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Dobrynin D, Polishchuk I, Portal L, Zlotver I, Sosnik A, Pokroy B. Adsorption of SARS CoV-2 spike proteins on various functionalized surfaces correlates with the high transmissibility of Delta and Omicron variants. Mater Today Bio 2022; 14:100265. [PMID: 35465145 PMCID: PMC9017064 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2022.100265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Revised: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The SARS-CoV-2 virus emerged at the end of 2019 and rapidly developed several mutated variants, specifically the Delta and Omicron, which demonstrate higher transmissibility and escalating infection cases worldwide. The dominant transmission pathway of this virus is via human-to-human contact and aerosols which once inhaled interact with the mucosal tissue, but another possible route is through contact with surfaces contaminated with SARS-CoV-2, often exhibiting long-term survival. Here we compare the adsorption capacities of the S1 and S2 subunits of the spike (S) protein from the original variant to that of the S1 subunit from the Delta and Omicron variants on self-assembled monolayers by Quartz Crystal Microbalance. The results clearly show a significant difference in adsorption capacity between the different variants, as well as between the S1 and S2 subunits. Overall, our study demonstrates that while the Omicron variant is able to adsorb much more successfully than the Delta, both variants show enhanced adsorption capacity than that of the original strain. We also examined the influence of pH conditions on the adsorption ability of the S1 subunit and found that adsorption was strongest at pH 7.4, which is the physiological pH. The main conclusion of this study is that there is a strong correlation between the adsorption capacity and the transmissibility of the various SARS-CoV-2 variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Dobrynin
- Bio-Inspired Surface Engineering and Biomineralization Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Iryna Polishchuk
- Bio-Inspired Surface Engineering and Biomineralization Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Lotan Portal
- Bio-Inspired Surface Engineering and Biomineralization Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ivan Zlotver
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Alejandro Sosnik
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Nanomaterials Science, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
| | - Boaz Pokroy
- Bio-Inspired Surface Engineering and Biomineralization Lab, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, 32000, Haifa, Israel
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Zhang R, Wang Y, Yang Z. Spatially arranging interfacial droplets at the oil-solid interface. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:107-113. [PMID: 31651918 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm01720h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The controlling and patterning of small droplets on a solid surface is of significant interest to understand interfacial phenomena and for practical applications. Among interfacial phenomena, the formation of interfacial droplets attracts scientists' attention, as the mechanism of this phenomenon where water molecules can spontaneously accumulate at the hydrophobic oil/solid interface is still not fully understood. Further investigation is needed to find out specifically where the driving force comes from and how to spatially arrange the interfacial droplets. Herein, self-assembled monolayers are formed on a gold substrate, and it turns out that the hydrophobic surface with a monolayer formed from HS(CH2)11CH3 could inhibit the formation of interfacial droplets; by contrast, the hydrophilic surfaces with monolayers formed from HS(CH2)11COOH, HS(CH2)11NH3·Cl and HS(CH2)11OH, all promote water accumulation. It suggests that the hydrogen bonding between the surface and water proves to be critical in inducing interfacial droplet formation but this has been neglected in past studies. Taking advantage of microcontact printing, the surface chemistry can be controlled at the micron scale and allows spatial arrangement of interfacial droplets at specific regions. This work moves a further step in understanding the mechanism of interfacial droplet formation, and can be potentially exploited for the collection of water and fabrication of microtemplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ran Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Yao Wang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Zhongqiang Yang
- Key Laboratory of Organic Optoelectronics and Molecular Engineering of the Ministry of Education, Department of Chemistry, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Qian J, Arends GF, Zhang X. Surface Nanodroplets: Formation, Dissolution, and Applications. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:12583-12596. [PMID: 31132276 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b01051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Droplets at solid-liquid interfaces play essential roles in a broad range of fields, such as compartmentalized chemical reactions and conversions, high-throughput analysis and sensing, and super-resolution near-field imaging. Our recent work has focused on understanding and controlling the nanodroplet formation on solid surfaces in ternary liquid mixtures. These surface nanodroplets resemble tiny liquid lenses with a typical height of <1 μm and a volume of subfemtoliters. The solvent exchange is based on the process of displacing a droplet liquid solution by a poor solvent to create a transient oversaturation for droplet formation. A quantitative understanding of growth dynamics of surface nanodroplets in ternary liquid mixtures not only provides insight into the liquid-liquid phase separation induced by solvent addition in general but also has made it possible to control the droplet size well. This review article will summarize our findings in the last ∼5 years from the research with our collaborators. The first part will explain the fundamental aspects that are key to the formation and stability of surface nanodroplets. In the second part, we will highlight the applications of nanodroplets in chemical analysis and functional surface fabrication and finally point out future directions in droplet-based applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiasheng Qian
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Gilmar F Arends
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering , University of Alberta , Alberta T6G 1H9 , Canada
- Physics of Fluids Group, Max-Planck-Center Twente for Complex Fluid Dynamics, Mesa+ Institute and J. M. Burgers Centre for Fluid Dynamics, Department of Science and Technology , University of Twente , P.O. Box 217, 7500 AE Enschede , The Netherlands
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Huang D, Zhang T, Xiong G, Xu L, Qu Z, Lee E, Luo T. Tuning Water Slip Behavior in Nanochannels Using Self-Assembled Monolayers. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2019; 11:32481-32488. [PMID: 31408315 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b09509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Water slip at solid surfaces is important for a wide range of micro-/nanofluidic applications. While it is known that water slip behavior depends on surface functionalization, how it impacts the molecular level dynamics and mass transport at the interface is still not thoroughly understood. In this paper, we use nonequilibrium molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the slip behavior of water confined between gold surfaces functionalized by self-assembled monolayer (SAM) molecules with different polar functional groups. We observe a positive-to-negative slip transition from hydrophobic to hydrophilic SAM functionalizations, which is found to be related to the stronger interfacial interaction between water molecules and more hydrophilic SAM molecules. The stronger interaction increases the surface friction and local viscosity, making water slip more difficult. More hydrophilic functionalization also slows down the interfacial water relaxation and leads to more pronounced water trapping inside the SAM layer, both of which impede water slip. The results from this work will provide useful insights into the understanding of the water slip at functionalized surfaces and design guidelines for various applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Guoping Xiong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering , University of Nevada - Reno , Reno , Nevada 89557 , United States
| | - Linji Xu
- Environmental Engineering Technology Research Center , Chongqing Academy of Ecology and Environmental Sciences , No. 252 Qishan Road , Yubei District, Chongqing 401120 , China
| | - Zhiguo Qu
- Moe Key Laboratory of Thermo-Fluid Science and Engineering, Energy and Power Engineering School , Xi'an Jiaotong University , Xi'an 710049 , China
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Li D, Liu Y, Qi L, Gu J, Tang Q, Wang X, Bhushan B. Properties of Blisters Formed on Polymer Films and Differentiating them from Nanobubbles/Nanodrops. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3005-3012. [PMID: 30712347 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
When studying surface nanobubbles on film-coated substrates, a class of bubble-like domains called blisters are probably forming at the solid-liquid interface together with nanobubbles. This may easily lead to a misunderstanding of the characteristics and applications of surface nanobubbles and thus continue to cause problems within the nanobubble community. Therefore, how to distinguish surface nanobubbles from blisters is a problem. Herein, the morphology and properties of blisters are investigated on both smooth and nanopitted polystyrene (PS) films in degassed water. The morphology and contact angle of blisters are similar to those of surface nanobubbles. However, blisters were observed to be punctured under the tip-blister interaction and be torn broken by an atomic force microscope tip during the process of scanning. At the same time, nanopits on the surface of blisters that formed on a pitted PS film can be seen clearly. These provide direct and visual evidence for distinguishing blisters from surface nanobubbles. In addition, surface nanobubbles and blisters on smooth and pitted PS films in air-equilibrated water are studied. No punctured surface nanobubble was observed, and the force curves obtained on surface nanobubbles and the change in height of blisters and surface nanobubbles under a large scanning force show that surface nanobubbles are much softer than blisters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayong Li
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2) , The Ohio State University , 201 W. 19th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210-1142 , United States
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Bharat Bhushan
- Nanoprobe Laboratory for Bio- & Nanotechnology and Biomimetics (NLB2) , The Ohio State University , 201 W. 19th Avenue , Columbus , Ohio 43210-1142 , United States
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Zhong X, Ren J, Duan F. Wettability Effect on Evaporation Dynamics and Crystalline Patterns of Sessile Saline Droplets. J Phys Chem B 2017; 121:7924-7933. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b03690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Zhong
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Junheng Ren
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
| | - Fei Duan
- School of Mechanical and
Aerospace Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore 639798
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Zhang Z, Ahn Y, Jang J. Molecular dynamics simulations of nanoscale engravings on an alkanethiol monolayer. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra06005j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermal stability of nanoscale engravings on alkanethiol monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengqing Zhang
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
| | - Yoonho Ahn
- Department of Applied Physics
- Kyung Hee University
- Yongin 446-701
- South Korea
| | - Joonkyung Jang
- Department of Nanoenergy Engineering
- Pusan National University
- Busan 609-735
- South Korea
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