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Pásztor S, Becsei B, Szarka G, Thomann Y, Thomann R, Mühlhaupt R, Iván B. The Scissors Effect in Action: The Fox-Flory Relationship between the Glass Transition Temperature of Crosslinked Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) and Mc in Nanophase Separated Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)- l-Polyisobutylene Conetworks. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4822. [PMID: 33126719 PMCID: PMC7663353 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The glass transition temperature (Tg) is one of the most important properties of polymeric materials. In order to reveal whether the scissors effect, i.e., the Fox-Flory relationship between Tg and the average molecular weight between crosslinking points (Mc), reported only in one case for polymer conetworks so far, is more generally effective or valid only for a single case, a series of poly(methyl methacrylate)-l-polyisobutylene (PMMA-l-PIB) conetworks was prepared and investigated. Two Tgs were found for the conetworks by DSC. Fox-Flory type dependence between Tg and Mc of the PMMA component (Tg = Tg,∞ - K/Mc) was observed. The K constants for the PMMA homopolymer and for the PMMA in the conetworks were the same in the margin of error. AFM images indicated disordered bicontinuous, mutually nanoconfined morphology with average domain sizes of 5-20 nm, but the correlation between Tg and domain sizes was not found. These new results indicate that the macrocrosslinkers act like molecular scissors (scissors effect), and the Tg of PMMA depend exclusively on the Mc in the conetworks. Consequently, these findings mean that the scissors effect is presumably a general phenomenon in nanophase-separated polymer conetworks, and this finding could be utilized in designing, processing, and applications of these novel materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szabolcs Pásztor
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Bálint Becsei
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Györgyi Szarka
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Yi Thomann
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (R.T.); (R.M.)
| | - Ralf Thomann
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (R.T.); (R.M.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rolf Mühlhaupt
- Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, Georges-Köhler-Allee 105, D-79110 Freiburg, Germany; (Y.T.); (R.T.); (R.M.)
- Freiburg Materials Research Center, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 21, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
- Institute for Macromolecular Chemistry, University of Freiburg, Stefan-Meier-Str. 31, D-79104 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Béla Iván
- Polymer Chemistry Research Group, Institute of Materials and Environmental Chemistry, Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Magyar tudósok krt. 2, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary; (B.B.); (G.S.)
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Li S, Vogt BD. Aqueous polypropylene glycol induces swelling and severe plasticization of high T g amphiphilic copolymers containing hexafluoroisopropanol groups. SOFT MATTER 2020; 16:6362-6370. [PMID: 32568344 DOI: 10.1039/d0sm00747a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) tends to be considered low fouling, which has led to its use in a wide variety of applications. Amphiphilic polyols, such as Antifoam 204, are commonly used as surfactants in fermentation processes due to their limited toxicity and low cost, but these polyols in aqueous solutions can unexpectedly swell membranes. Here we examine the interactions of PEG or poly(propylene glycol) (PPG) with amphiphilic substituted norbornene copolymers through swelling in dilute aqueous solution. The effect of molecular mass (Mn) of the polyol (PEG and PPG) in aqueous (1 wt% butanol) solution on the swelling and mechanical properties of a series of poly(alkyl norbornene-co-hexafluoroisopropanol norbornene) is systematically investigated using a quartz crystal microbalance with dissipation. At 10 ppm of PEG, the swelling is less than 20% for all of the copolymers examined and the swelling is independent of PEG Mn. Although PPG at the lowest Mn examined leads to similar swelling to PEG, the swelling induced by PPG increases with Mn to reach a maximum at Mn = 3.1 kg mol-1. Pluronic L121 is similar compositionally to Antifoam 204, but the equilibrium swelling is decreased by nearly a factor of 2, which is attributed to the higher Mn of Pluronic L121. The limited dependence on the alkyl chain in the copolymer suggest that the interactions between the polyol and hexafluoroisopropanol moiety in the copolymer drive the uptake by the membrane through bound water with the unassociated ether in the PPG that increases swelling with increasing Mn, but a finite size effect limits the swelling for sufficiently large polymer additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyuan Li
- Department of Polymer Engineering, University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325, USA
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Komorek P, Wałek M, Jachimska B. Mechanism of lysozyme adsorption onto gold surface determined by quartz crystal microbalance and surface plasmon resonance. Bioelectrochemistry 2020; 135:107582. [PMID: 32535493 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioelechem.2020.107582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the physicochemical characterization of lysozyme adsorbed on gold was investigated. Through the use of MP-SPR it was possible to establish that the orientation of molecules changes from side-on to between or end-on with increasing surface coverage. The data confirms that the process of adsorption is driven primarily by electrostatic interactions but also by hydrophobic forces. MP-SPR data was compared with the Random Sequential Adsorption model for a molecule with an ellipsoidal shape. Contact angle measurements showed that higher surface coverage also translates in more hydrophilic properties of obtained lysozyme layer. Comparison of CD and PM-IRRAS spectra in solution and adsorbed state respectively showed changes in the secondary structures of lysozyme. These changes are dependent on pH, but fundamentally they go in the direction of the increase of β-turn/random content with a simultaneous decrease in β-sheet fraction, which suggests that aggregation is not occurring. The combination of MP-SPR and QCM-D measurements allowed the estimation of the number of water molecules associated with the lysozymes films. It has been observed that hydration decreases from 70% in pH = 4 to 30% in pH = 11. This data indicates that hydration is driven mainly by the degree of protonation of lysozyme molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Komorek
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - M Wałek
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland
| | - B Jachimska
- Jerzy Haber Institute of Catalysis and Surface Chemistry Polish Academy of Sciences, Niezapominajek 8, 30-239 Cracow, Poland.
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Crosslinker-Based Regulation of Swelling Behavior of Poly( N-isopropylacrylamide) Gels in a Post-Polymerization Crosslinking System. Gels 2019; 6:gels6010002. [PMID: 31877819 PMCID: PMC7151299 DOI: 10.3390/gels6010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A fundamental understanding of the effect of a crosslinker on gel properties is important for the design of novel soft materials because a crosslinking is a key component of polymer gels. We focused on post-polymerization crosslinking (PPC) system utilizing activated ester chemistry, which is a powerful tool due to structural diversity of diamine crosslinkers and less susceptibility to solvent effect compared to conventional divinyl crosslinking system, to systematically evaluate the crosslinker effect on the gel properties. A variety of alkyldiamine crosslinkers was employed for the synthesis of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) gels and it was clarified that the length of alkyl chains of diamine crosslinkers strongly affected the gelation reaction and the swelling behavior. The longer crosslinker induced faster gelation and decreased the swelling degree and the response temperature in water, while the crosslinking density did not significantly change. In addition, we were able to modify the polymer chains in parallel with crosslinking by using a monoamine modifier along with a diamine crosslinker. This simultaneous chain modification during crosslinking (SMC) was demonstrated to be useful for the regulation of the crosslinking density and the swelling behavior of PNIPAAm gels.
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Ida S, Morimura M, Kitanaka H, Hirokawa Y, Kanaoka S. Swelling and mechanical properties of thermoresponsive/hydrophilic conetworks with crosslinked domain structures prepared from various triblock precursors. Polym Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1039/c9py01417a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive conetworks with crosslinked domain structures were designed by the crosslinking of triblock polymers for responsive gel functioning without external water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shohei Ida
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
| | - Miki Morimura
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
| | - Hironobu Kitanaka
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
| | - Yoshitsugu Hirokawa
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
| | - Shokyoku Kanaoka
- Department of Materials Science
- The University of Shiga Prefecture
- Hikone
- Japan
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Latza VM, Rodriguez-Loureiro I, Fragneto G, Schneck E. End Point Versus Backbone Specificity Governs Characteristics of Antibody Binding to Poly(ethylene glycol) Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2018; 34:13946-13955. [PMID: 30354149 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b02774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
End-grafted poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes are widely used in order to suppress undesired protein adsorption to surfaces exposed to blood or other biological fluids. The specific adsorption of antibodies (Abs) to PEG brushes associated with PEG's antigenicity is drawing increasing attention because it can affect clinical applications. Here, the adsorption to PEG brushes of two Ab types, specifically binding the polymer backbone and the polymer endpoints, is structurally characterized by neutron reflectometry. The measurements yield volume fraction profiles of PEG and of the adsorbed Abs with sub-nanometer resolution perpendicular to the surface. For all brush parameters in terms of grafting density and polymerization degree, the Ab profiles clearly differ between backbone binders and endpoint binders. The adsorbed Ab amount per unit area is substantial for both Ab types and for all brush parameters investigated, even for dense brushes, which impose a considerable osmotic barrier to Ab insertion. The results therefore indicate that variation of brush parameters alone is insufficient to prevent undesired Ab adsorption. Instead, our work motivates further efforts in the search for nonantigenic brush chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Latza
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
| | | | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 Avenue des Martyrs , 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9 , France
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1 , 14476 Potsdam , Germany
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Zhang Z, Orski S, Woys AM, Yuan G, Zarraga IE, Wagner NJ, Liu Y. Adsorption of polysorbate 20 and proteins on hydrophobic polystyrene surfaces studied by neutron reflectometry. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2018; 168:94-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2018.04.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Latza VM, Rodriguez-Loureiro I, Kiesel I, Halperin A, Fragneto G, Schneck E. Neutron Reflectometry Elucidates Protein Adsorption from Human Blood Serum onto PEG Brushes. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2017; 33:12708-12718. [PMID: 29023130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) brushes are reputed for their ability to prevent undesired protein adsorption to material surfaces exposed to biological fluids. Here, protein adsorption out of human blood serum onto PEG brushes anchored to solid-supported lipid monolayers was characterized by neutron reflectometry, yielding volume fraction profiles of lipid headgroups, PEG, and adsorbed proteins at subnanometer resolution. For both PEGylated and non-PEGylated lipid surfaces, serum proteins adsorb as a thin layer of approximately 10 Å, overlapping with the headgroup region. This layer corresponds to primary adsorption at the grafting surface and resists rinsing. A second diffuse protein layer overlaps with the periphery of the PEG brush and is attributed to ternary adsorption due to protein-PEG attraction. This second layer disappears upon rinsing, thus providing a first observation of the structural effect of rinsing on protein adsorption to PEG brushes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria M Latza
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Irena Kiesel
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
- TU Dortmund University , Otto-Hahn-Straße 4a, 44227 Dortmund, Germany
| | | | - Giovanna Fragneto
- Institut Laue-Langevin , 71 avenue des Martyrs, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | - Emanuel Schneck
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces , Am Mühlenberg 1, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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McLeod KR, Tew GN. Microphase-Separated Thiol–Ene Conetworks from Telechelic Macromonomers with Asymmetric Molecular Weights. Macromolecules 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.7b01681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly R. McLeod
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, and §Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N. Tew
- Department
of Polymer Science and Engineering, ‡Department of Veterinary and Animal
Sciences, and §Molecular and Cellular Biology Program, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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