to be low-dimensional systems: their function is determined by molecular objects of reduced dimensionality. Bacterial photosynthesis is a very good example: the photosynthetic pathway is contained within nano-objects (vesicles) whose function is determined by the numbers and nanoscale organization of membrane proteins and by the ratios of the different types of protein that they contain. Systems biology has provided computational models for studying these processes, but there is a need for experimental platforms with which to test their predictions. This Invited Feature Article reviews recent work on the development of tools for the reconstruction of membrane processes on solid surfaces. Photochemical methods provide a powerful, versatile means for the organization of molecules and membranes across length scales from the molecular to the macroscopic. Polymer brushes are highly effective supports for model membranes and versatile functional and structural components in low-dimensional systems. The incorporation of plasmonic elements facilitates enhanced measurement of spectroscopic properties and provides an additional design strategy via the exploitation of quantum optical phenomena. A low-dimensional system that incorporates functional transmembrane proteins and a mechanism for the in situ measurement of proton transport is described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF , U.K
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10
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Schwaminger SP, Fraga-García P, Blank-Shim SA, Straub T, Haslbeck M, Muraca F, Dawson KA, Berensmeier S. Magnetic One-Step Purification of His-Tagged Protein by Bare Iron Oxide Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2019; 4:3790-3799. [PMID: 31459591 PMCID: PMC6648446 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.8b03348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Magnetic separation is a promising alternative to conventional methods in downstream processing. This can facilitate easier handling, fewer processing steps, and more sustainable processes. Target materials can be extracted directly from crude cell lysates in a single step by magnetic nanoadsorbents with high-gradient magnetic fishing (HGMF). Additionally, the use of hazardous consumables for reducing downstream processing steps can be avoided. Here, we present proof of principle of one-step magnetic fishing from crude Escherichia coli cell lysate of a green fluorescent protein (GFP) with an attached hexahistidine (His6)-tag, which is used as the model target molecule. The focus of this investigation is the upscale to a liter scale magnetic fishing process in which a purity of 91% GFP can be achieved in a single purification step from cleared cell lysate. The binding through the His6-tag can be demonstrated, since no significant binding of nontagged GFP toward bare iron oxide nanoparticles (BIONs) can be observed. Nonfunctionalized BIONs with primary particle diameters of around 12 nm, as used in the process, can be produced with a simple and low-cost coprecipitation synthesis. Thus, HGMF with BIONs might pave the way for a new and greener era of downstream processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian P. Schwaminger
- Bioseparation
Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D14 YH57, Ireland
| | - Paula Fraga-García
- Bioseparation
Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Silvia A. Blank-Shim
- Bioseparation
Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Tamara Straub
- Bioseparation
Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Martin Haslbeck
- Bioseparation
Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
| | - Francesco Muraca
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D14 YH57, Ireland
| | - Kenneth A. Dawson
- Centre
for BioNano Interactions, School of Chemistry and Chemical Biology
and Conway Institute for Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin D14 YH57, Ireland
| | - Sonja Berensmeier
- Bioseparation
Engineering Group, Department of Mechanical Engineering and Department of
Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching 85748, Germany
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Chand S, Beales P, Claeyssens F, Ciani B. Topography design in model membranes: Where biology meets physics. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 244:294-303. [PMID: 30379575 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218809369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
IMPACT STATEMENT Artificial membranes with complex topography aid the understanding of biological processes where membrane geometry plays a key regulatory role. In this review, we highlight how emerging material and engineering technologies have been employed to create minimal models of cell signaling pathways, in vitro. These artificial systems allow life scientists to answer ever more challenging questions with regards to mechanisms in cellular biology. In vitro reconstitution of biology is an area that draws on the expertise and collaboration between biophysicists, material scientists and biologists and has recently generated a number of high impact results, some of which are also discussed in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarina Chand
- 1 Centre for Membrane Structure and Dynamics, Krebs Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK.,2 The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Paul Beales
- 3 School of Chemistry and Astbury Centre for Structural Molecular Biology, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
| | - Frederik Claeyssens
- 2 The Kroto Research Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HQ, UK
| | - Barbara Ciani
- 1 Centre for Membrane Structure and Dynamics, Krebs Institute and Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7HF, UK
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12
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Fetterly CR, Olsen BC, Luber EJ, Buriak JM. Vapor-Phase Nanopatterning of Aminosilanes with Electron Beam Lithography: Understanding and Minimizing Background Functionalization. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:4780-4792. [PMID: 29614858 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Electron beam lithography (EBL) is a highly precise, serial method for patterning surfaces. Positive tone EBL resists enable patterned exposure of the underlying surface, which can be subsequently functionalized for the application of interest. In the case of widely used native oxide-capped silicon surfaces, coupling an activated silane with electron beam lithography would enable nanoscale chemical patterning of the exposed regions. Aminoalkoxysilanes are extremely useful due to their reactive amino functionality but have seen little attention for nanopatterning silicon surfaces with an EBL resist due to background contamination. In this work, we investigated three commercial positive tone EBL resists, PMMA (950k and 495k) and ZEP520A (57k), as templates for vapor-phase patterning of two commonly used aminoalkoxysilanes, 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APTMS) and 3-aminopropyldiisopropylethoxysilane (APDIPES). The PMMA resists were susceptible to significant background reaction within unpatterned areas, a problem that was particularly acute with APTMS. On the other hand, with both APTMS and APDIPES exposure, unpatterned regions of silicon covered by the ZEP520A resist emerged pristine, as shown both with SEM images of the surfaces of the underlying silicon and through the lack of electrostatically driven binding of negatively charged gold nanoparticles. The ZEP520A resist allowed for the highly selective deposition of these alkoxyaminosilanes in the exposed areas, leaving the unpatterned areas clean, a claim also supported by contact angle measurements with four probe liquids and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). We investigated the mechanistic reasons for the stark contrast between the PMMA resists and ZEP520A, and it was found that the efficacy of resist removal appeared to be the critical factor in reducing the background functionalization. Differences in the molecular weight of the PMMA resists and the resulting influence on APTMS diffusion through the resist films are unlikely to have a significant impact. Area-selective nanopatterning of 15 nm gold nanoparticles using the ZEP520A resist was demonstrated, with no observable background conjugation noted in the unexposed areas on the silicon surface by SEM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher R Fetterly
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
| | - Brian C Olsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
| | - Erik J Luber
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
| | - Jillian M Buriak
- Department of Chemistry , University of Alberta , 11227 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2G2 , Canada
- National Institute for Nanotechnology, National Research Council Canada , 11421 Saskatchewan Drive , Edmonton , Alberta T6G 2M9 , Canada
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13
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Madsen J, Ducker RE, Al Jaf O, Cartron ML, Alswieleh AM, Smith CH, Hunter CN, Armes SP, Leggett GJ. Fabrication of microstructured binary polymer brush "corrals" with integral pH sensing for studies of proton transport in model membrane systems. Chem Sci 2018; 9:2238-2251. [PMID: 29719697 PMCID: PMC5897877 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc04424k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Binary brush structures consisting of poly(cysteine methacrylate) (PCysMA) "corrals" enclosed within poly(oligoethylene glycol methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) "walls" are fabricated simply and efficiently using a two-step photochemical process. First, the C-Cl bonds of 4-(chloromethyl)phenylsilane monolayers are selectively converted into carboxylic acid groups by patterned exposure to UV light through a mask and POEGMA is grown from unmodified chlorinated regions by surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP). Incorporation of a ratiometric fluorescent pH indicator, Nile Blue 2-(methacryloyloxy)ethyl carbamate (NBC), into the polymer brushes facilitates assessment of local changes in pH using a confocal laser scanning microscope with spectral resolution capability. Moreover, the dye label acts as a radical spin trap, enabling removal of halogen end-groups from the brushes via in situ dye addition during the polymerisation process. Second, an initiator is attached to the carboxylic acid-functionalised regions formed by UV photolysis in the patterning step, enabling growth of PCysMA brushes by ATRP. Transfer of the system to THF, a poor solvent for PCysMA, causes collapse of the PCysMA brushes. At the interface between the collapsed brush and solvent, selective derivatisation of amine groups is achieved by reaction with excess glutaraldehyde, facilitating attachment of aminobutyl(nitrile triacetic acid) (NTA). The PCysMA brush collapse is reversed on transfer to water, leaving it fully expanded but only functionalized at the brush-water interface. Following complexation of NTA with Ni2+, attachment of histidine-tagged proteorhodopsin and lipid deposition, light-activated transport of protons into the brush structure is demonstrated by measuring the ratiometric response of NBC in the POEGMA walls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Madsen
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - R E Ducker
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - O Al Jaf
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - M L Cartron
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | | | - C H Smith
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - C N Hunter
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology , University of Sheffield , Western Bank , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
| | - S P Armes
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
| | - G J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry , University of Sheffield , Brook Hill , Sheffield S3 7HF , UK . ; ;
- Krebs Institute for Mechanistic Biology , University of Sheffield , Sheffield S10 2TN , UK
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Han L, Liu Q, Yang L, Ye T, He Z, Jia L. Facile Oriented Immobilization of Histidine-Tagged Proteins on Nonfouling Cobalt Polyphenolic Self-Assembly Surfaces. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2017; 3:3328-3337. [PMID: 33445373 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.7b00691] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a completely green and facile protocol to oriented immobilization of histidine-tagged (His-tagged) proteins based on plant polyphenolic tannic acid (TA) is described. This is the first time that TA has been applied as ionic chelators to immobilize His-tagged proteins. To reduce the nonspecific interactions between the TA and immobilized proteins, we assembled nonfouling zwitterionic poly(sulfobetaine methacrylate) (PSBMA) on the TA surface. The use of PSBMA could maintain the high activity of the His-tagged proteins and inhibit the adsorption of untagged protein to the TA surface. Subsequently, the obtained TA/PSBMA film was further chelated with CoII for specific binding to a His-tagged protein. As CoIII is more stable and inert than CoII, the chelated CoII was oxidized to CoIII. Using this approach, His-tagged Chitinase was anchored to TA/PSBMA/CoIII film as a catalyst for the hydrolysis of chitin. The loading capacity of the film for the His-tagged Chitinase can reach ∼4.0 μg/cm2. Moreover, the oriented immobilized Chitinase had high catalytic activity and excellent thermal and storage stability as well as being more resistant to proteolytic digestion by papain. This low-cost and green protein-oriented immobilization strategy may serve as a versatile platform for a range of applications, such as biomaterials, biocatalysis, sensors, drug delivery, and so on.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lulu Han
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Qi Liu
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Liwei Yang
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Tong Ye
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Zhien He
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Jia
- Liaoning Key Laboratory of Molecular Recognition and Imaging, School of Life science and Biotechnology, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian 116023, P. R. China
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15
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El Zubir O, Xia S, Ducker RE, Wang L, Mullin N, Cartron ML, Cadby AJ, Hobbs JK, Hunter CN, Leggett GJ. From Monochrome to Technicolor: Simple Generic Approaches to Multicomponent Protein Nanopatterning Using Siloxanes with Photoremovable Protein-Resistant Protecting Groups. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:8829-8837. [PMID: 28551995 PMCID: PMC5588097 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We show that sequential protein deposition is possible by photodeprotection of films formed from a tetraethylene-glycol functionalized nitrophenylethoxycarbonyl-protected aminopropyltriethoxysilane (NPEOC-APTES). Exposure to near-UV irradiation removes the protein-resistant protecting group, and allows protein adsorption onto the resulting aminated surface. The protein resistance was tested using proteins with fluorescent labels and microspectroscopy of two-component structures formed by micro- and nanopatterning and deposition of yellow and green fluorescent proteins (YFP/GFP). Nonspecific adsorption onto regions where the protecting group remained intact was negligible. Multiple component patterns were also formed by near-field methods. Because reading and writing can be decoupled in a near-field microscope, it is possible to carry out sequential patterning steps at a single location involving different proteins. Up to four different proteins were formed into geometric patterns using near-field lithography. Interferometric lithography facilitates the organization of proteins over square cm areas. Two-component patterns consisting of 150 nm streptavidin dots formed within an orthogonal grid of bars of GFP at a period of ca. 500 nm could just be resolved by fluorescence microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Osama El Zubir
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Sijing Xia
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Robert E. Ducker
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
| | - Lin Wang
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Nic Mullin
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Michaël L. Cartron
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley J. Cadby
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie K. Hobbs
- Department
of Physics and Astronomy, University of
Sheffield, Sheffield S3 7RH, United Kingdom
| | - C. Neil Hunter
- Department
of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Leggett
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, United
Kingdom
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16
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Zhang ZJ, Moxey M, Alswieleh A, Armes SP, Lewis AL, Geoghegan M, Leggett GJ. Nanotribological Investigation of Polymer Brushes with Lithographically Defined and Systematically Varying Grafting Densities. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:706-713. [PMID: 28042924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Following controlled photodeprotection of a 2-nitrophenylpropyloxycarbonyl-protected (aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (NPPOC-APTES) film and subsequent derivatization with a bromoester-based initiator, poly(2-(methacryloyloxy)ethylphosphorylcholine) (PMPC) brushes with various grafting densities were grown from planar silicon substrates using atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). The grafting density correlated closely with the extent of deprotection of the NPPOC-APTES. The coefficient of friction for such PMPC brushes was measured by friction force microscopy in water and found to be inversely proportional to the grafting density due to the osmotic pressure that resists deformation. Deprotection of NPPOC-APTES via near-field photolithography using a range of writing rates enabled the fabrication of neighboring nanoscopic polymeric structures with dimensions ranging from 100 to 1000 nm. Slow writing rates enable complete deprotection to occur; hence, polymer brushes are formed with comparable thicknesses to macroscopic brushes grown under the same conditions. However, the extent of deprotection is reduced at higher writing rates, resulting in the concomitant reduction of the brush thickness. The coefficient of friction for such polymer brushes varied smoothly with brush height, with lower coefficients being obtained at slower writing rate (increasing initiator density) because the solvated brush layer confers greater lubricity. However, when ultrasharp probes were used for nanotribological measurements, the coefficient of friction increased with brush thickness. Under such conditions, the radius of curvature of the tip is comparable to the mean spacing between brush chains, allowing the probe to penetrate the brush layer leading to a relatively large contact area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenyu J Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Mark Moxey
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Abdullah Alswieleh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Steven P Armes
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
| | - Andrew L Lewis
- Biocompatibles UK Ltd., Chapman House, Farnham Business Park, Weydon Lane, Farnham, Surrey GU9 8QL, U.K
| | - Mark Geoghegan
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Sheffield , Sheffield S3 7RH, U.K
| | - Graham J Leggett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield , Brook Hill, Sheffield S3 7HF, U.K
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17
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Nanotechnology to the rescue: using nano-enabled approaches in microbiological food safety and quality. Curr Opin Biotechnol 2016; 44:87-93. [PMID: 27992831 DOI: 10.1016/j.copbio.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Food safety and quality assurance is entering a new era. Interventions along the food supply chain must become more efficient in safeguarding public health and the environment and must address numerous challenges and new consumption trends. Current methods of microbial control to assure the safety of food and minimize microbial spoilage have each shown inefficiencies. Nanotechnology is a rapidly expanding area in the agri/feed/food sector. Nano-enabled approaches such as antimicrobial food-contact surfaces/packaging, nano-enabled sensors for rapid pathogen/contaminant detection and nano-delivered biocidal methods, currently on the market or at a developmental stage, show great potential for the food industry. Concerns on potential risks to human health and the environment posed by use of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) in food applications must, however, be adequately evaluated at the developmental stage to ensure consumer's acceptance.
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18
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Othman A, Karimi A, Andreescu S. Functional nanostructures for enzyme based biosensors: properties, fabrication and applications. J Mater Chem B 2016; 4:7178-7203. [DOI: 10.1039/c6tb02009g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A review describing functional nanostructures for portable and printable enzyme biosensors. Specific physicochemical and surface properties of nanoparticles used as carriers and sensing components and their assembly are discussed with an overview of current and emerging techniques enabling large scale roll-to-roll fabrication and miniaturization. Their integration in flexible, wearable and inexpensive point-of-use devices, and implementation challenges are also provided with examples of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Othman
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Anahita Karimi
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
| | - Silvana Andreescu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science
- Clarkson University
- Potsdam
- USA
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