1
|
Ismail E, Sha’arani SS, Azuma S, Uchikoshi T, Ichinose I. Video Processing Electrophoretic Measurements under High Electric Fields for Sub-millimeter Particles in Oil. J Oleo Sci 2022; 71:445-457. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Edhuan Ismail
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science
| | | | - Shota Azuma
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science
| | - Tetsuo Uchikoshi
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science
| | - Izumi Ichinose
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim J, Jeong J, Hyun Y, Chung SK, Lee J. Electrostatic Stabilization of Nano Liquid Metals in Doped Nonpolar Liquids. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2021; 17:e2104143. [PMID: 34623028 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202104143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Liquid metals and alloys are attracting renewed attention owing to their potential for application in various advanced technologies. Eutectic gallium-indium (EGaIn) has been focused on in particular because of its integrated advantages of high conductivity, low melting point, and low toxicity. In this study, the colloidal behavior of nano-dispersed EGaIn in nonpolar oils is investigated. Although the nonpolar oil continuous phase is commonly considered to be free of electric charges, electrostatic repulsion appears to be crucial in the colloidal stabilization of the nano-dispersed EGaIn phases, the modulation of which is possible by doping the oil phases with different types of oil-soluble surfactants. The qualitative correlation between the observed colloidal stabilities and the "zero field" particle mobilities inferred from the field-dependent electrophoretic mobilities indicates that the electric charging of EGaIn particles in surfactant-doped nonpolar oils is a static phenomenon that is maintained in equilibrium, rather than a solely field-induced process. A systematic investigation of the charging properties of these unique biphasic particles, consisting of the liquid Ga-In bulk and the solid Ga2 O3 surface that formed spontaneously, reveals the complicated system-dependent nature of the charging mechanisms mediated by ionic and nonionic surfactants in nonpolar media.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Jinwon Jeong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Youngbin Hyun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Sang Kug Chung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| | - Joohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Myongji University, 116 Myongji-ro, Cheoin-gu, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, 17058, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Smith GN. Electrolytic conductivity of ionic polymers in a nonpolar solvent. THE EUROPEAN PHYSICAL JOURNAL. E, SOFT MATTER 2020; 43:52. [PMID: 32743710 DOI: 10.1140/epje/i2020-11976-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The electrolytic conductivity of two electrolytes as solutions in the nonpolar solvent, n -dodecane, as a function of concentration has been studied. One was a small molecule electrolyte (tetraalkyl cation and a highly fluorinated tetraphenylborate anion), and the other was a macromolecular electrolyte (cation-containing poly(alkyl methacrylate) chain with the same anion). Two series of the macromolecular cation were prepared: one with entirely cation-containing molecules and the other with a small proportion (10%) cation-containing and the rest nonionic. The conductivity data were qualitatively similar for all systems, which formed both single ions and triple ions. The data from the two series of macromolecular electrolytes were particularly informative to understand some recent and counterintuitive electrokinetic data for particles that were stabilized by these polymers. Reducing the proportion of cationic chains in the stabilizer of the particles was found to increase their electrophoretic mobility. In the conductivity data in this study, reducing the proportion of cationic chains in solution was found to increase the magnitude of the single-ion equilibrium constant and suppress the formation of triple ions. These data should support the development of models to understand these electrokinetic results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, S3 7HF, Sheffield, South Yorkshire, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wu H, Sarfati R, Wang D, Schwartz DK. Electrostatic Barriers to Nanoparticle Accessibility of a Porous Matrix. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:4696-4704. [DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Haichao Wu
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Raphaël Sarfati
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| | - Dapeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun 130022, P. R. China
| | - Daniel K. Schwartz
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Ponto BS, Berg JC. Nanoparticle charging with mixed reverse micelles in apolar media. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.124275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
6
|
Lim S, Park H, Yang J, Kwak C, Lee J. Stable colloidal dispersion of octylated Ti3C2-MXenes in a nonpolar solvent. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2019.123648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
7
|
Farrokhbin M, Stojimirović B, Galli M, Khajeh Aminian M, Hallez Y, Trefalt G. Surfactant mediated particle aggregation in nonpolar solvents. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2019; 21:18866-18876. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp01985e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The aggregation behavior of particles in nonpolar media is studied with time-resolved light scattering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mojtaba Farrokhbin
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Biljana Stojimirović
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | - Marco Galli
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| | | | - Yannick Hallez
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique
- Université de Toulouse
- CNRS
- INPT
- UPS
| | - Gregor Trefalt
- Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry
- University of Geneva
- Sciences II
- 1205 Geneva
- Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Lee J. Charge carriers created by interaction of a nonionic surfactant with water in a nonpolar medium. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2018.06.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
9
|
Nanospikes-mediated Anomalous Dispersities of Hydropobic Micro-objects and their Application for Oil Emulsion Cleaning. Sci Rep 2018; 8:12600. [PMID: 30135437 PMCID: PMC6105594 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30339-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Many fields of applications require dispersion of hydrophobic particles in water, which is traditionally achieved by using surfactants or amphiphilic molecules to modify particle surfaces. However, surfactants or amphiphilic molecules may disturb the native solution or particles' surface hydrophobicity, limiting extended applications such as oil emulsion cleaning. Recently one example of 2 μm-size polystyrene microparticles covered with ZnO nanospikes has been shown to exhibit excellent dispersity in water in spite of surface hydrophobicity. Whether this anomalous dispersion phenomenon was applicable to other hydrophobic microparticle systems was still unclear and its application scope was limited. Here the anomalous dispersities of different hydrophobic spiky micro-objects were systematically explored. The results show that the anomalous dispersion phenomenon was universally observed on different hydrophobic spiky micro-objects including different hydrophobic coating, particle sizes, material compositions and core particle morphologies. In addition, the spiky micro-objects displayed anomalous dispersity in water without compromising surface hydrophobicity, and their applications for oil spills absorption and oil emulsion cleaning were demonstrated. This work offers unique insight on the nanospikes-mediated anomalous dispersion phenomenon of hydrophobic micro-object and potentially extends its applicability and application scopes.
Collapse
|
10
|
Smith GN. Proton transfer in nonpolar solvents: an approach to generate electrolytes in aprotic media. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2018; 20:18919-18923. [PMID: 29974921 DOI: 10.1039/c8cp02349b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Stabilizing charged species in nonpolar solvents is challenging due to their low dielectric constant. As a contrast to formally ionic electrolytes, two series of acidic "potential" electrolytes have been developed in this study. These can be ionized by combining them stoichiometrically with a small molecule base in a typical nonpolar solvent, n-dodecane. The electrolytic conductivity of solutions of bis(2-ethylhexyl)phosphoric acid as mixtures with linear and branched dioctylamines and trioctylamines was measured, and the solutions were found to become increasingly conductive as the concentration increased, demonstrating that proton transfer occurred between the two species. Linear octylamines were found to be most effective at deprotonation. An acid-tipped poly(lauryl methacrylate) polymer (PLMA48-COOH) was also studied to give a polymer soluble in n-dodecane with a single ionizable group located precisely at the end of the polymer chain. Trioctylamine could successfully deprotonate this acid group. Even in an aprotic solvent, the transfer of protons between acidic and basic moieties is a useful method for controlling the properties of dissolved molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gregory N Smith
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sheffield, Brook Hill, Sheffield, South Yorkshire S3 7HF, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Abstract
Highly hydrophobic, water-insoluble nonionic surfactants are often considered irrelevant to the ionization of interfaces at which they adsorb, despite observations that suggest otherwise. In the present study, we provide unambiguous evidence for the participation of a water-insoluble surfactant in interfacial ionization by conducting electrophoresis experiments for surfactant-stabilized nonpolar oil droplets in aqueous continuous phase. It was found that the surfactant with amine headgroup positively charged the surface of oil suspended in aqueous continuous phase (oil/water interface), which is consistent with its basic nature. In nonpolar oil continuous phase, the same surfactant positively charged the surface of solid silica (solid/oil interface) which is often considered acidic. The latter observation is exactly opposite to what the traditional acid-base mechanism of surface charging would predict, most clearly suggesting the possibility for another charging mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joohyung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Myongji University , Yongin , Gyeonggi 17058 , Korea
| | - Zhang-Lin Zhou
- Hewlett-Packard Company , 16399 W Bernardo Drive , San Diego , California 92127 , United States
| | - Sven Holger Behrens
- School of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Georgia Institute of Technology , 311 Ferst Drive NW , Atlanta , Georgia 30332 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Bishop KJM, Drews AM, Cartier CA, Pandey S, Dou Y. Contact Charge Electrophoresis: Fundamentals and Microfluidic Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:6315-6327. [PMID: 29350535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b02946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Contact charge electrophoresis (CCEP) uses steady electric fields to drive the oscillatory motion of conductive particles and droplets between two or more electrodes. In contrast to traditional forms of electrophoresis and dielectrophoresis, CCEP allows for rapid and sustained particle motions driven by low-power dc voltages. These attributes make CCEP a promising mechanism for powering active components for mobile microfluidic technologies. This Feature Article describes our current understanding of CCEP as well as recent strategies to harness it for applications in microfluidics and beyond.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kyle J M Bishop
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Aaron M Drews
- Department of Nanoengineering , University of California-San Diego , La Jolla , California 92093 , United States
| | - Charles A Cartier
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Pennsylvania State University , State College , Pennsylvania 16801 , United States
| | - Shashank Pandey
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| | - Yong Dou
- Department of Chemical Engineering , Columbia University , New York , New York 10027 , United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Hallett JE, Gillespie DAJ, Richardson RM, Bartlett P. Charge regulation of nonpolar colloids. SOFT MATTER 2018; 14:331-343. [PMID: 29164218 DOI: 10.1039/c7sm01825h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Individual colloids often carry a charge as a result of the dissociation (or adsorption) of weakly-ionized surface groups. The magnitude depends on the precise chemical environment surrounding a particle, which in a concentrated dispersion is a function of the colloid packing fraction η. Theoretical studies have suggested that the effective charge Zeff in regulated systems could, in general, decrease with increasing η. We test this hypothesis for nonpolar dispersions by determining Zeff(η) over a wide range of packing fractions (10-5 ≤ η ≤ 0.3) using a combination of small-angle X-ray scattering and electrophoretic mobility measurements. All dispersions remain entirely in the fluid phase regime. We find a complex dependence of the particle charge as a function of the packing fraction, with Zeff initially decreasing at low concentrations before finally increasing at high η. We attribute the non-monotonic density dependence to a crossover from concentration-independent screening at low η, to a high packing fraction regime in which counterions outnumber salt ions and electrostatic screening becomes η-dependent. The efficiency of charge stabilization at high concentrations may explain the unusually high stability of concentrated nanoparticle dispersions which has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James E Hallett
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Bristol BS8 1TS, UK.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Strubbe F, Neyts K. Charge transport by inverse micelles in non-polar media. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2017; 29:453003. [PMID: 28895874 DOI: 10.1088/1361-648x/aa8bf6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Charged inverse micelles play an important role in the electrical charging and the electrodynamics of nonpolar colloidal dispersions relevant for applications such as electronic ink displays and liquid toner printing. This review examines the properties and the behavior of charged inverse micelles in microscale devices in the absence of colloidal particles. It is discussed how charge in nonpolar liquids is stabilized in inverse micelles and how conductivity depends on the inverse micelle size, water content and ionic impurities. Frequently used nonpolar surfactant systems are investigated with emphasis on aerosol-OT (AOT) and poly-isobutylene succinimide (PIBS) in dodecane. Charge generation in the bulk by disproportionation is studied from measurements of conductivity as a function of surfactant concentration and from generation currents in quasi steady-state. When a potential difference is applied, the steady-state situation can show electric field screening or complete charge separation. Different regimes of charge transport are identified when a voltage step is applied. It is shown how the transient and steady-state currents depend on the rate of bulk generation, on insulating layers and on the sticking or non-sticking behavior of charged inverse micelles at interfaces. For the cases of AOT and PIBS in dodecane, the magnitude of the generation rate and the type of interaction at the interface are very different.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Filip Strubbe
- Electronics and Information Systems Department and Center for Nano and Biophotonics, Ghent University, Technologiepark Zwijnaarde 15, 9052 Zwijnaarde, Belgium
| | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ahire M, Mhaske SB. Synthesis of Succinimide Derivatives by NHC-Catalyzed Stetter Reaction of Aromatic Aldehydes with N-Substituted Itaconimides. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:6598-6604. [PMID: 31457257 PMCID: PMC6644805 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 09/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
An N-heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed intermolecular Stetter reaction of aromatic aldehydes with N-substituted itaconimides has been developed. A delicate balance between the Stetter reaction and the competing isomerization of the itaconimide double bond has been achieved in this operationally simple reaction to afford valuable new succinimide derivatives containing 1,4 and 1,5 dicarbonyl scaffolds in good to excellent yields. The reaction tolerates variable substituents on both aldehydes and N-substituted itaconimides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milind
M. Ahire
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Pune 411008, India
| | - Santosh B. Mhaske
- Division
of Organic Chemistry, CSIR-National Chemical
Laboratory, Pune 411008, India
- Academy
of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory Campus, Pune 411008, India
| |
Collapse
|