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Alexe F, Sau C, Iorga O, Toader G, Diacon A, Rusen E, Lazaroaie C, Ginghina RE, Tiganescu TV, Teodorescu M, Sobetkii A. Experimental Investigations on Shear Thickening Fluids as "Liquid Body Armors": Non-Conventional Formulations for Ballistic Protection. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:2305. [PMID: 39204525 PMCID: PMC11359824 DOI: 10.3390/polym16162305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2024] [Revised: 08/06/2024] [Accepted: 08/12/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Shear thickening fluids (STFs) have garnered attention as potential enhancers of protective capabilities and for the optimization of Kevlar® armor design. To assess the possible shear thickening properties and potential application in ballistic protection, ten formulations were developed by employing polyethylene glycol (PEG) or polypropylene glycol (PPG), along with fumed silica or Aerosil HDK®. Rheological characterization facilitated the identification of formulations displaying shear thickening behavior. The potential integration of the selected shear thickening fluids (STFs) into Kevlar®-based composites was investigated by studying the impact resistance of Kevlar® soft armor structures. Also, high-velocity impact testing revealed that the distance between aramid layers plays a crucial role in the impact resistance effectiveness of Kevlar®-STF composite structures and that there is a very narrow domain between optimal and undesired scenarios in which STF could facilitate the penetration of Kevlar. The introduction of STF between the Kevlar sheets disrupted this packing and the energy absorption capacity of the material was not improved. Only one formulation (PEG400, Aerosil 27 wt.%) led to a less profound traumatic imprint and stopped the bullet when it was placed between layers no.1 and no.2 from a total of 11 layers of Kevlar XP. These experimental findings align with the modeling and simulation of Kevlar®-STF composites using Ansys simulation software (Ansys® AutoDyn 2022 R2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Florentina Alexe
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniţei Ave., 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (F.A.); (C.S.); (C.L.); (R.E.G.)
| | - Ciprian Sau
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniţei Ave., 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (F.A.); (C.S.); (C.L.); (R.E.G.)
| | - Ovidiu Iorga
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniţei Ave., 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (F.A.); (C.S.); (C.L.); (R.E.G.)
| | - Gabriela Toader
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 George Cosbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Aurel Diacon
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 George Cosbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (T.V.T.)
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politechnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania (M.T.)
| | - Edina Rusen
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politechnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania (M.T.)
| | - Claudiu Lazaroaie
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniţei Ave., 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (F.A.); (C.S.); (C.L.); (R.E.G.)
| | - Raluca Elena Ginghina
- Research and Innovation Center for CBRN Defense and Ecology, 225 Olteniţei Ave., 041327 Bucharest, Romania; (F.A.); (C.S.); (C.L.); (R.E.G.)
| | - Tudor Viorel Tiganescu
- Military Technical Academy “Ferdinand I”, 39-49 George Cosbuc Boulevard, 050141 Bucharest, Romania; (A.D.); (T.V.T.)
| | - Mircea Teodorescu
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnologies, National University of Science and Technology Politechnica Bucharest, 1-7 Gh. Polizu Street, 011061 Bucharest, Romania (M.T.)
| | - Arcadie Sobetkii
- SC MGM Star Construct SRL, 7 Pincota Street, 021784 Bucharest, Romania;
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Liu L, Allard J, Koos E. Enhanced contact flexibility from nanoparticles in capillary suspensions. J Colloid Interface Sci 2024; 665:643-654. [PMID: 38552581 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2024.03.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024]
Abstract
HYPOTHESIS Sample-spanning particle networks are used to induce structure and a yield stress, necessary for 3D printing of porous ceramics and paints. In capillary suspensions, a small quantity of immiscible secondary fluid is incorporated into a suspension. By further adding nanoparticles with a range of hydrophobicities, the structure of the bridges and microparticle-microparticle contacts is expected to be modified, resulting in a tunable yield stress and shear moduli. Moreover, the compressibility of these samples, important in many processing and application steps, is expected to be sensitive to these changes. EXPERIMENT The nanoparticle hydrophobicity was altered and their position relative to the microparticles and the bridges was examined using confocal microscopy where the correlation between bridge size and network structure was observed. A step-wise uniaxial compression test on the confocal was conducted to monitor the microparticle movement and structural changes between capillary suspension networks with and without nanoparticles. FINDINGS Our observation suggests that nanoparticles induce the formation of thin liquid films on the surface of the microparticles, mitigating contact line pinning and promoting internal liquid exchange. Additionally, nanoparticles at microparticle contact regions further diminish Hertzian contact, enhancing the capacity for rearrangement. These effects enhance microparticle movement, narrowing the bridge size distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingyue Liu
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Jens Allard
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; Current address: Robert Bosch Produktie N.V., 3300 Tienen, Belgium
| | - Erin Koos
- KU Leuven, Department of Chemical Engineering, Celestijnenlaan 200J, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Zhang X, Zheng J, Pan J, Zhang X, Fang J, Min J, Yu C. Construction of nano-silica particle clusters and their effects on the shear thickening properties of liquids. SOFT MATTER 2023; 20:255-265. [PMID: 38086671 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm01217d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2023]
Abstract
It is of great research significance to prepare a new shear thickening fluid (STF) with a simple process, remarkable thickening effect and excellent impact resistance from the properties of the particles. Inspired by the shear thickening mechanism, nano-silica particle clusters (SPC) with different morphological structures were prepared by the reaction of amino-modified silica with polyethylene glycol diglycidyl ether (PEGDGE), and the structure models of particle clusters were designed through theoretical analysis. The structure of SPC was affected by the degree of amination modification and the molecular weight of PEGDGE, which was analyzed by DLS and TEM. The shear thickening behavior of the fluid was evaluated by steady-state rheology and dynamic-state rheology analysis. The shear thickening behavior of the fluid composed of SPC also changed greatly with the influence of the degree of amination modification and the molecular weight of PEGDGE. In addition, compared with the STF contained original silica, the STF contained SPC could produce a faster and stronger shear thickening response. Therefore, silica particle clusters are not only a promising candidate for the preparation of high-performance shear thickening fluids, but can also be better applied to industrial and scientific fields such as impact protection and shock absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingmin Zhang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jian Zheng
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
| | - Jianjun Pan
- Huzhou Customs, Huzhou 313000, Zhejiang, China
| | | | - Jin Fang
- School of Textile and Garment, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu 24100, Anhui, China
| | - Jie Min
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai 201620, China.
- Key Laboratory of Textile Science & Technology, Ministry of Education, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chengbing Yu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 201800, China.
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Liu-Fu W, Zhou X, Chen J, Yin JF, Yang J, Yin P. Functional Molecular Granular Materials: Advances and Perspectives. Chem Asian J 2023; 18:e202300184. [PMID: 37116101 DOI: 10.1002/asia.202300184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2023] [Revised: 04/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/30/2023]
Abstract
Molecular granular materials (MGMs) are constructed with sub-nanoscale molecular clusters (MCs) as the building units and they have recently been observed to possess enriched functionalities distinct from granular materials of colloid nanoparticles. Herein, the birth and recent research advances in MGMs are summarized with the topics covering the precise synthesis of MC assemblies with target topologies, the hierarchical relaxation dynamics and tuneable viscoelasticity, impact-resistant capacity, and proton conductivity performance. The extremely small size of MC renders them two features: bulk diffusive dynamics with energy scale close to thermal fluctuation energy and the dominant volume fraction of surface structures. This finally leads to the hierarchical relaxation dynamics and broadly tuneable viscoelasticity of MGMs although the structural units are with small sizes and low Mw . Therefore, MGMs have been applied as impact resistant materials and proton conductors for the highly tuneable relaxation dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Liu-Fu
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices &, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Xin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices &, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jiadong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices &, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Jia-Fu Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices &, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Junsheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices &, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
| | - Panchao Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices &, South China Advanced Institute for Soft Matter Science and Technology, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, P. R. China
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Wang C, Ma S, Wei Y, Ou J. Facile Fabrication of Monodisperse Micron-Sized Dual Janus Silica Particles with Asymmetric Morphology and Chemical Environment. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2023; 19:e2208194. [PMID: 36707410 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Janus particles are a kind of materials with asymmetric morphology or surface chemical environment. But so far, the preparation of particles with dual asymmetry is still a challenging problem. Hence the cation surfactant hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and co-surfactant octadecylamine are applied to improve the Pickering emulsion stability, and the micron-sized silica particles are arranged in a single layer at the toluene-water interface through electrostatic interaction. Furthermore, organosilane reagents are added in the preparation process, resulting in the construction of asymmetric hydrophilic or hydrophobic mesoporous precisely onto the micron-sized silica particles surface. The cation surfactant-assisted Pickering emulsion method is simple, effective, and convenience, which can be applied in the synthesis of various dual Janus silica particles for specific applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Shujuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
| | - Yinmao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
| | - Junjie Ou
- State Key Laboratory of Synthetic and Natural Functional Molecule Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry & Materials Science, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710069, P. R. China
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Dalian, 116023, P. R. China
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6
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Yin L, Da Y, Hu H, Guan C. Fluid lubricated polishing based on shear thickening. OPTICS EXPRESS 2023; 31:698-713. [PMID: 36607003 DOI: 10.1364/oe.478675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
With the development of short wavelength optics, high requirements are put forward for the full frequency errors of optical elements, while the processing efficiency and surface quality of traditional polishing methods are difficult to meet their requirements. In this paper, a fluid lubricated polishing method is proposed by combining non-Newtonian fluid with traditional polishing methods. According to Preston equation and shear thickening principle, the tool influence function of fluid lubricated polishing is established and verified by experiments. The results show that the fluid lubricated polishing has a very good convergence ability to the full frequency error of the workpiece. In addition, the convergence rate of fluid lubricated polishing on roughness is about twice that of chemical mechanical polishing. Finally, fluid lubricated polishing extends Preston from Newtonian fluid polishing to non-Newtonian fluid polishing.
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Sharma S, Walia YK, Garg M, Verma SK. Tuning rheological performance of silica concentrated shear thickening fluid by using boric acid as additive. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2022. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2022-0141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Shear thickening fluid (STF) are non-Newtonian fluids that usually behave as liquid in normal condition however under sudden impact, they transformed into a solid like structure with abrupt rise in viscosity. The rheological properties of these fluids play a significant role in energy dissipation. In the present work, effect of boric acid (BA) as an additive for the fine tuning of shear thickening (ST) behavior of colloidal silica-based shear thickening fluids (STFs) was investigated. STFs were synthesized with silica particles (600 nm) in liquid polyethylene glycol (PEG-200). Both the steady state and dynamic rheological studies of STFs were carried out to compare ST behavior of BA based STFs with only silica-based STFs. In steady state rheology, it was observed that max. viscosity increases four time compared to only silica based STF. In dynamic rheology, it was observed that the maximum G′ and G″ of the STF composition (69% + 1.2% BA) at a frequency of 70 rad/s has increased by ∼41 times and ∼14 times, respectively, when the deforming strain reaches at 100% strain. Both the steady state and dynamic rheological analyses have confirmed that boric acid based STFs exhibited higher shear/strain thickening behavior, as well as higher energy absorption property.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Muskan Garg
- S.S Bhatnagar University Institute of Chemical Engineering and Technology , Panjab University , Chandigarh , India
| | - Sanjeev K. Verma
- Terminal Ballistics Research Laboratory , DRDO , Chandigarh 160030 , India
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8
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Vibration Characteristics of Shear Thickening Fluid-Based Sandwich Structures. ADVANCES IN POLYMER TECHNOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1155/2022/6959485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
The vibration attenuation mechanism of shear thickening fluid- (STF-) filled sandwich structures was investigated in this study. Structural equivalent damping, stiffness, and mass increased simultaneously with the increase in the volume fraction of shear thickening fluid. However, the damping ratio decreased and natural frequency increased with the increase in structural mass. Thus, the damping ratio was not a monotonically increasing function of the volume fraction of STF. A modified shear strain model of the damping layer was developed based on the following conditions: (1) under the condition of small strain, shear thickening fluid was regarded as linear viscoelastic material, and (2) the warpage of the sandwich beam was considered during deformation and the influence of STF on the shear strain of sandwich beam. According to the modified shear strain model of the damping layer, the shear thickening occurred at 1 Hz to 20 Hz during vibration. Therefore, the resonance point of the structure shifted to the left. The predictions were in excellent agreement with the experimental results. The results demonstrated that shear thickening fluid improved the vibration damping performance of the sandwich structure, while the thickening ability was not the higher, the better.
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Jackson GL, Dennis JM, Dolinski ND, van der Naald M, Kim H, Eom C, Rowan SJ, Jaeger HM. Designing Stress-Adaptive Dense Suspensions Using Dynamic Covalent Chemistry. Macromolecules 2022; 55:6453-6461. [PMID: 35966116 PMCID: PMC9367004 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Revised: 06/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The non-Newtonian behaviors of dense suspensions are
central to
their use in technological and industrial applications and arise from
a network of particle–particle contacts that dynamically adapt
to imposed shear. Reported herein are studies aimed at exploring how
dynamic covalent chemistry between particles and the polymeric solvent
can be used to tailor such stress-adaptive contact networks, leading
to their unusual rheological behaviors. Specifically, a room temperature
dynamic thia-Michael bond is employed to rationally tune the equilibrium
constant (Keq) of the polymeric solvent
to the particle interface. It is demonstrated that low Keq leads to shear thinning, while high Keq produces antithixotropy, a rare phenomenon where the
viscosity increases with shearing time. It is proposed that an increase
in Keq increases the polymer graft density
at the particle surface and that antithixotropy primarily arises from
partial debonding of the polymeric graft/solvent from the particle
surface and the formation of polymer bridges between particles. Thus,
the implementation of dynamic covalent chemistry provides a new molecular
handle with which to tailor the macroscopic rheology of suspensions
by introducing programmable time dependence. These studies open the
door to energy-absorbing materials that not only sense mechanical
inputs and adjust their dissipation as a function of time or shear
rate but also can switch between these two modalities on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grayson L. Jackson
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Joseph M. Dennis
- Combat Capabilities and Development Command, Army Research Laboratory, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21005, United States
| | - Neil D. Dolinski
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Michael van der Naald
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Hojin Kim
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Christopher Eom
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Stuart J. Rowan
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, 5640 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Chicago, 5735 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Chemical and Engineering Sciences Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Heinrich M. Jaeger
- James Franck Institute, University of Chicago, 929 East 57th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
- Department of Physics, University of Chicago, 5720 South Ellis Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
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In Situ Observation of Shear-Induced Jamming Front Propagation during Low-Velocity Impact in Polypropylene Glycol/Fumed Silica Shear Thickening Fluids. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14142768. [PMID: 35890543 PMCID: PMC9322945 DOI: 10.3390/polym14142768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Shear jamming, a relatively new type of phase transition from discontinuous shear thickening into a solid-like state driven by shear in dense suspensions, has been shown to originate from frictional interactions between particles. However, not all dense suspensions shear jam. Dense fumed silica colloidal systems have wide applications in the industry of smart materials from body armor to dynamic dampers due to extremely low bulk density and high colloid stability. In this paper, we provide new evidence of shear jamming in polypropylene glycol/fumed silica suspensions using optical in situ speed recording during low-velocity impact and explain how it contributes to impact absorption. Flow rheology confirmed the presence of discontinuous shear thickening at all studied concentrations. Calculations of the flow during impact reveal that front propagation speed is 3–5 times higher than the speed of the impactor rod, which rules out jamming by densification, showing that the cause of the drastic impact absorption is the shear jamming. The main impact absorption begins when the jamming front reaches the boundary, creating a solid-like plug under the rod that confronts its movement. These results provide important insights into the impact absorption mechanism in fumed silica suspensions with a focus on shear jamming.
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11
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Effect of nanocomposite as pour point depressant on the cold flow properties and crystallization behavior of diesel fuel. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Alaee P, Kamkar M, Arjmand M. Fumed Silica-Based Suspensions for Shear Thickening Applications: A Full-Scale Rheological Study. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:5006-5019. [PMID: 35413198 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c00591] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Understanding shear thickening fluids (STFs) is critically important in a broad spectrum of fields ranging from biology to military. STFs are referred to the suspension of solid particles in an inert carrier liquid. Customizing the thickening behavior is vital for obtaining desired properties. Hence, comprehending shear thickening mechanisms is necessary to fully understand the factors affecting the shear thickening response of the STFs. Herein, we systematically investigate the effects of a wide range of parameters, from inherent properties of the constituents, including size and surface chemistry of the suspended particles, to practical conditions such as temperature and shear history, on the shear thickening behavior of fumed silica nanoparticles (NPs)-based suspensions in a polyethylene glycol (PEG) medium. Accordingly, increasing the hydrophobicity of the silica NPs or decreasing the NP size transforms the suspensions from sol to gel. The sol systems exhibit a strong shear thickening response, while shear thinning behavior is prominent in the strong gel systems. Hybridization of different silica NPs is also leveraged to tune the shear thickening behavior. In addition, we showcase the decisive role of operating temperature or shear history on the shear thickening behavior of suspensions. For instance, in terms of the shear history, above a critical value of preshear, the shear thickening behavior occurs at lower shear rates for STFs containing hydrophilic NPs. It is believed that the provided insights in this study can pave the way for developing advanced STFs with prescribed features.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parvin Alaee
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1 V1 V7, Canada
| | - Milad Kamkar
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1 V1 V7, Canada
| | - Mohammad Arjmand
- Nanomaterials and Polymer Nanocomposites Laboratory, School of Engineering, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia V1 V1 V7, Canada
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Supramolecular assembly inspired molecular engineering to dynamically tune non-Newtonian fluid:from quasi-static flowability-free to shear thickening. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 607:1805-1812. [PMID: 34600344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2021] [Revised: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Shear thickening fluids (STFs) have been the research focus for decades because of the prospect as a damping ingredient. However, their inherent liquid character confines their practical applications. In this work, inspired by the assembly engineering, novel gelatinous shear thickening fluids (GSTFs) are fabricated by integrating low molecular weight gelators (LMWGs) into STFs and investigated by rheological experiments. The results show that the apparent performances of GSTFs are determined by the LMWGs content. LMWGs inside GSTFs can assemble into three-dimensional network that can constraint the flowability of liquid molecular and their content dominate the density and strength of assembly network. At a moderate content, GSTFs exhibit desired properties with restricted quasi-static flowability and almost undamaged dynamic shear thickening character. While a higher content will disappear shear thickening and a lower content cannot gelate STFs. Besides, three different LMWGs are employed to gelate STFs and all they can gelate STFs in spite of the distinct minimum gelation concentration, indicating the universality for GSTFs preparation and the superiority of a reasonable molecular structure of LMWGs. Further, the temperature sweep experiments suggest that GSTFs can endure higher temperature without flowing due to its higher gel-sol transition temperature. Basing on these advanced mechanical properties, we believe that the GSTFs with more expected characters have significance for the study of non-Newtonian fluids and will broaden the special application field of STFs.
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van der Naald M, Zhao L, Jackson GL, Jaeger HM. The role of solvent molecular weight in shear thickening and shear jamming. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:3144-3152. [PMID: 33600547 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm01350a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The application of stress can drive a dense suspension into a regime of highly non-Newtonian response, characterized by discontinuous shear thickening (DST) and potentially shear jamming (SJ), due to the formation of a frictionally stabilized contact network. Investigating how the molecular weight of the suspending solvent affects the frictional particle-particle interactions, we report on experiments with suspensions of fumed silica particles in polyethylene glycol (PEG). Focusing on the monomer-to-oligomer limit, with n = 1 to 8 ethylene oxide repeat units, we find that increasing n enhances shear thickening under steady-state shear and even elicits rapidly propagating shear jamming fronts, as assessed by high-speed ultrasound imaging of impact experiments. We associate this behavior with a weakening of the solvation layers surrounding the particles as n is increased, which thereby facilitates the formation of frictional contacts. We argue that for n larger than the monomer-to-oligomer limit the trend reverses and frictional interactions are diminished, as observed in prior experiments. This reversal occurs because the polymeric solvent transitions from being enthalpically bound to entropically bound to the particle surfaces, which strengthens solvation layers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mike van der Naald
- James Franck Institute and Department of Physics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA.
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15
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Mehdipour I, Atahan H, Neithalath N, Bauchy M, Garboczi E, Sant G. How clay particulates affect flow cessation and the coiling stability of yield stress-matched cementing suspensions. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:3929-3940. [PMID: 32240280 DOI: 10.1039/c9sm02414j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The remarkable increase in the flow resistance of dense suspensions can hinder 3D-printing processes on account of flow cessation in the extruder, and filament fragility/rupture following deposition. Understanding the nature of rheological changes that occur is critical to manipulate flow conditions or to dose flow modifiers for 3D-printing. Therefore, this paper elucidates the influences of clay particulates on controlling flow cessation and the shape stability of dense cementing suspensions that typically feature poor printability. A rope coiling method was implemented with varying stand-off distances to probe the buckling stability and tendency to fracture of dense suspensions that undergo stretching and bending during deposition. The contributions of flocculation and short-term percolation due to the kinetics of structure formation to deformation rate were deconvoluted using a stepped isostress method. It is shown that the shear stress indicates a divergence with a power-law scaling when the particle volume fraction approaches the jamming limit; φ → φj ≈ φmax. Such a power-law divergence of the shear stress decreases by a factor of 10 with increasing clay dosage. Such behavior in clay-containing suspensions arises from a decrease in the relative packing fraction (φ/φmax) and the formation of fractally-architected aggregates with stronger interparticle interactions, whose uniform arrangement controls flow cessation in the extruder and suspension homogeneity, thereby imparting greater buckling stability. The outcomes offer new insights for assessing/improving the extrudability and printability behavior during slurry-based 3D-printing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman Mehdipour
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
| | - Hakan Atahan
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Department of Civil Engineering, Istanbul Technical University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Narayanan Neithalath
- School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Mathieu Bauchy
- Laboratory for the Physics of Amorphous and Inorganic Solids (PARISlab), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Institute for Carbon Management (ICM), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Edward Garboczi
- Applied Chemicals and Materials Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Boulder, CO 80305, USA
| | - Gaurav Sant
- Laboratory for the Chemistry of Construction Materials (LC2), Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA. and Institute for Carbon Management (ICM), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA and California Nanosystems Institute (CNSI), University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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Sehgal P, Ramaswamy M, Cohen I, Kirby BJ. Using Acoustic Perturbations to Dynamically Tune Shear Thickening in Colloidal Suspensions. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2019; 123:128001. [PMID: 31633960 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.123.128001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Colloidal suspensions in industrial processes often exhibit shear thickening that is difficult to control actively. Here, we use piezoelectric transducers to apply acoustic perturbations to dynamically tune the suspension viscosity in the shear-thickening regime. We attribute the mechanism of dethickening to the disruption of shear-induced force chains via perturbations that are large relative to the particle roughness scale. The ease with which this technique can be adapted to various flow geometries makes it a powerful tool for actively controlling suspension flow properties and investigating system dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prateek Sehgal
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Meera Ramaswamy
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Itai Cohen
- Department of Physics, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
| | - Brian J Kirby
- Sibley School of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Weill-Cornell Medicine, New York, New York 10021,USA
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Enhanced shear thickening of polystyrene-poly(acrylamide) and polystyrene-poly(HEMA) particles. Colloid Polym Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s00396-018-4445-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Orawiec M, Kaczorowski M, Rokicki G. Dilatant effect enhancers for silica dispersions in poly(propylene glycols). J Colloid Interface Sci 2018; 528:301-308. [PMID: 29859455 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2018.05.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Shear thickening fluids have found many applications in energy damping materials such as sports guards and liquid body armors. Therefore, an additive which could tailor the dilatant properties of such fluids without significantly affecting other properties, especially zero shear viscosity, could significantly increase the versatility of protective materials based on shear thickening fluids. In this paper, poly(propylene glycols) (PPGs) diacetates are investigated as dilatant effect enhancers for nano-silica dispersions in poly(propylene glycols). The influence of the modifiers on rheological properties of the dispersion is studied and discussed. Additionally, FTIR and rheological properties measurements are conducted in order to determine relative interactions strength between hydroxyl groups of PPGs and silica and carbonyl groups of PPG diacetates. Our findings suggest that the relative attractive interaction strength in studied systems can be arranged in the following order: COCO < COOH < OHOH. Therefore, the addition of PPG diacetate hinders the attractive interactions between liquid and solid. We report that the addition of diacetates can lead both to enhancement and deterioration of dilatant effect depending on the concentration of the modifier and its chain length. Based on conducted measurements and literature data, mechanism explaining that phenomenon is suggested. As a result, we propose an easy to make and cheap dilatant effect enhancer for widely used shear thickening fluids which, when used in small amounts (1-2.5%), raises the viscosity jump drastically. Additionally, the presence of the modifier does not significantly affect the zero shear viscosity of the shear thickening fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcin Orawiec
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Kaczorowski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland.
| | - Gabriel Rokicki
- Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Noakowskiego 3, 00-664 Warsaw, Poland
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Zabet M, Trinh K, Toghiani H, Lacy TE, Pittman CU, Kundu S. Anisotropic Nanoparticles Contributing to Shear-Thickening Behavior of Fumed Silica Suspensions. ACS OMEGA 2017; 2:8877-8887. [PMID: 31457416 PMCID: PMC6645521 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.7b01484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Rheological characteristics of a concentrated suspension can be tuned using anisotropic particles having various shapes and sizes. Here, the role of anisotropic nanoparticles, such as surface-functionalized multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONPs), on the rheological behavior of fumed silica suspensions in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) is investigated. In these mixed-particle suspensions, the concentrations of MWNTs and GONPs are much lower than the fumed silica concentration. The suspensions are stable, and hydrogen-bonded PEG solvation layers around the particles inhibit their flocculation. Fumed silica suspensions over the concentration range considered here display shear-thickening behavior. However, for a larger concentration of MWNTs and with increasing aspect ratios, the shear-thickening behavior diminishes. In contrast, a distinct shear-thickening response has been observed for the GONP-containing suspensions for similar mass fractions (MFs) of MWNTs. For these suspensions, shear thickening is achieved at a lower solid MFs compared to the suspensions consisting of only fumed silica. A significant weight reduction of shear-thickening fluids that can be achieved by this approach is beneficial for many applications. Our results provide guiding principles for controlling the rheological behavior of mixed-particle systems relevant in many fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahla Zabet
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aerospace Engineering
Department, and Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Kevin Trinh
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aerospace Engineering
Department, and Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Hossein Toghiani
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aerospace Engineering
Department, and Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Thomas E. Lacy
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aerospace Engineering
Department, and Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Charles U. Pittman
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aerospace Engineering
Department, and Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
| | - Santanu Kundu
- Dave
C. Swalm School of Chemical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering Department, Aerospace Engineering
Department, and Department of Chemistry, Mississippi State University, Mississippi State, Mississippi 39762, United States
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