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Kang M, Kim J, Lim H, Ko J, Kim HS, Joo Y, Moon SY, Jang SG, Lee E, Ahn S. Eco-Friendly Dispersant-Free Purification Method of Boron Nitride Nanotubes through Controlling Surface Tension and Steric Repulsion with Solvents. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 13:2593. [PMID: 37764622 PMCID: PMC10537017 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) were purified without the use of a dispersant by controlling the surface tension and steric repulsion of solvent molecules. This method effectively enhanced the difference in solubilities of impurities and BNNTs. The purification process involved optimizing the alkyl-chains of alcohol solvents and adjusting the concentration of alcohol solvent in water to regulate surface tension and steric repulsion. Among the solvents tested, a 70 wt% t-butylalcohol in water mixture exhibited the highest selective isolation of BNNTs from impurities based on differences in solubilities. This favorable outcome was attributed to the surface tension matching with BNNTs, steric repulsion from bulky alkyl chain structures, and differences in interfacial energy between BNNT-liquid and impurity-liquid interfaces. Through this optimized purification process, impurities were removed to an extent of up to 93.3%. Additionally, the purified BNNTs exhibited a distinct liquid crystal phase, which was not observed in the unpurified BNNTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minsung Kang
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmo Kim
- Nano Hybrid Technology Research Center, Korea Electrotechnology Research Institute (KERI), Changwon-si 51543, Republic of Korea
| | - Hongjin Lim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Jaehyoung Ko
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Hong-Sik Kim
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Yongho Joo
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Se Youn Moon
- Department of Quantum System Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju-si 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Gyu Jang
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
| | - Eunji Lee
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), Gwangju 61005, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhoon Ahn
- Institute of Advanced Composite Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea; (M.K.)
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2
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Lim H, Kim YK, Kim HS, Lee T, Hossain MM, Jeong HO, Lee HS, Cho H, Joo Y, Lee SS, Park S, Rho H, Jeong HS, Kim MJ, Ahn S, Moon SY, Kim KS, Choi SQ, Kim BJ, Jang SG. Lyotropic Boron Nitride Nanotube Liquid Crystals: Preparation, Characterization, and Wet-Spinning for Fabrication of Composite Fiber. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2023; 15:24681-24692. [PMID: 37163756 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c00189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Microfiber fabrication via wet-spinning of lyotropic liquid crystals (LCs) with anisotropic nanomaterials has gained increased attention due to the microfibers' excellent physical/chemical properties originating from the unidirectional alignment of anisotropic nanomaterials along the fiber axis with high packing density. For wet-spinning of the microfibers, however, preparing lyotropic LCs by achieving high colloidal stability of anisotropic nanomaterials, even at high concentrations, has been a critically unmet prerequisite, especially for recently emerging nanomaterials. Here, we propose a cationically charged polymeric stabilizer that can efficiently be adsorbed on the surface of boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs), which provide steric hindrance in combination with Coulombic repulsion leading to high colloidal stability of BNNTs up to 22 wt %. The BNNT LCs prepared from the dispersions with various stabilizers were systematically compared using optical and rheological analysis to optimize the phase behavior and rheological properties for wet-spinning of the BNNT LCs. Systematic optical and mechanical characterizations of the BNNT microfibers with aligned BNNTs along the fiber axis revealed that properties of the microfibers, such as their tensile strength, packing density, and degree of BNNT alignment, were highly dependent on the quality of BNNT LCs directly related to the types of stabilizers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjin Lim
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Kyeong Kim
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong-Sik Kim
- School of Chemical Engineering, Chonnam National University, 77 Yongbong-ro, Buk-gu, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea
| | - Taegeon Lee
- Department of Physics, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Monir Hossain
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Bioactive Materials Sciences, and Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju, Jeonbuk 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Oh Jeong
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon Sang Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Dong-A University, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjin Cho
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Joo
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Seok Lee
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjune Park
- Department of Polymer-Nano Science and Technology, Department of Nano Convergence Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Heesuk Rho
- Department of Physics, Research Institute of Physics and Chemistry, Jeonbuk National University, Jeonju 54896, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeon Su Jeong
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung Jong Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Gachon University, 1342 Seongnam-daero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si, Gyeonggi-do 13120, Republic of Korea
| | - Seokhoon Ahn
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Youn Moon
- Department of Quantum System Engineering, Jeonbuk National University, 567, Baekje-daero, Deokjin-gu, Jeonju-si, Jeollabuk-do 54896, Republic of Korea
- High-Enthalpy Plasma Research Center, Jeonbuk National University, 546 Bongdong-ro, Bongdong-eup, Wanju-gun, Jeollabuk-do 55317, Republic of Korea
| | - Keun Su Kim
- Security and Disruptive Technologies Research Centre, Emerging Technologies Division, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario K1A 0R6, Canada
| | - Siyoung Q Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
- KAIST Institute for the NanoCentury, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bumjoon J Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Gyu Jang
- Functional Composite Materials Research Center, Institute of Advanced Composites Materials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Wanju, Jeonbuk 55324, Republic of Korea
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3
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Headrick RJ, Williams SM, Owens CE, Taylor LW, Dewey OS, Ginestra CJ, Liberman L, Ya’akobi AM, Talmon Y, Maruyama B, McKinley GH, Hart AJ, Pasquali M. Versatile acid solvents for pristine carbon nanotube assembly. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2022; 8:eabm3285. [PMID: 35476431 PMCID: PMC9045610 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abm3285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Chlorosulfonic acid and oleum are ideal solvents for enabling the transformation of disordered carbon nanotubes (CNTs) into precise and highly functional morphologies. Currently, processing these solvents using extrusion techniques presents complications due to chemical compatibility, which constrain equipment and substrate material options. Here, we present a novel acid solvent system based on methanesulfonic or p-toluenesulfonic acids with low corrosivity, which form true solutions of CNTs at concentrations as high as 10 g/liter (≈0.7 volume %). The versatility of this solvent system is demonstrated by drop-in application to conventional manufacturing processes such as slot die coating, solution spinning continuous fibers, and 3D printing aerogels. Through continuous slot coating, we achieve state-of-the-art optoelectronic performance (83.6 %T and 14 ohm/sq) at industrially relevant production speeds. This work establishes practical and efficient means for scalable processing of CNT into advanced materials with properties suitable for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J. Headrick
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Steven M. Williams
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Crystal E. Owens
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Lauren W. Taylor
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Oliver S. Dewey
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Cedric J. Ginestra
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Asia Matatyaho Ya’akobi
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Benji Maruyama
- Air Force Research Laboratory, Materials and Manufacturing Directorate, WPAFB, OH 45387, USA
| | - Gareth H. McKinley
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - A. John Hart
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, The Smalley Institute for Nanoscale Science and Technology, and The Carbon Hub, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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4
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Jinkins KR, Foradori SM, Saraswat V, Jacobberger RM, Dwyer JH, Gopalan P, Berson A, Arnold MS. Aligned 2D carbon nanotube liquid crystals for wafer-scale electronics. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:eabh0640. [PMID: 34516885 PMCID: PMC8442871 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abh0640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Semiconducting carbon nanotubes promise faster performance and lower power consumption than Si in field-effect transistors (FETs) if they can be aligned in dense arrays. Here, we demonstrate that nanotubes collected at a liquid/liquid interface self-organize to form two-dimensional (2D) nematic liquid crystals that globally align with flow. The 2D liquid crystals are transferred onto substrates in a continuous process generating dense arrays of nanotubes aligned within ±6°, ideal for electronics. Nanotube ordering improves with increasing concentration and decreasing temperature due to the underlying liquid crystal phenomena. The excellent alignment and uniformity of the transferred assemblies enable FETs with exceptional on-state current density averaging 520 μA μm−1at only −0.6 V, and variation of only 19%. FETs with ion gel top gates demonstrate subthreshold swing as low as 60 mV decade−1. Deposition across a 10-cm substrate is achieved, evidencing the promise of 2D nanotube liquid crystals for commercial semiconductor electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R. Jinkins
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Sean M. Foradori
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Vivek Saraswat
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Robert M. Jacobberger
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Jonathan H. Dwyer
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1415 Engineering Dr., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Padma Gopalan
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Arganthaël Berson
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1513 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | - Michael S. Arnold
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1509 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
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5
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Jamali V, Mirri F, Biggers EG, Pinnick RA, Liberman L, Cohen Y, Talmon Y, MacKintosh FC, van der Schoot P, Pasquali M. Enhanced ordering in length-polydisperse carbon nanotube solutions at high concentrations as revealed by small angle X-ray scattering. SOFT MATTER 2021; 17:5122-5130. [PMID: 33735362 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm02253e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are stiff, all-carbon macromolecules with diameters as small as one nanometer and few microns long. Solutions of CNTs in chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) follow the phase behavior of rigid rod polymers interacting via a repulsive potential and display a liquid crystalline phase at sufficiently high concentration. Here, we show that small-angle X-ray scattering and polarized light microscopy data can be combined to characterize quantitatively the morphology of liquid crystalline phases formed in CNT solutions at concentrations from 3 to 6.5% by volume. We find that upon increasing their concentration, CNTs self-assemble into a liquid crystalline phase with a pleated texture and with a large inter-particle spacing that could be indicative of a transition to higher-order liquid crystalline phases. We explain how thermal undulations of CNTs can enhance their electrostatic repulsion and increase their effective diameter by an order of magnitude. By calculating the critical concentration, where the mean amplitude of undulation of an unconstrained rod becomes comparable to the rod spacing, we find that thermal undulations start to affect steric forces at concentrations as low as the isotropic cloud point in CNT solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, USA.
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6
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Moore J, Paineau E, Launois P, Shaffer MSP. Continuous Binder-Free Fibers of Pure Imogolite Nanotubes. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2021; 13:17940-17947. [PMID: 33830735 PMCID: PMC8153543 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c00971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Imogolite nanotubes (INTs) display a range of useful properties and provide an ideal material system to study the assembly of nanomaterials into macroscopic fibers. A method of wet spinning pure, binder-free imogolite fibers has been developed using double-walled germanium imogolite nanotubes. The nanotube aspect ratio can be controlled during the initial synthesis and is critical to the spinning process. Fibers made from short nanotubes (<100 nm) have very low gel strengths, while dopes with longer nanotubes (500-1000 nm) are readily spinnable. The tensile behavior of the resulting imogolite nanotube fibers is strongly influenced by relative humidity (RH), with a modulus of 30 GPa at 10% RH compared to 2.8 GPa at 85% RH, as well as a change in failure mode. This result highlights the importance of inter-nanotube interactions in such assemblies and provides a useful strategy for further exploration. Interestingly, in the absence of a matrix phase, a degree of misorientation appears to improve load transfer between the individual INTs within the porous fiber, likely due to an increase in the number of interparticle contacts. Imogolite nanotubes are an appealing analogue to other nanotube fiber systems, and it is hoped that learnings from this system can also be used to improve carbon nanotube fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph
F. Moore
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
| | - Erwan Paineau
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Pascale Launois
- Université
Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Laboratoire de Physique des Solides, 91405 Orsay, France
| | - Milo S. P. Shaffer
- Department
of Materials, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
- Department
of Chemistry, Imperial College London, Exhibition Road, London SW7 2AZ, U.K.
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7
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Weizman O, Mead J, Dodiuk H, Kenig S. Electrical Properties Enhancement of Carbon Nanotube Yarns by Cyclic Loading. Molecules 2020; 25:E4824. [PMID: 33092170 PMCID: PMC7587937 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25204824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) possess low density, high conductivity, high strength, and moderate flexibility. These intrinsic properties allow them to be a preferred choice for use as conductive elements in high-performance composites. To fully exploit their potential as conductive reinforcing elements, further improvement in their electrical conductivity is needed. This study demonstrates that tensile cyclic loading under ambient conditions improves the electrical conductivity of two types of CNTYs. The results showed that the electrical resistance of untreated CNTYs was reduced by 80% using cyclic loading, reaching the resistance value of the drawn acid-treated CNTYs. Scanning electron microscopy showed that cyclic loading caused orientation and compaction of the CNT bundles that make up the CNTYs, resulting in significantly improved electrical conductivity of the CNTYs. Furthermore, the elastic modulus was increased by 20% while preserving the tensile strength. This approach has the potential to replace the environmentally unfriendly acid treatment currently used to enhance the conductivity of CNTYs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orli Weizman
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Joey Mead
- Department of Plastics Engineering, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Hanna Dodiuk
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan 52526, Israel; (H.D.); (S.K.)
| | - Samuel Kenig
- Department of Polymer Materials Engineering, Shenkar College of Engineering and Design, Ramat Gan 52526, Israel; (H.D.); (S.K.)
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8
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Thermodynamic stability condition can judge whether a nanoparticle dispersion can be considered a solution in a single phase. J Colloid Interface Sci 2020; 575:472-479. [PMID: 32402826 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2020.04.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Establishing that a nanoparticle dispersion can, in fact, be treated as a solution has an important practical ramification, namely the application of solubility theories for solvent selection. However, what distinguishes a solution and dispersion has remained ambiguously understood. Based on the recent progress in statistical thermodynamics on multiple-component solutions, here we establish the condition upon which a nanoparticle dispersion can be considered a single-phased solution. We shall provide experimental evidence already found in the literature showing the solution nature of nanoparticle dispersions.
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Liberman L, Jamali V, Pasquali M, Talmon Y. Effect of Carbon Nanotube Diameter and Stiffness on Their Phase Behavior in Crowded Solutions. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:242-249. [PMID: 31818099 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.9b03100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The unique carbon nanotube (CNT) properties are mainly determined by their geometry, e.g., their aspect ratio, diameter, and number of walls. So far, chlorosulfonic acid is the only practical true solvent for carbon nanotubes, forming thermodynamically stable molecular solutions. Above a critical concentration the system forms an ordered, nematic liquid-crystalline phase. That phase behavior is the basis for liquid-phase processing and the optimal translation of the carbon nanotube molecular properties to the macroscopic scale. The final material properties depend on the phase behavior of the "dope" from which it is prepared, which depends on the CNT parameters themselves. Earlier work determined that CNT aspect ratio controls the phase behavior, in accordance with classical rigid-rod theories. Here we use cryogenic transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy to understand the relation between the geometry of the CNTs, the chemical interaction with chlorosulfonic acid, and the phase behavior of crowded solutions. We show that the CNT diameter and number of walls also play an independent role in the phase transition and phase morphology of the system because of their effect on the CNT bending stiffness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
| | - Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
- Department of Chemistry and Smalley-Curl Institute , Rice University , 6100 Main Street , Houston , Texas 77005 , United States
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) , Technion-Israel Institute of Technology , Haifa 3200003 , Israel
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10
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The Synthesis and Properties of Liquid Crystalline Polyurethanes, Chemically Modified by Polyhedral Oligomericsilsesquioxanes. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24224013. [PMID: 31698774 PMCID: PMC6891628 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24224013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Revised: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, we report for the first time on the influence of polyhedral oligomericsilsesquioxanes (POSS) on the structure and properties of liquid crystalline polyurethane (LCPU). LCPU/POSS hybrids were synthesized via a two-step method. In the first step, 4,4′-methylenephenyl diisocyanate (MDI) and polytetramethylene ether glycol (PTMG) reacted with functionalized trisilanolphenyl POSS (TSP-POSS) bearing three hydroxyl groups. In the second step, the growing chain was extended with 4,4′-bis(hydroxyhexoxy)biphenyl (BHHBP). FTIR measurements confirmed the chemical bonding between the POSS and LCPU matrix and showed the influence of the silsesquioxane modification on the intensity of hydrogen bonds. The DSC and POM techniques confirmed the formation of liquid crystalline phases. The incorporation of silsesquixanes into the LC matrix leads to higher melting and isotropization temperatures along with the broadening phase transition effect. Scanning electron microscopy showed a good distribution of POSS moieties, both in the bulk and on the surface of the liquid crystalline PU matrix, whereby wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns revealed halos from both the liquid crystalline and unmodified polyurethane matrix. The stress at the breaking points for LCPU/POSS hybrids containing 50% and 60% of elastic segments is greater than the stress at the breaking point of the reference material (LCPU), what is due to good dispersion of POSS in less elastic matrix. Thermal properties of the LCPU/POSS materials obtained, determined by TGA, revealed that the char residue increased with the amount of POSS for 40% of elastic segments materials.
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11
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Wang D, Saleh NB, Sun W, Park CM, Shen C, Aich N, Peijnenburg WJGM, Zhang W, Jin Y, Su C. Next-Generation Multifunctional Carbon-Metal Nanohybrids for Energy and Environmental Applications. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7265-7287. [PMID: 31199142 PMCID: PMC7388031 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology has unprecedentedly revolutionized human societies over the past decades and will continue to advance our broad societal goals in the coming decades. The research, development, and particularly the application of engineered nanomaterials have shifted the focus from "less efficient" single-component nanomaterials toward "superior-performance", next-generation multifunctional nanohybrids. Carbon nanomaterials (e.g., carbon nanotubes, graphene family nanomaterials, carbon dots, and graphitic carbon nitride) and metal/metal oxide nanoparticles (e.g., Ag, Au, CdS, Cu2O, MoS2, TiO2, and ZnO) combinations are the most commonly pursued nanohybrids (carbon-metal nanohybrids; CMNHs), which exhibit appealing properties and promising multifunctionalities for addressing multiple complex challenges faced by humanity at the critical energy-water-environment (EWE) nexus. In this frontier review, we first highlight the altered and newly emerging properties (e.g., electronic and optical attributes, particle size, shape, morphology, crystallinity, dimensionality, carbon/metal ratio, and hybridization mode) of CMNHs that are distinct from those of their parent component materials. We then illustrate how these important newly emerging properties and functions of CMNHs direct their performances at the EWE nexus including energy harvesting (e.g., H2O splitting and CO2 conversion), water treatment (e.g., contaminant removal and membrane technology), and environmental sensing and in situ nanoremediation. This review concludes with identifications of critical knowledge gaps and future research directions for maximizing the benefits of next-generation multifunctional CMNHs at the EWE nexus and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dengjun Wang
- National Research Council Resident Research Associate at the United States Environmental Protection Agency , Ada , Oklahoma 74820 , United States
| | - Navid B Saleh
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering , University of Texas at Austin , Austin , Texas 78712 , United States
| | - Wenjie Sun
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Southern Methodist University , Dallas , Texas 75275 , United States
| | - Chang Min Park
- Department of Environmental Engineering , Kyungpook National University , Buk-gu , Daegu 41566 , South Korea
| | - Chongyang Shen
- Department of Soil and Water Sciences , China Agricultural University , Beijing 100193 , China
| | - Nirupam Aich
- Department of Civil, Structural and Environmental Engineering , University at Buffalo, The State University of New York , Buffalo , New York 14260 , United States
| | - Willie J G M Peijnenburg
- Institute of Environmental Sciences (CML) , Leiden University , P.O. Box 9518, 2300 RA Leiden , The Netherlands
- Center for Safety of Substances and Products , National Institute for Public Health and the Environment , P.O. Box 1, 3720 BA Bilthoven , The Netherlands
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences, and Environmental Science and Policy Program , Michigan State University , East Lansing , Michigan 48824 , United States
| | - Yan Jin
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences , University of Delaware , Newark , Delaware 19716 , United States
| | - Chunming Su
- Groundwater, Watershed, and Ecosystem Restoration Division, National Risk Management Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development , United States Environmental Protection Agency , Ada , Oklahoma 74820 , United States
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12
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Alzaid M, Taufique AMN, Thomas SA, Carufel C, Harris JM, Waters AJB, Altayyar A, May S, Hobbie EK. Macroscopic Freestanding Nanosheets with Exceptionally High Modulus. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:7951-7957. [PMID: 29889535 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Macroscopic single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) films of nanoscale thickness have significant potential for an array of applications that demand thin, transparent, conductive coatings. Using macroscopic micrometer thick polystyrene sheets as a reference, we characterize the elastic response of freestanding multifunctional SWCNT nanosheets possessing both exceptionally high Young's modulus and good durability. Thin SWCNT films (20-200 nm thick) asymmetrically "doped" with dilute concentrations of superparamagnetic colloids were suspended in ethanol as freestanding nanosheets. Through repeated and controlled deformation in an external magnetic field, we measure the temporal relaxation of nanosheet curvature back to equilibrium. From the relaxation time and its dependence on nanosheet thickness and length, we extract the SWCNT nanosheet modulus through a simple viscoelastic model. Our results are consistent with nearly ideal SWCNT rigidity percolation with moduli approaching 200 GPa and limited plasticity for sufficiently thick sheets, which we attribute to the screening of van der Waals interactions by the surrounding solvent and the macroscopic nature of the deformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal Alzaid
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Abu M N Taufique
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Salim A Thomas
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Clay Carufel
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - John M Harris
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Alex J B Waters
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Amal Altayyar
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Sylvio May
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- North Dakota State University, Fargo , North Dakota 58108 , United States
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13
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Chang C, Zhao Y, Liu Y, An L. Liquid crystallinity of carbon nanotubes. RSC Adv 2018; 8:15780-15795. [PMID: 35539493 PMCID: PMC9080064 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00879e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
In this review, we first briefly recapitulate the orientation characteristics of liquid crystalline carbon nanotubes (CNTs), emphasizing their inherent properties. Both the high Young's modulus and the strong attractive interaction between them make the liquid crystallinity apt to show splay deformations (splay defects). It is these defects that often produce apparent low-order structures for long and deformed nanotubes. However, the application of doping, shearing, magnetic or electric fields will be efficient routes toward highly ordered CNT assemblies from such defects. Then, we describe the electrical behavior of CNTs in the electric field, which combines desirable features of the CNTS with those of classical liquid crystals (LCs). An electric field will generate an induced dipole moment on CNTs and align them in the field direction, minimizing the dipolar energy. Finally, we review the potential application of CNTs in the area of liquid crystal displays (LCD). In the LC cell unit, CNTs as dopants in LC layers can have compatible stability with LCs, with the orientation consistent and with surprising complementary advantages. And also CNT films as nanostructured electrodes can substitute ITO electrodes in the LC cell unit, exhibiting a strong electrical anisotropy due to their excellent axial conductivity. Furthermore, CNT films as an alignment layer have the potential to replace the traditional PI film, aligning LC molecules effectively along the direction of the nanotubes. Besides, CNTs acting as polarizers can absorb or transmit incident light when the electric vector propagates parallel or perpendicular to the nanotube axis. All of these applications demonstrate that CNTs in LC ordering will effectively improve the performance of materials and their related devices. Thus, we should improve the ordering of CNT assemblies as far as possible, which is critical to make full use of their exceptional axial properties and further to develop novel materials and applications successfully.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunrui Chang
- North China University of Science and Technology, College of Science Tangshan 063009 China +86 18032513036
| | - Ying Zhao
- Hebei Milestone Electronic Material Limited Company, Research and Development Department of Liquid Crystal Mixture Shijiazhuang 050600 China
| | - Ying Liu
- North China University of Science and Technology, College of Science Tangshan 063009 China +86 18032513036
| | - Libao An
- North China University of Science and Technology, College of Mechanical Engineering Tangshan 063009 China
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14
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Mirri F, Ashkar R, Jamali V, Liberman L, Pinnick RA, van der Schoot P, Talmon Y, Butler PD, Pasquali M. Quantification of Carbon Nanotube Liquid Crystal Morphology via Neutron Scattering. Macromolecules 2018; 51:10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01017. [PMID: 38855633 PMCID: PMC11160348 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.8b01017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Liquid phase assembly is among the most industrially attractive routes for scalable carbon nanotube (CNT) processing. Chlorosulfonic acid (CSA) is known to be an ideal solvent for CNTs, spontaneously dissolving them without compromising their properties. At typical processing concentrations, CNTs form liquid crystals in CSA; however, the morphology of these phases and their concentration dependence are only qualitatively understood. Here, we use small-angle neutron scattering (SANS), combined with polarized light microscopy and cryogenic transmission electron microscopy to study solution morphology over a range of concentrations and two different CNT lengths. Our results show that at the highest concentration studied the long CNTs form a highly ordered fully nematic phase, while short CNTs remain in a biphasic regime. Upon dilution, long CNTs undergo a 2D lattice expansion, whereas short CNTs seem to have an intermediate expansion between 2D and 3D probably due to the biphasic nature of the system. The average spacing between the CNTs scaled by the CNT diameter is the same in both systems, as expected for infinitely long aligned rods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Mirri
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Rana Ashkar
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
- Materials Science and Engineering Department, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742, United States
- Physics Department, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Vida Jamali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Lucy Liberman
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Robert A. Pinnick
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Paul van der Schoot
- Theory of Polymers and Soft Matter Group, Department of Applied Physics, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
- Institute for Theoretical Physics, Utrecht University, Princetonplein 5, 3584 CC Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI), Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Paul D. Butler
- NIST Center for Neutron Research, National Institute of Standard and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Rice University, Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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15
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Kleinerman O, Adnan M, Marincel DM, Ma AWK, Bengio EA, Park C, Chu SH, Pasquali M, Talmon Y. Dissolution and Characterization of Boron Nitride Nanotubes in Superacid. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:14340-14346. [PMID: 29166030 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Boron nitride nanotubes (BNNTs) are of interest for their unique combination of high tensile strength, high electrical resistivity, high neutron cross section, and low reactivity. The fastest route to employing these properties in composites and macroscopic articles is through solution processing. However, dispersing BNNTs without functionalization or use of a surfactant is challenging. We show here by cryogenic transmission electron microscopy that BNNTs spontaneously dissolve in chlorosulfonic acid as disentangled individual molecules. Electron energy loss spectroscopy of BNNTs dried from the solution confirms preservation of the sp2 hybridization for boron and nitrogen, eliminating the possibility of BNNT functionalization or damage. The length and diameter of the BNNTs was statistically calculated to be ∼4.5 μm and ∼4 nm, respectively. Interestingly, bent or otherwise damaged BNNTs are filled by chlorosulfonic acid. Additionally, nanometer-sized synthesis byproducts, including boron nitride clusters, isolated single and multilayer hexagonal boron nitride, and boron particles, were identified. Dissolution in superacid provides a route for solution processing BNNTs without altering their chemical structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olga Kleinerman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) , Haifa 3200003, Israel
| | - Mohammed Adnan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Daniel M Marincel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Anson W K Ma
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - E Amram Bengio
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) , Haifa 3200003, Israel
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Cheol Park
- Advanced Materials and Processing Branch, NASA Langley Research Center , Hampton, Virginia 23681, United States
| | - Sang-Hyon Chu
- National Institute of Aerospace , 100 Exploration Way, Hampton, Virginia 23666, United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering and Department of Chemistry, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Yeshayahu Talmon
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology and the Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute (RBNI) , Haifa 3200003, Israel
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16
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Tsentalovich DE, Headrick RJ, Mirri F, Hao J, Behabtu N, Young CC, Pasquali M. Influence of Carbon Nanotube Characteristics on Macroscopic Fiber Properties. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2017; 9:36189-36198. [PMID: 28937741 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.7b10968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
We study how intrinsic parameters of carbon nanotube (CNT) samples affect the properties of macroscopic CNT fibers with optimized structure. We measure CNT diameter, number of walls, aspect ratio, graphitic character, and purity (residual catalyst and non-CNT carbon) in samples from 19 suppliers; we process the highest quality CNT samples into aligned, densely packed fibers, by using an established wet-spinning solution process. We find that fiber properties are mainly controlled by CNT aspect ratio and that sample purity is important for effective spinning. Properties appear largely unaffected by CNT diameter, number of walls, and graphitic character (determined by Raman G/D ratio) as long as the fibers comprise thin few-walled CNTs with high G/D ratio (above ∼20). We show that both strength and conductivity can be improved simultaneously by assembling high aspect ratio CNTs, producing continuous CNT fibers with an average tensile strength of 2.4 GPa and a room temperature electrical conductivity of 8.5 MS/m, ∼2 times higher than the highest reported literature value (∼15% of copper's value), obtained without postspinning doping. This understanding of the relationship of intrinsic CNT parameters to macroscopic fiber properties is key to guiding CNT synthesis and continued improvement of fiber properties, paving the way for CNT fiber introduction in large-scale aerospace, consumer electronics, and textile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitri E Tsentalovich
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Robert J Headrick
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Francesca Mirri
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Junli Hao
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Natnael Behabtu
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Colin C Young
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
| | - Matteo Pasquali
- Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering, Department of Chemistry, Department of Materials Science & NanoEngineering, The Smalley-Curl Institute, Rice University , Houston, Texas 77005, United States
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17
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Alzaid M, Roth J, Wang Y, Almutairi E, Brown SL, Dumitrică T, Hobbie EK. Enhancing the Elasticity of Ultrathin Single-Wall Carbon Nanotube Films with Colloidal Nanocrystals. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:7889-7895. [PMID: 28742968 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b01988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Thin bilayers of contrasting nanomaterials are ubiquitous in solution-processed electronic devices and have potential relevance to a number of applications in flexible electronics. Motivated by recent mesoscopic simulations demonstrating synergistic mechanical interactions between thin films of single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) and spherical nanocrystal (NC) inclusions, we use a thin-film wrinkling approach to query the compressive mechanics of hybrid nanotube/nanocrystal coatings adhered to soft polymer substrates. Our results show an almost 2-fold enhancement in the Young modulus of a sufficiently thin SWCNT film associated with the presence of a thin interpenetrating overlayer of semiconductor NCs. Mesoscopic distinct-element method simulations further support the experimental findings by showing that the additional noncovalent interfaces introduced by nanocrystals enhance the modulus of the SWCNT network and hinder network wrinkling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meshal Alzaid
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Joseph Roth
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Yuezhou Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Eid Almutairi
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Samuel L Brown
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
| | - Traian Dumitrică
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of Minnesota Twin Cities , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Minnesota , Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Erik K Hobbie
- North Dakota State University , Fargo, North Dakota 58108, United States
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