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Raffaelle P, Wang GT, Shestopalov AA. Light-Mediated Contact Printing of Phosphorus Species onto Silicon Using Carbene-Based Molecular Layers. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2024; 40:12027-12034. [PMID: 38814003 PMCID: PMC11171451 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.4c00763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 05/18/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
The ability to deposit pattern-specific molecular layers onto silicon with either regional p-/n-doping properties or that act as chemoselective resists for area-selective deposition is highly sought after in the bottom-up manufacturing of microelectronics. In this study, we demonstrate a simple protocol for the covalent attachment and patterning of a phosphorus-based dopant precursor onto silicon(100) functionalized with reactive carbene species. This method relies on selective surface reactions, which provide terminal functionalities that can be photochemically modified via ultraviolet-assisted contact printing between the carbene-functionalized substrate and an elastomeric stamp inked with the inorganic dopant precursor. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis combined with scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging was used to characterize the molecule attachment and patterning ability of this technique. XPS spectra are indicative of the covalent bonding between phosphorus-containing molecules and the functionalized surface after both bulk solution-phase reaction and photochemical printing. SEM analysis of the corresponding printed features demonstrates the effective transfer of the phosphorus species in a patterned orientation matching that of the stamp pattern. This simple approach to patterning dopant precursors has the potential to inform the continued refinement of thin-film electronic, photonic, and quantum device manufacturing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
R. Raffaelle
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - George T. Wang
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Alexander A. Shestopalov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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2
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Tsuda M, Morita T, Morita Y, Takaya J, Nakamura H. Methylene Insertion into Nitrogen-Heteroatom Single Bonds of 1,2-Azoles via a Zinc Carbenoid: An Alternative Tool for Skeletal Editing. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2307563. [PMID: 38148471 PMCID: PMC10933618 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202307563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen-heteroatom single bonds of 1,2-azoles and isoxazolines underwent methylene insertion in the presence of CH2 I2 (6 equiv.) and diethylzinc (3 equiv.) to produce a wide variety of the ring-expanded six-membered heterocycles. Density functional theory calculations suggest that the methylene insertion proceeds via cleavage of nitrogen-heteroatom single bonds followed by ring closure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Tsuda
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
| | - Taiki Morita
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
| | - Yuto Morita
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTokyo Institute of TechnologyO‐okayamaMeguro‐kuTokyo152–8551Japan
| | - Jun Takaya
- Department of ChemistrySchool of ScienceTokyo Institute of TechnologyO‐okayamaMeguro‐kuTokyo152–8551Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakamura
- School of Life Science and TechnologyTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
- Laboratory for Chemistry and Life ScienceInstitute of Innovative ResearchTokyo Institute of Technology4259 Nagatsuta‐cho Midori‐kuYokohama226–8501Japan
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3
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Li J, Bi L, Musolino SF, Wulff JE, Sask KN. Functionalization of Polydimethylsiloxane with Diazirine-Based Linkers for Covalent Protein Immobilization. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2024; 16:1-16. [PMID: 38149968 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c08013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2023]
Abstract
Biomolecule attachment to solid supports is critical for biomedical devices, such as biosensors and implants. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is commonly used for these applications due to its advantageous properties. To enhance the biomolecule immobilization on PDMS, a novel technique is demonstrated using newly synthesized diazirine molecules for the surface modification of PDMS. This nondestructive process involves a reaction between diazirine molecules and PDMS through C-H insertion with thermal or ultraviolet activation. The success of the PDMS modification is confirmed by various surface characterization techniques. Bovine serum albumin (BSA) and immunoglobulin G (IgG) are strongly attached to the modified PDMS surfaces, and the amount of protein is quantified using iodine-125 radiolabeling. The results demonstrate that PDMS is rapidly functionalized, and the stability of the immobilized proteins is significantly improved with multiple types of diazirine molecules and activation methods. Confocal microscopy provides three-dimensional images of the distribution of immobilized IgG on the surfaces and the penetration of diazirine-based linkers through the PDMS substrate during the coating process. Overall, this study presents a promising new approach for functionalizing PDMS surfaces to enhance biomolecule immobilization, and its potential applications can extend to multimaterial modifications for various diagnostic and medical applications such as microfluidic devices and immunoassays with relevant bioactive proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Li
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L2, Canada
| | - Liting Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Stefania F Musolino
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria, Victoria, British Columbia V8W 3V6, Canada
| | - Kyla N Sask
- School of Biomedical Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L2, Canada
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4L8, Canada
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4
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Raffaelle P, Wang GT, Shestopalov AA. Vapor-Phase Halogenation of Hydrogen-Terminated Silicon(100) Using N-Halogen-succinimides. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:55139-55149. [PMID: 37965814 PMCID: PMC10694808 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c13269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
The focus of this study was to demonstrate the vapor-phase halogenation of Si(100) and subsequently evaluate the inhibiting ability of the halogenated surfaces toward atomic layer deposition (ALD) of aluminum oxide (Al2O3). Hydrogen-terminated silicon ⟨100⟩ (H-Si(100)) was halogenated using N-chlorosuccinimide (NCS), N-bromosuccinimide (NBS), and N-iodosuccinimide (NIS) in a vacuum-based chemical process. The composition and physical properties of the prepared monolayers were analyzed by using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and contact angle (CA) goniometry. These measurements confirmed that all three reagents were more effective in halogenating H-Si(100) over OH-Si(100) in the vapor phase. The stability of the modified surfaces in air was also tested, with the chlorinated surface showing the greatest resistance to monolayer degradation and silicon oxide (SiO2) generation within the first 24 h of exposure to air. XPS and atomic force microscopy (AFM) measurements showed that the succinimide-derived Hal-Si(100) surfaces exhibited blocking ability superior to that of H-Si(100), a commonly used ALD resist. This halogenation method provides a dry chemistry alternative for creating halogen-based ALD resists on Si(100) in near-ambient environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick
R. Raffaelle
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - George T. Wang
- Sandia
National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87185, United States
| | - Alexander A. Shestopalov
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Hajim School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
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5
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Jia R, Hoffman BN, Kozlov AV, Demos SG, Shestopalov AA. Monolayer organic thin films as particle-contamination-resistant coatings. Sci Rep 2023; 13:11387. [PMID: 37452059 PMCID: PMC10349057 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-37813-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Three organic monolayers coatings were developed and tested for their effectiveness to increase cleaning efficiency of attached microscale particles by air flows. The experiments were performed using silica substrates coated with these organic thin films and subsequently exposed to stainless-steel and silica microparticles as a model of contamination. Laser-induced-damage tests confirmed that the coatings do not affect the laser-induced-damage threshold values. The particle exposure results suggest that although the accumulation of particles is not significantly affected under the experimental conditions used in this work, the coated substrates exhibit significantly improved cleaning efficiency with a gas flow. A size-distribution analysis was conducted to study the adsorption and cleaning efficiency of particles of different sizes. It was observed that larger size (> 5-μm) particles can be removed from coated substrates with almost 100% efficiency. It was also determined that the coatings improve the cleaning efficiency of the smaller particles (≤ 5 μm) by 17% to 30% for the stainless steel metal and 19% to 38% for the silica particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruobin Jia
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Brittany N Hoffman
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - Alexei V Kozlov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - Stavros G Demos
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA
| | - Alexander A Shestopalov
- Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14623-1299, USA.
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA.
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Ollevier T, Carreras V. Emerging Applications of Aryl Trifluoromethyl Diazoalkanes and Diazirines in Synthetic Transformations. ACS ORGANIC & INORGANIC AU 2022; 2:83-98. [PMID: 36855460 PMCID: PMC9954246 DOI: 10.1021/acsorginorgau.1c00027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Aryl trifluoromethyl diazoalkanes and diazirines have become unique as reactants in synthetic methodology. As privileged compounds containing CF3 groups and ease of synthetic access, aryl trifluoromethyl diazoalkanes and diazirines have been highlighted for their versatility in applications toward a wide range of synthetic transformations. This Perspective highlights the synthetic applications of these reactants as precursors of stabilized metal carbenes, i.e., donor-acceptor-substituted ones.
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Musolino SF, Pei Z, Bi L, DiLabio GA, Wulff JE. Structure-function relationships in aryl diazirines reveal optimal design features to maximize C-H insertion. Chem Sci 2021; 12:12138-12148. [PMID: 34667579 PMCID: PMC8457397 DOI: 10.1039/d1sc03631a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Diazirine reagents allow for the ready generation of carbenes upon photochemical, thermal, or electrical stimulation. Because carbenes formed in this way can undergo rapid insertion into any nearby C-H, O-H or N-H bond, molecules that encode diazirine functions have emerged as privileged tools in applications ranging from biological target identification and proteomics through to polymer crosslinking and adhesion. Here we use a combination of experimental and computational methods to complete the first comprehensive survey of diazirine structure-function relationships, with a particular focus on thermal activation methods. We reveal a striking ability to vary the activation energy and activation temperature of aryl diazirines through the rational manipulation of electronic properties. Significantly, we show that electron-rich diazirines have greatly enhanced efficacy toward C-H insertion, under both thermal and photochemical activation conditions. We expect these results to lead to significant improvements in diazirine-based chemical probes and polymer crosslinkers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Zhipeng Pei
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Kelowna BC V1V-1V7 Canada
| | - Liting Bi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria Victoria BC V8W-3V6 Canada
| | - Gino A DiLabio
- Department of Chemistry, University of British Columbia Kelowna BC V1V-1V7 Canada
| | - Jeremy E Wulff
- Department of Chemistry, University of Victoria Victoria BC V8W-3V6 Canada
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8
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Tanbouza N, Carreras V, Ollevier T. Photochemical Cyclopropenation of Alkynes with Diazirines as Carbene Precursors in Continuous Flow. Org Lett 2021; 23:5420-5424. [PMID: 34228924 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.1c01750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
An efficient synthesis of 3-trifluoromethyl-3-aryl-cyclopropenes via the cyclopropenation reaction of alkynes with photolytically generated carbenes from diazirine compounds is described. This reaction is performed in continuous flow using readily available LEDs under mild reaction conditions. This new and efficient method describes the synthesis of 25 examples of 3-trifluoromethyl-3-aryl-cyclopropenes with yields up to 97%, achieved in continuous flow with a 5 min residence time. Control experiments highlighted that diazirines are more efficient than diazo compounds for this transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour Tanbouza
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Virginie Carreras
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
| | - Thierry Ollevier
- Département de chimie, Université Laval, 1045 Avenue de la Médecine, Québec, QC G1V 0A6, Canada
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9
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Hill K, Walker SN, Salminen A, Chung HL, Li X, Ezzat B, Miller JJ, DesOrmeaux JPS, Zhang J, Hayden A, Burgin T, Piraino L, May MN, Gaborski TR, Roussie JA, Taylor J, DiVincenti L, Shestopalov AA, McGrath JL, Johnson DG. Second Generation Nanoporous Silicon Nitride Membranes for High Toxin Clearance and Small Format Hemodialysis. Adv Healthc Mater 2020; 9:e1900750. [PMID: 31943849 PMCID: PMC7041421 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201900750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Conventional hemodialysis (HD) uses floor-standing instruments and bulky dialysis cartridges containing ≈2 m2 of 10 micrometer thick, tortuous-path membranes. Portable and wearable HD systems can improve outcomes for patients with end-stage renal disease by facilitating more frequent, longer dialysis at home, providing more physiological toxin clearance. Developing devices with these benefits requires highly efficient membranes to clear clinically relevant toxins in small formats. Here, the ability of ultrathin (<100 nm) silicon-nitride-based membranes to reduce the membrane area required to clear toxins by orders of magnitude is shown. Advanced fabrication methods are introduced that produce nanoporous silicon nitride membranes (NPN-O) that are two times stronger than the original nanoporous nitride materials (NPN) and feature pore sizes appropriate for middle-weight serum toxin removal. Single-pass benchtop studies with NPN-O (1.4 mm2 ) demonstrate the extraordinary clearance potential of these membranes (105 mL min-1 m-2 ), and their intrinsic hemocompatibility. Results of benchtop studies with nanomembranes, and 4 h dialysis of uremic rats, indicate that NPN-O can reduce the membrane area required for hemodialysis by two orders of magnitude, suggesting the performance and robustness needed to enable small-format hemodialysis, a milestone in the development of small-format hemodialysis systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kayli Hill
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Samuel N Walker
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Alec Salminen
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Hung L Chung
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Xunzhi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Bahie Ezzat
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Joshua J Miller
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Jon-Paul S DesOrmeaux
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Jingkai Zhang
- The Institute of Optics, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Andrew Hayden
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Tucker Burgin
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Lindsay Piraino
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Marina N May
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Thomas R Gaborski
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, NY, 14623, USA
| | - James A Roussie
- SiMPore, Inc., 150 Lucius Gordon Drive, Suite 110, West Henrietta, Henrietta, NY, 14586, USA
| | - Jeremy Taylor
- Department of Nephrology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Louis DiVincenti
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | | | - James L McGrath
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
| | - Dean G Johnson
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, 14627, USA
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10
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Dong L, Liu X, Xiong Z, Sheng D, Lin C, Zhou Y, Yang Y. Fabrication of highly efficient ultraviolet absorbing PVDF membranes via surface polydopamine deposition. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.45746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Li Dong
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Xiangdong Liu
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Zhengrong Xiong
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Dekun Sheng
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Changhong Lin
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
| | - Yuming Yang
- Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences; Changchun 130022 China
- University of Science and Technology of China; Hefei 230026 China
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11
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Li X, Johnson D, Ma W, Chung H, Getpreecharsawas J, McGrath JL, Shestopalov AA. Modification of Nanoporous Silicon Nitride with Stable and Functional Organic Monolayers. CHEMISTRY OF MATERIALS : A PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2017; 29:2294-2302. [PMID: 29651199 PMCID: PMC5892436 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemmater.6b05392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the formation of functional organic monolayers on thin, nanoporous silicon nitride membranes. We demonstrate that the vapor-phase carbene insertion into the surface C-H bonds can be used to form sub-5 nm molecular coatings on nanoporous materials, which can be further modified with monolayers of polyethylene glycol (PEG) molecules. We investigate composition, thickness, and stability of the functionalized monolayers and the changes in the membrane permeability and pore size distribution. We show that, due to the low coating thickness (~7 nm), the functionalized membrane retains 80% of the original gas permeance and 40% of the original hydraulic permeability. We also show that the carbene/PEG functionalization is hydrolytically stable for up to 48 h of exposure to water and that it can suppress nonspecific adsorption of the proteins BSA and IgG. Our results suggest that the vapor-phase carbenylation can be used as a complementary technology to the traditional self-assembly and polymer brush chemistries in chemical functionalization of nanoporous materials, which are limited in their ability to serve as stable coatings that do not occlude nanomembrane pores.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xunzhi Li
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Dean Johnson
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Wenchuan Ma
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Henry Chung
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - Jirachai Getpreecharsawas
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
| | - James L. McGrath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .
| | - Alexander A. Shestopalov
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York 14627, United States
- Corresponding Authors: .
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