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Bowers GM, Loganathan N, Loring JS, Schaef HT, Yazaydin AO. Chemistry and Dynamics of Supercritical Carbon Dioxide and Methane in the Slit Pores of Layered Silicates. Acc Chem Res 2023. [PMID: 37339149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.3c00188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/22/2023]
Abstract
ConspectusIn the mid 2010s, high-pressure diffraction and spectroscopic tools opened a window into the molecular-scale behavior of fluids under the conditions of many CO2 sequestration and shale/tight gas reservoirs, conditions where CO2 and CH4 are present as variably wet supercritical fluids. Integrating high-pressure spectroscopy and diffraction with molecular modeling has revealed much about the ways that supercritical CO2 and CH4 behave in reservoir components, particularly in the slit-shaped micro- and mesopores of layered silicates (phyllosilicates) abundant in caprocks and shales. This Account summarizes how supercritical CO2 and CH4 behave in the slit pores of swelling phyllosilicates as functions of the H2O activity, framework structural features, and charge-balancing cation properties at 90 bar and 323 K, conditions similar to a reservoir at ∼1 km depth. Slit pores containing cations with large radii, low hydration energy, and large polarizability readily interact with CO2, allowing CO2 and H2O to adsorb and coexist in these interlayer pores over a wide range of fluid humidities. In contrast, cations with small radii, high hydration energy, and low polarizability weakly interact with CO2, leading to reduced CO2 uptake and a tendency to exclude CO2 from interlayers when H2O is abundant. The reorientation dynamics of confined CO2 depends on the interlayer pore height, which is strongly influenced by the cation properties, framework properties, and fluid humidity. The silicate structural framework also influences CO2 uptake and behavior; for example, smectites with increasing F-for-OH substitution in the framework take up greater quantities of CO2. Reactions that trap CO2 in carbonate phases have been observed in thin H2O films near smectite surfaces, including a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism when the edge surface area is large and an ion exchange-precipitation mechanism when the interlayer cation can form a highly insoluble carbonate. In contrast, supercritical CH4 does not readily associate with cations, does not react with smectites, and is only incorporated into interlayer slit mesopores when (i) the pore has a z-dimension large enough to accommodate CH4, (ii) the smectite has low charge, and (iii) the H2O activity is low. The adsorption and displacement of CH4 by CO2 and vice versa have been studied on the molecular scale in one shale, but opportunities remain to examine behavioral details in this more complicated, slit-pore inclusive system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey M Bowers
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's College of Maryland, 47645 College Drive, St. Mary's City, Maryland 20686, United States
| | - Narasimhan Loganathan
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - John S Loring
- Computational and Molecular Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - Herbert Todd Schaef
- Computational and Molecular Sciences Directorate, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, Washington 99352, United States
| | - A Ozgur Yazaydin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University College London, London, U.K. WC1E 7JE
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Ok S. Low-field NMR investigations on dynamics of crude oil confined into nanoporous silica rods and white powder. Front Chem 2023; 11:1087474. [PMID: 36778033 PMCID: PMC9908575 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2023.1087474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, to mimic the natural confinement of crude oils, model experiments are conducted with crude oils having different physical properties and maltenes of parent crude oils without asphaltenes confined into engineered nanoporous silica rods with pore diameters of 2.5 and 10.0 nm and white powdered nanoporous silica with pore diameters of 2.5 and 4.0 nm. This will help with suggesting potential treatments for enhancing crude oil recovery. Low-field nuclear magnetic resonance (LF-NMR) relaxometry has been applied to achieve this goal. The nanoporous proxies resemble real-life nanoporous rocks of reservoirs. The dynamics of confined crude oils with different oAPI gravity deviate from bulk dynamics, and deviation changes depending on the oAPI gravity. This suggests that treatments must be decided appropriately before crude oil production. Similar treatments could be applied for light and medium-heavy crude oils. Mathematical analysis of NMR relaxation curves of confined crude oils with different fractions of SARA (saturates, aromatics, resins, asphaltenes) indicates that the conventional SARA approach needs a better definition for the confined state of matter. The NMR relaxation behavior of confined maltenes shows that resin molecules might act like saturates in natural confinement with various scale pores from nano to micro and even macro, or aromatics might show resin-like behaviors. Confinement of brine and a light crude oil into white powdered nanoporous silica proxies demonstrates that brine could be utilized along with some additives such as nanoparticles for oil recovery. Therefore, these issues must be evaluated in deciding the proper treatments for crude oil production.
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Ok S, Gautam S, Liu KH, Cole DR. Surface Interactions and Nanoconfinement of Methane and Methane plus CO 2 Revealed by High-Pressure Magic Angle Spinning NMR Spectroscopy and Molecular Dynamics. MEMBRANES 2022; 12:1273. [PMID: 36557180 PMCID: PMC9785918 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12121273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study explores the fundamental, molecular- to microscopic-level behavior of methane gas confined into nanoporous silica proxies with different pore diameters and surface-to-volume (S/V) ratios. Surfaces and pore walls of nanoporous silica matrices are decorated with hydroxyl (-OH) groups, resembling natural heterogeneity. High-pressure MAS NMR was utilized to characterize the interactions between methane and the engineered nanoporous silica proxies under various temperature and pressure regimes. There was a change in the chemical shift position of confined methane slightly in the mixtures with nanoporous silica up to 393 K, as shown by high-pressure 13C-NMR. The 13C-NMR chemical shift of methane was changed by pressure, explained by the densification of methane inside the nanoporous silica materials. The influence of pore diameter and S/V of the nanoporous silica materials on the behaviors and dynamics of methane were studied. The presence of CO2 in mixtures of silica and methane needs analysis with caution because CO2 in a supercritical state and gaseous CO2 change the original structure of nanoporous silica and change surface area and pore volume. According to simulation, the picosecond scale dynamics of methane confined in larger pores of amorphous silica is faster. In the 4 nm pore, the diffusivity obtained from MD simulations in the pore with a higher S/V ratio is slower due to the trapping of methane molecules in adsorbed layers close to the corrugated pore surface. In contrast, relaxation measured with NMR for smaller pores (higher S/V) exhibits larger T1, indicating slower relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ok
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Siddharth Gautam
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Kao-Hsiang Liu
- Shull Wollan Center—A Joint Institute for Neutron Science Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - David R. Cole
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
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Rehmeier K, Smith E, Alvarado V, Goroncy A, Lehmann T. Probing Ethane Phase Changes in Bead Pack via High-Field NMR Spectroscopy. Chem Eng Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ces.2022.117969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pavón E, Alba MD. Swelling layered minerals applications: A solid state NMR overview. PROGRESS IN NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE SPECTROSCOPY 2021; 124-125:99-128. [PMID: 34479713 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnmrs.2021.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Swelling layered clay minerals form an important sub-group of the phyllosilicate family. They are characterized by their ability to expand or contract in the presence or absence of water. This property makes them useful for a variety of applications, ranging from environmental technologies to heterogeneous catalysis, and including pharmaceutical and industrial applications. Solid State Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (SS-NMR) has been extensively applied in the characterization of these materials, providing useful information on their dynamics and structure that is inaccessible using other characterization methods such as X-ray diffraction. In this review, we present the key contributions of SS-NMR to the understanding of the mechanisms that govern some of the main applications associated to swelling clay minerals. The article is divided in two parts. The first part presents SS-NMR conventional applications to layered clay minerals, while the second part comprises an in-depth review of the information that SS-NMR can provide about the different properties of swelling layered clay minerals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esperanza Pavón
- Instituto Ciencia de los Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; Departamento de Física de la Materia Condensada, Universidad de Sevilla, Avda. Reina Mercedes, s/n, 41012 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - María D Alba
- Instituto Ciencia de los Materiales de Sevilla (CSIC-US), Avda. Américo Vespucio, 49, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
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Ok S, Hwang B, Liu T, Welch S, Sheets JM, Cole DR, Liu KH, Mou CY. Fluid Behavior in Nanoporous Silica. Front Chem 2020; 8:734. [PMID: 33005606 PMCID: PMC7485247 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigate dynamics of water (H2O) and methanol (CH3OH and CH3OD) inside mesoporous silica materials with pore diameters of 4.0, 2.5, and 1.5 nm using low-field (LF) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry. Experiments were conducted to test the effects of pore size, pore volume, type of fluid, fluid/solid ratio, and temperature on fluid dynamics. Longitudinal relaxation times (T1) and transverse relaxation times (T2) were obtained for the above systems. We observe an increasing deviation in confined fluid behavior compared to that of bulk fluid with decreasing fluid-to-solid ratio. Our results show that the surface area-to-volume ratio is a critical parameter compared to pore diameter in the relaxation dynamics of confined water. An increase in temperature for the range between 25 and 50°C studied did not influence T2 times of confined water significantly. However, when the temperature was increased, T1 times of water confined in both silica-2.5 nm and silica-1.5 nm increased, while those of water in silica-4.0 nm did not change. Reductions in both T1 and T2 values as a function of fluid-to-solid ratio were independent of confined fluid species studied here. The parameter T1/T2 indicates that H2O interacts more strongly with the pore walls of silica-4.0 nm than CH3OH and CH3OD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salim Ok
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Bohyun Hwang
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Tingting Liu
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Susan Welch
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Julia M. Sheets
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David R. Cole
- School of Earth Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Chemistry, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Kao-Hsiang Liu
- Shull Wollan Center-A Joint Institute for Neutron Sciences, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, United States
| | - Chung-Yuan Mou
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Busca G, Gervasini A. Solid acids, surface acidity and heterogeneous acid catalysis. ADVANCES IN CATALYSIS 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.acat.2020.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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High temperature/pressure MAS-NMR for the study of dynamic processes in mixed phase systems. Magn Reson Imaging 2019; 56:37-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mri.2018.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/24/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Paul G, Bisio C, Braschi I, Cossi M, Gatti G, Gianotti E, Marchese L. Combined solid-state NMR, FT-IR and computational studies on layered and porous materials. Chem Soc Rev 2018; 47:5684-5739. [PMID: 30014075 DOI: 10.1039/c7cs00358g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the structure-property relationship of solids is of utmost relevance for efficient chemical processes and technological applications in industries. This contribution reviews the concept of coupling three well-known characterization techniques (solid-state NMR, FT-IR and computational methods) for the study of solid state materials which possess 2D and 3D architectures and discusses the way it will benefit the scientific communities. It highlights the most fundamental and applied aspects of the proactive combined approach strategies to gather information at a molecular level. The integrated approach involving multiple spectroscopic and computational methods allows achieving an in-depth understanding of the surface, interfacial and confined space processes that are beneficial for the establishment of structure-property relationships. The role of ssNMR/FT-IR spectroscopic properties of probe molecules in monitoring the strength and distribution of catalytic active sites and their accessibility at the porous/layered surface is discussed. Both experimental and theoretical aspects will be considered by reporting relevant examples. This review also identifies and discusses the progress, challenges and future prospects in the field of synthesis and applications of layered and porous solids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geo Paul
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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Gould NS, Xu B. Catalyst characterization in the presence of solvent: development of liquid phase structure-activity relationships. Chem Sci 2017; 9:281-287. [PMID: 29629097 PMCID: PMC5870052 DOI: 10.1039/c7sc03728g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the low volatility and highly oxygenated nature of biomass derived feedstocks, biomass upgrade reactions are frequently conducted in the presence of solvent to improve substrate mass transfer to the catalyst surface. However, relevant catalyst characterization techniques are most often performed in vacuum or inert gas environments, where the effect of solvent on the catalytic sites is ignored. Comparatively, characterization techniques in the presence of solvent are relatively rare, which poses challenges in developing structure-activity relationships for liquid phase reactions. In this perspective, commonly utilized techniques for probing the solid-liquid interface are briefly covered, with a focus on the role of solvent on zeolite and solid acid catalysis. New applications of techniques are proposed, most notably with ATR-FTIR, in the context of extracting thermodynamic information for the further understanding of the role of solvent on broadly applicable catalyst properties, such as acidity, and to develop structure-activity relationships for solid catalysts in solvent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas S Gould
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , 150 Academy St. , Newark , DE , USA 19716 .
| | - Bingjun Xu
- Catalysis Center for Energy Innovation , Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering , University of Delaware , 150 Academy St. , Newark , DE , USA 19716 .
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Qi L, Alamillo R, Elliott WA, Andersen A, Hoyt DW, Walter ED, Han KS, Washton NM, Rioux RM, Dumesic JA, Scott SL. Operando Solid-State NMR Observation of Solvent-Mediated Adsorption-Reaction of Carbohydrates in Zeolites. ACS Catal 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acscatal.7b01045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ricardo Alamillo
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
| | | | - Amity Andersen
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - David W. Hoyt
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Eric D. Walter
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Kee Sung Han
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | - Nancy M. Washton
- Environmental
Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
| | | | - James A. Dumesic
- Department
of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, United States
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