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Lu J, Cai B, Xu W, Wang L, Luo Z, Wang B. A Nitrogen-Rich DOPO-Based Derivate for Increasing Fire Resistance of Epoxy Resin with Comparable Transparency. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2023; 16:ma16020519. [PMID: 36676259 PMCID: PMC9865245 DOI: 10.3390/ma16020519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/02/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
To endow synergistically epoxy resin (EP) with excellent fire resistance and high optical transparency, a nitrogen-rich DOPO-based derivate (named as FATP) was synthesized and incorporated into EP. It showed that the incorporation of the FATP reduced the fire hazard of the EP, as demonstrated by the fact that the EP/4% FATP blends gained a UL-94 V-0 rating and an LOI value of 35%, with the lowest values of the THR (86.7 MJ/m2), the PHRR (1059.3 kW/m2), and the TSP (89.6 MJ/m2). The presence of the FATP also reduced the thermal stability and the crosslinking density whilst improving the curing reaction and the storage modulus of the EP/FATP blends. The TG-FTIR spectra showed that •HPO/•PO free radicals and some nonflammable gases (HN3 and NH3) were produced during the pyrolysis, and the characterization (SEM, Raman spectroscopy, and XPS) of char residues confirmed that the FATP facilitated the formation of continuous and compact carbon layers of greater graphitization degree. It was thus concluded that the FATP played the flame-retardant roles in both the gas and condensed phases. Furthermore, the FREPs kept almost identical transparency as the pristine EP, and mechanical properties were also slightly enhanced. The FREPs presented in this work show promising applications in the fields of advanced optical technology.
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Wang CM, Chan HS, Liao CL, Chang CW, Liao WS. Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning. BEILSTEIN JOURNAL OF NANOTECHNOLOGY 2023; 14:34-44. [PMID: 36703907 PMCID: PMC9830500 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a unique soft lithographic operation that exploits stamp roof collapse-induced gaps to selectively remove an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au to generate surface patterns that are orders of magnitude smaller than structures on the original elastomer stamp. The smallest achieved feature dimension is 5 nm using a micrometer-scale structured stamp in a chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) process. Molecular patterns retained in the gaps between stamp features and their circumscribed or inscribed circles follow mathematical predictions, and their sizes can be tuned by altering the stamp structure dimensions, including height, pitch, and shape. These generated surface molecular patterns can function as biorecognition arrays or be transferred to the underneath Au layer for metallic structure creation. By combining CLL process with this gap phenomenon, soft material properties that are previously thought as demerits can be used to achieve sub-10 nm features in a straightforward sketch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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Hua Y, Chen J, Liu J, Sun J, Gu X, Jiang S, Zhang S. Fabrication of a transparent, flame retardant, and antimicrobial epoxy resin by a novel phosphorus-containing Schiff base molecule. Polym Degrad Stab 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2023.110274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Printing Technologies as an Emerging Approach in Gas Sensors: Survey of Literature. SENSORS 2022; 22:s22093473. [PMID: 35591162 PMCID: PMC9102873 DOI: 10.3390/s22093473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/29/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we review printing technologies which are commonly approbated at recent time in the course of fabricating gas sensors and multisensor arrays, mainly of chemiresistive type. The most important characteristics of the receptor materials, which need to be addressed in order to achieve a high efficiency of chemisensor devices, are considered. The printing technologies are comparatively analyzed with regard to, (i) the rheological properties of the employed inks representing both reagent solutions or organometallic precursors and disperse systems, (ii) the printing speed and resolution, and (iii) the thickness of the formed coatings to highlight benefits and drawbacks of the methods. Particular attention is given to protocols suitable for manufacturing single miniature devices with unique characteristics under a large-scale production of gas sensors where the receptor materials could be rather quickly tuned to modify their geometry and morphology. We address the most convenient approaches to the rapid printing single-crystal multisensor arrays at lab-on-chip paradigm with sufficiently high resolution, employing receptor layers with various chemical composition which could replace in nearest future the single-sensor units for advancing a selectivity.
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Deepthi A, Acharjee N, Sruthi S, Meenakshy C. An overview of nitrile imine based [3+2] cycloadditions over half a decade. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Livingstone K, Bertrand S, Kennedy AR, Jamieson C. Transition-Metal-Free Coupling of 1,3-Dipoles and Boronic Acids as a Sustainable Approach to C-C Bond Formation. Chemistry 2020; 26:10591-10597. [PMID: 32428258 PMCID: PMC7496359 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202001590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The need for alternative, complementary approaches to enable C-C bond formation within organic chemistry is an on-going challenge in the area. Of particular relevance are transformations that proceed in the absence of transition-metal reagents. In the current study, we report a comprehensive investigation of the coupling of nitrile imines and aryl boronic acids as an approach towards sustainable C-C bond formation. In situ generation of the highly reactive 1,3-dipole facilitates a Petasis-Mannich-type coupling via a nucleophilic boronate complex. The introduction of hydrazonyl chlorides as a complementary nitrile imine source to the 2,5-tetrazoles previously reported by our laboratory further broadens the scope of the approach. Additionally, we exemplify for the first time the extension of this protocol into another 1,3-dipole, through the synthesis of aryl ketone oximes from aryl boronic acids and nitrile N-oxides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Livingstone
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral StGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research CentreGunnels Wood RoadStevenageHertfordshireSG1 2NYUK
| | - Alan R. Kennedy
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral StGlasgowG1 1XLUK
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied ChemistryUniversity of StrathclydeThomas Graham Building, 295 Cathedral StGlasgowG1 1XLUK
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Livingstone K, Bertrand S, Jamieson C. One-Pot Suzuki-Hydrogenolysis Protocol for the Modular Synthesis of 2,5-Diaryltetrazoles. J Org Chem 2020; 85:7413-7423. [PMID: 32392054 PMCID: PMC7304064 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.0c00807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
2,5-Diaryltetrazoles are a diverse range of compounds of considerable interest within the field of photochemistry as a valuable precursor of the nitrile imine 1,3-dipole. Current literature approaches toward this heterocycle remain unsuitable for the practical synthesis of a library of these derivatives. Herein, we disclose the development of a modular approach toward 2,5-diaryltetrazoles compatible with an array-type protocol, facilitated by a tandem Suzuki-hydrogenolysis approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Livingstone
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- GlaxoSmithKline
Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, U.K.
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department
of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University
of Strathclyde, 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K.
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Shi Y, Liu K, Zhang Z, Tao X, Chen HY, Kingshott P, Wang PY. Decoration of Material Surfaces with Complex Physicochemical Signals for Biointerface Applications. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2020; 6:1836-1851. [DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.9b01806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yue Shi
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Kun Liu
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Xuelian Tao
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
| | - Hsien-Yeh Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
- Advanced Research Center for Green Materials Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Peter Kingshott
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
- ARC Training Centre Training Centre in Surface Engineering for Advanced Materials (SEAM), School of Engineering, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
| | - Peng-Yuan Wang
- Centre for Human Tissue & Organ Degeneration, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, Guangzhou 518055, China
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, School of Science, Swinburne University of Technology, Hawthorn, Victoria 3122, Australia
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Delafresnaye L, Jung K, Boyer C, Barner-Kowollik C. Two colours of light drive PET–RAFT photoligation. Polym Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0py01078b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
By fusing the realms of photopolymerisation and photoligation, our contribution exploits two orthogonal wavelengths of visible light to readily synthesise and functionalise well defined polymers from a unique dual functionality RAFT agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Delafresnaye
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- 4000 Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
| | - Kenward Jung
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Cyrille Boyer
- Centre for Advanced Macromolecular Design (CAMD) and Australian Centre for NanoMedicine (ACN)
- School of Chemical Engineering
- The University of New South Wales
- Sydney
- Australia
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Centre for Materials Science
- Queensland University of Technology (QUT)
- 4000 Brisbane
- Australia
- School of Chemistry and Physics
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Livingstone K, Bertrand S, Mowat J, Jamieson C. Metal-free C-C bond formation via coupling of nitrile imines and boronic acids. Chem Sci 2019; 10:10412-10416. [PMID: 32110332 PMCID: PMC6988605 DOI: 10.1039/c9sc03032h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The challenges of developing sustainable methods of carbon-carbon bond formation remains a topic of considerable importance in synthetic chemistry. Capitalizing on the highly reactive nature of the nitrile imine 1,3-dipole, we have developed a novel metal-free coupling of this species with aryl boronic acids. Photochemical generation of a nitrile imine intermediate and trapping with a palette of boronic acids enabled rapid and facile access to a broad library of more than 25 hydrazone derivatives in up to 92% yield, forming a carbon-carbon bond in a metal free fashion. This represents the first reported example of direct reaction between boronic acids and a 1,3-dipole.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Livingstone
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral St , Glasgow G1 1XL , UK .
| | - Sophie Bertrand
- GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre , Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage , Hertfordshire SG1 2NY , UK
| | - Jenna Mowat
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral St , Glasgow G1 1XL , UK .
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry , University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral St , Glasgow G1 1XL , UK .
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Mishiro K. Phototriggered Functionalization of a Carboxy Group Using a Tetrazole. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2019. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.77.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kenji Mishiro
- Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University
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12
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Lamping S, Buten C, Ravoo BJ. Functionalization and Patterning of Self-Assembled Monolayers and Polymer Brushes Using Microcontact Chemistry. Acc Chem Res 2019; 52:1336-1346. [PMID: 30969751 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.9b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Because the surface connects a material to its environment, the functionalization, modification, and patterning of surfaces is key to a wide range of materials applied in microelectronics, displays, sensing, microarrays, photovoltaics, catalysis, and other fields. Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), which can be deposited on a wide range of inorganic materials, are only a few nanometers thick, yet they can radically change the properties of the resulting interface. Alternatively, thin polymer films composed of polymer brushes grown from the surface provide a more robust molecular modification of inorganic materials. For many applications, patterned SAMs or polymer brushes are desired. Over the past decade, our group has shown that both SAMs as well as polymer brushes can be patterned very efficiently using microcontact printing. In microcontact printing, a molecular "ink" is deposited on a suitable substrate using a microstructured elastomer stamp, which delivers the ink exclusively in the area of contact between stamp and substrate. In contrast to most types of lithography, microcontact printing does not require expensive equipment. Our work has shown that "microcontact chemistry" is a powerful additive surface patterning method, in which molecular inks react with a precursor SAM during printing so that surfaces can be modified with various orthogonal functional groups or molecular recognition sites in microscale patterns. Functional groups include reactive groups for click chemistry or photochemistry and initiators for radical polymerization. Molecular recognition sites include host-guest chemistry as well as biochemical ligands such as carbohydrates and biotin. In this Account, we present an overview of our research in this area including selected examples of work by other groups. In the first part, we review our work on the patterning of SAMs using microcontact chemistry, with a focus on click chemistry and photochemistry. We will show how cycloadditions, thiol-ene reactions, and tetrazole chemistry can be used to obtain versatile surface patterns. In the second part, we demonstrate that microcontact chemistry can be used to pattern polymer brushes. Among others, initiators for surface-induced nitroxide-mediated polymerization and atom transfer polymerization were printed and used to grow patterned polymer brushes with molecular recognition groups suitable for responsive surface adhesion. In the third part, we describe how SAMs and polymer brushes can be printed on microparticles instead of flat substrates so that Janus particles with functional patches can be obtained. Finally, we present a brief outlook on further developments expected in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Lamping
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Buten
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wu Y, Guo G, Zheng J, Xing D, Zhang T. Fluorogenic "Photoclick" Labeling and Imaging of DNA with Coumarin-Fused Tetrazole in Vivo. ACS Sens 2019; 4:44-51. [PMID: 30540170 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.8b00565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Photoclickable fluorogenic probes will enable visualization of specific biomolecules with precise spatiotemporal control in their native environment. However, the fluorogenic tagging of DNA with current photocontrolled clickable probes is still challenging. Herein, we demonstrated the fast (19.5 ± 2.5 M-1 s-1) fluorogenic labeling and imaging of DNA in vitro and in vivo with rationally designed coumarin-fused tetrazoles under UV LED photoirradiation. With a water-soluble, nuclear-specific coumarin-fused tetrazole (CTz-SO3), the metabolically synthesized DNA in cultured cells was effectively labeled and visualized, without fixation, via "photoclick" reaction. Moreover, the photoclickable CTz-SO3 enabled real-time, spatially controlled imaging of DNA in live zebrafish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunxia Wu
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Guanlun Guo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Advanced Technology for Automotive Components & Hubei Collaborative Innovation Center for Automotive Components Technology, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, P. R. China
| | - Judun Zheng
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Da Xing
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
| | - Tao Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Laser Life Science & Institute of Laser Life Science, College of Biophotonics, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, P. R. China
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Müller R, Feuerstein TJ, Trouillet V, Bestgen S, Roesky PW, Barner-Kowollik C. Spatially-Resolved Multiple Metallopolymer Surfaces by Photolithography. Chemistry 2018; 24:18933-18943. [PMID: 30357939 DOI: 10.1002/chem.201803966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
A tetrazole-based photoligation protocol for the spatially-resolved encoding of various defined metallopolymers onto solid surfaces is introduced. By using this approach, fabrication of bi- and trifunctional metallopolymer surfaces with different metal combinations were achieved. Specifically, α-ω-functional copolymers containing bipyridine as well as triphenylphosphine ligands were synthesized through reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, and subsequently metal loaded to afford metallopolymers of the widely-used metals gold, palladium, and platinum. Spatially-resolved surface attachment was achieved by means of a nitrile imine-mediated tetrazole-ene cycloaddition (NITEC) based photoligation protocol, exploiting tethered tetrazoles and metallopolymers equipped with a maleimide chain terminus. Metallopolymer coated surfaces with three different metals were prepared and characterized by time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) and spatially-resolved X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) mapping, supporting the preserved chemical composition of the surface-bound metallopolymers. The established photochemical technology platform for arbitrary spatially-resolved metallopolymer surface designs enables the patterning of multiple metallopolymers onto solid substrates. This allows for the assembly of designer metallopolymer substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Müller
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Thomas J Feuerstein
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Vanessa Trouillet
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.,Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMF), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Hermann-von-Helmholtz-Platz 1, 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bestgen
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Peter W Roesky
- Institute for Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstr. 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Christopher Barner-Kowollik
- Macromolecular Architectures, Institute for Chemical Technology and Polymer Chemistry (ITCP), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 18, 76128, Karlsruhe, Germany.,School of Chemistry, Physics and Mechanical Engineering, Queensland University of Technology (QUT), 2 George Street, Brisbane, QLD 4000, Australia
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