1
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Bai G, Zhang H, Gao D, Fei H, Guo C, Ren M, Liu Y. Controlled condensation by liquid contact-induced adaptations of molecular conformations in self-assembled monolayers. Nat Commun 2024; 15:3132. [PMID: 38605051 PMCID: PMC11009314 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47507-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Surface condensation control strategies are crucial but commonly require relatively tedious, time-consuming, and expensive techniques for surface-chemical and topographical engineering. Here we report a strategy to alter surface condensation behavior without resorting to any molecule-type or topographical transmutations. After ultrafast contact of liquids with and removal from surfaces, the condensation rate and density of water droplets on the surfaces decrease, the extent of which is positively correlated with the polarity of the liquid and the duration of contact. The liquid contact-induced condensation rate/density decrease (LCICD) can be attributed to the decrease of nucleation site density resulted from the liquid contact-induced adaption of surface molecular conformation. Based on this, we find that LCICD is applicable to various surfaces, on condition that there are flexible segments capable of shielding at least part of nucleation sites through changing the conformation under liquid contact induction. Leveraging the LCICD effect, we achieve erasable information storage on diverse substrates. Furthermore, our strategy holds promise for controlling condensation of other substances since LCICD is not specific to the water condensation process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoying Bai
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China.
| | - Haiyan Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Dong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Province for Molecular Biophysics, Institute of Biophysics, School of Health Science & Biomedical Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Houguo Fei
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Cunlan Guo
- College of Chemistry and Molecular Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei, 430072, P. R. China
| | - Mingxia Ren
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
| | - Yufeng Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Materials Laminating Fabrication and Interface Control Technology, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, P. R. China
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2
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Gu H, Meng K, Yuan R, Xiao S, Shan Y, Zhu R, Deng Y, Luo X, Li R, Liu L, Chen X, Shi Y, Wang X, Duan C, Wang H. Rewritable printing of ionic liquid nanofilm utilizing focused ion beam induced film wetting. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2949. [PMID: 38580645 PMCID: PMC10997651 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47018-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Manipulating liquid flow over open solid substrate at nanoscale is important for printing, sensing, and energy devices. The predominant methods of liquid maneuvering usually involve complicated surface fabrications, while recent attempts employing external stimuli face difficulties in attaining nanoscale flow control. Here we report a largely unexplored ion beam induced film wetting (IBFW) technology for open surface nanofluidics. Local electrostatic forces, which are generated by the unique charging effect of Helium focused ion beam (HFIB), induce precursor film of ionic liquid and the disjoining pressure propels and stabilizes the nanofilm with desired patterns. The IBFW technique eliminates the complicated surface fabrication procedures to achieve nanoscale flow in a controllable and rewritable manner. By combining with electrochemical deposition, various solid materials with desired patterns can be produced.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haohao Gu
- Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transport at Micro-Nano Scale, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Kaixin Meng
- Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transport at Micro-Nano Scale, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Ruowei Yuan
- Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transport at Micro-Nano Scale, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Siyang Xiao
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Yuying Shan
- Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transport at Micro-Nano Scale, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Rui Zhu
- Electron Microscopy Lab, School of Physics, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Yajun Deng
- Future Technology School, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, 518118, PR China
| | - Xiaojin Luo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Ruijie Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Xu Chen
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Yuping Shi
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Wang
- Research Center of Engineering Thermophysics, North China Electric Power University, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Chuanhua Duan
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, 02215, MA, USA
| | - Hao Wang
- Laboratory of Heat and Mass Transport at Micro-Nano Scale, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, PR China.
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3
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Tian X, Li F, Tang Z, Wang S, Weng K, Liu D, Lu S, Liu W, Fu Z, Li W, Qiu H, Tu M, Zhang H, Li J. Crosslinking-induced patterning of MOFs by direct photo- and electron-beam lithography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2920. [PMID: 38575569 PMCID: PMC10995132 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47293-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) with diverse chemistry, structures, and properties have emerged as appealing materials for miniaturized solid-state devices. The incorporation of MOF films in these devices, such as the integrated microelectronics and nanophotonics, requires robust patterning methods. However, existing MOF patterning methods suffer from some combinations of limited material adaptability, compromised patterning resolution and scalability, and degraded properties. Here we report a universal, crosslinking-induced patterning approach for various MOFs, termed as CLIP-MOF. Via resist-free, direct photo- and electron-beam (e-beam) lithography, the ligand crosslinking chemistry leads to drastically reduced solubility of colloidal MOFs, permitting selective removal of unexposed MOF films with developer solvents. This enables scalable, micro-/nanoscale (≈70 nm resolution), and multimaterial patterning of MOFs on large-area, rigid or flexible substrates. Patterned MOF films preserve their crystallinity, porosity, and other properties tailored for targeted applications, such as diffractive gas sensors and electrochromic pixels. The combined features of CLIP-MOF create more possibilities in the system-level integration of MOFs in various electronic, photonic, and biomedical devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoli Tian
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fu Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Zhenyuan Tang
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Song Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Kangkang Weng
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Dan Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Shaoyong Lu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wangyu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhong Fu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Wenjun Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hengwei Qiu
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Min Tu
- Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200050, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
| | - Jinghong Li
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bioorganic Phosphorus Chemistry & Chemical Biology (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
- Beijing Institute of Life Science and Technology, Beijing, 102206, China
- Center for Bioanalytical Chemistry, Hefei National Laboratory of Physical Science at Microscale, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
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4
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Guan L, Cao C, Liu X, Liu Q, Qiu Y, Wang X, Yang Z, Lai H, Sun Q, Ding C, Zhu D, Kuang C, Liu X. Light and matter co-confined multi-photon lithography. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2387. [PMID: 38493192 PMCID: PMC10944545 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46743-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Mask-free multi-photon lithography enables the fabrication of arbitrary nanostructures low cost and more accessible than conventional lithography. A major challenge for multi-photon lithography is to achieve ultra-high precision and desirable lateral resolution due to the inevitable optical diffraction barrier and proximity effect. Here, we show a strategy, light and matter co-confined multi-photon lithography, to overcome the issues via combining photo-inhibition and chemical quenchers. We deeply explore the quenching mechanism and photoinhibition mechanism for light and matter co-confined multiphoton lithography. Besides, mathematical modeling helps us better understand that the synergy of quencher and photo-inhibition can gain a narrowest distribution of free radicals. By using light and matter co-confined multiphoton lithography, we gain a 30 nm critical dimension and 100 nm lateral resolution, which further decrease the gap with conventional lithography.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Guan
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 310018, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiulan Liu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yiwei Qiu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiaobing Wang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhenyao Yang
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Huiying Lai
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Qiuyuan Sun
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chenliang Ding
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Dazhao Zhu
- Research Center for Intelligent Chips and Devices, Zhejiang Lab, 311121, Hangzhou, China
| | - Cuifang Kuang
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Xu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Extreme Photonics and Instrumentation, College of Optical Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, 310027, Hangzhou, China.
- ZJU-Hangzhou Global Scientific and Technological Innovation Center, 311200, Hangzhou, China.
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5
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Park J, Kwak SJ, Kang S, Oh S, Shin B, Noh G, Kim TS, Kim C, Park H, Oh SH, Kang W, Hur N, Chai HJ, Kang M, Kwon S, Lee J, Lee Y, Moon E, Shi C, Lou J, Lee WB, Kwak JY, Yang H, Chung TM, Eom T, Suh J, Han Y, Jeong HY, Kim Y, Kang K. Area-selective atomic layer deposition on 2D monolayer lateral superlattices. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2138. [PMID: 38459015 PMCID: PMC10924103 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46293-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2024] [Indexed: 03/10/2024] Open
Abstract
The advanced patterning process is the basis of integration technology to realize the development of next-generation high-speed, low-power consumption devices. Recently, area-selective atomic layer deposition (AS-ALD), which allows the direct deposition of target materials on the desired area using a deposition barrier, has emerged as an alternative patterning process. However, the AS-ALD process remains challenging to use for the improvement of patterning resolution and selectivity. In this study, we report a superlattice-based AS-ALD (SAS-ALD) process using a two-dimensional (2D) MoS2-MoSe2 lateral superlattice as a pre-defining template. We achieved a minimum half pitch size of a sub-10 nm scale for the resulting AS-ALD on the 2D superlattice template by controlling the duration time of chemical vapor deposition (CVD) precursors. SAS-ALD introduces a mechanism that enables selectivity through the adsorption and diffusion processes of ALD precursors, distinctly different from conventional AS-ALD method. This technique facilitates selective deposition even on small pattern sizes and is compatible with the use of highly reactive precursors like trimethyl aluminum. Moreover, it allows for the selective deposition of a variety of materials, including Al2O3, HfO2, Ru, Te, and Sb2Se3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeongwon Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jae Kwak
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Sumin Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Saeyoung Oh
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Bongki Shin
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Gichang Noh
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Center for Neuromorphic Engineering, Korea Institute Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Soo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Changhwan Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonbin Park
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hoon Oh
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Woojin Kang
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Namwook Hur
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jun Chai
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Seongdae Kwon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaehyun Lee
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongjoon Lee
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Eoram Moon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuqiao Shi
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Jun Lou
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Won Bo Lee
- School of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Institute of Chemical Processes, Seoul National University (SNU), Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Joon Young Kwak
- Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ewha Womans University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejun Yang
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
- Department of Physics, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taek-Mo Chung
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Taeyong Eom
- Division of Advanced Materials, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Joonki Suh
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yimo Han
- Department of Materials Science and NanoEngineering, Rice University, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Hu Young Jeong
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Materials and Devices Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - YongJoo Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
| | - Kibum Kang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of Semiconductor Technology, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
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6
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Žemaitis A, Gaidys M, Gečys P, Gedvilas M. Bi-stability in femtosecond laser ablation by MHz bursts. Sci Rep 2024; 14:5614. [PMID: 38453989 PMCID: PMC10920652 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-54928-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024] Open
Abstract
In this work, a bi-stable behavior of laser ablation efficiency and quality was controlled by fluence and burst length. The plasma shielding of incoming laser radiation caused sudden jumps with a significant decrease in ablation efficiency for every even number of pulses in the burst. The attenuation of incoming laser radiation by plasma created by the previous pulse was incorporated into the toy model of burst ablation efficiency. The mathematical recurrence relation has been derived for the first time, binding ablation efficiency for the next pulse with the efficiency of the previous pulse, which predicts bi-stability, as well as sudden jumps occurring in ablation efficiency depending on the number of pulses in burst with the response to changes of the control parameter of peak laser fluence in the pulse. The modeling results using new recurrence relation showed stable and bi-stable ablation efficiency depending on burst fluence and the number of pulses, which agreed well with experimental data. The extremely efficient laser ablation has been achieved by optimizing the shielding effect using three pulses in the burst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrius Žemaitis
- Department of Laser Technologies (LTS), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanorių Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mantas Gaidys
- Department of Laser Technologies (LTS), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanorių Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Paulius Gečys
- Department of Laser Technologies (LTS), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanorių Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Mindaugas Gedvilas
- Department of Laser Technologies (LTS), Center for Physical Sciences and Technology (FTMC), Savanorių Ave. 231, 02300, Vilnius, Lithuania.
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7
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Periz R, Geuß M, Mameka N, Markmann J, Steinhart M. High-Temperature Melt Stamping of Polymers Using Polymer/Nanoporous Gold Composite Stamps. Small 2024:e2308478. [PMID: 38263727 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202308478] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
Parallel lithographic deposition of polymers onto counterpart substrates is a widely applied surface manufacturing operation. However, polymers may only be soluble in organic solvents or are insoluble at all. Solvent evaporation during stamping may trigger hardly controllable capillarity-driven flow processes or phase separation, and polymer solutions may spread on the counterpart substrates. Solvent-free stamping of melts prevents these drawbacks. Here, a stamp design for the deposition of melts is devised, which intrinsically circumvents ink depletion. The stamps' topographically patterned contact surfaces with protruding contact elements contacting the counterpart substrates consist of a nanoporous gold layer with a thickness of a few micrometers. The nanoporous gold layer is attached to a molten polymer layer, which is support for the nanoporous gold layer and ink reservoir at the same time. The nanoporous gold layer in turn stabilizes the topography of the stamps' contact surfaces. As examples, arrays of submicron microdots of polystyrene and poly(vinylidenefluoride-trifluoroethylene) (PVDF-TrFE) are manufactured. The P(VDF-TrFE) microdots are partially crystalline, ferroelectric, and can be locally poled. It is envisioned that the methodology reported here can be automatized and may be extended to functional low-molecular-mass compounds, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruža Periz
- School of Biology and Chemistry and CellNanOs, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Markus Geuß
- School of Biology and Chemistry and CellNanOs, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
| | - Nadiia Mameka
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
| | - Jürgen Markmann
- Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon, Institute of Materials Mechanics, 21502, Geesthacht, Germany
- Institute of Materials Physics and Technology, Hamburg University of Technology, 21073, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Steinhart
- School of Biology and Chemistry and CellNanOs, Universität Osnabrück, Barbarastr. 7, 49076, Osnabrück, Germany
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8
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Yang B, Picchetti P, Wang Y, Wang W, Seeger C, Bozov K, Malik S, Mallach D, Schäfer AH, Ibrahim M, Hirtz M, Powell AK. Patterned immobilization of polyoxometalate-loaded mesoporous silica particles via amine-ene Michael additions on alkene functionalized surfaces. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1249. [PMID: 38218940 PMCID: PMC10787769 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-50846-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Polyoxometalates (POM) are anionic oxoclusters of early transition metals that are of great interest for a variety of applications, including the development of sensors and catalysts. A crucial step in the use of POM in functional materials is the production of composites that can be further processed into complex materials, e.g. by printing on different substrates. In this work, we present an immobilization approach for POMs that involves two key processes: first, the stable encapsulation of POMs in the pores of mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSPs) and, second, the formation of microstructured arrays with these POM-loaded nanoparticles. Specifically, we have developed a strategy that leads to water-stable, POM-loaded mesoporous silica that can be covalently linked to alkene-bearing surfaces by amine-Michael addition and patterned into microarrays by scanning probe lithography (SPL). The immobilization strategy presented facilitates the printing of hybrid POM-loaded nanomaterials onto different surfaces and provides a versatile method for the fabrication of POM-based composites. Importantly, POM-loaded MSPs are useful in applications such as microfluidic systems and sensors that require frequent washing. Overall, this method is a promising way to produce surface-printed POM arrays that can be used for a wide range of applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingquan Yang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Pierre Picchetti
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Yangxin Wang
- Institute of Biological and Chemical Systems - Functional Molecular Systems (IBCS-FMS), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- College of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Puzhu Road(S) 30, 211816, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Wenjing Wang
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Christoph Seeger
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Kliment Bozov
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sharali Malik
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Dennis Mallach
- nanoAnalytics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 11, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | | | - Masooma Ibrahim
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Michael Hirtz
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
| | - Annie K Powell
- Institute of Nanotechnology (INT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Inorganic Chemistry (AOC), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Engesserstraße 15, 76131, Karlsruhe, Germany
- Institute for Quantum Materials and Technologies (IQMT), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), 76344, Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
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9
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Cho S, Gaponenko I, Cordero-Edwards K, Barceló-Mercader J, Arias I, Kim D, Lichtensteiger C, Yeom J, Musy L, Kim H, Han SM, Catalan G, Paruch P, Hong S. Switchable tribology of ferroelectrics. Nat Commun 2024; 15:387. [PMID: 38195614 PMCID: PMC10776724 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-44346-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Switchable tribological properties of ferroelectrics offer an alternative route to visualize and control ferroelectric domains. Here, we observe the switchable friction and wear behavior of ferroelectrics using a nanoscale scanning probe-down domains have lower friction coefficients and show slower wear rates than up domains and can be used as smart masks. This asymmetry is enabled by flexoelectrically coupled polarization in the up and down domains under a sufficiently high contact force. Moreover, we determine that this polarization-sensitive tribological asymmetry is widely applicable across various ferroelectrics with different chemical compositions and crystalline symmetry. Finally, using this switchable tribology and multi-pass patterning with a domain-based dynamic smart mask, we demonstrate three-dimensional nanostructuring exploiting the asymmetric wear rates of up and down domains, which can, furthermore, be scaled up to technologically relevant (mm-cm) size. These findings demonstrate that ferroelectrics are electrically tunable tribological materials at the nanoscale for versatile applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongwoo Cho
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Iaroslav Gaponenko
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
- G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia, 30332, United States of America
| | | | - Jordi Barceló-Mercader
- LaCàN - Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Irene Arias
- LaCàN - Mathematical and Computational Modeling, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
- International Centre for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Daeho Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Céline Lichtensteiger
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jiwon Yeom
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Loïc Musy
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Hyunji Kim
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Min Han
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Gustau Catalan
- Catalan Institute of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology (ICN2), Campus Autonomous University of Barcelona, Bellaterra, 08193, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, 08010, Catalonia
| | - Patrycja Paruch
- Department of Quantum Matter Physics, University of Geneva, 1211, Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Seungbum Hong
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- KAIST Institute for NanoCentury (KINC), Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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10
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Cho J, Oh J, Bang J, Koh JH, Jeong HY, Chung S, Son JG. Roll-to-plate 0.1-second shear-rolling process at elevated temperature for highly aligned nanopatterns. Nat Commun 2023; 14:8412. [PMID: 38110407 PMCID: PMC10728125 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43766-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 11/18/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The shear-rolling process is a promising directed self-assembly method that can produce high-quality sub-10 nm block copolymer line-space patterns cost-effectively and straightforwardly over a large area. This study presents a high temperature (280 °C) and rapid (~0.1 s) shear-rolling process that can achieve a high degree of orientation in a single process while effectively preventing film delamination, that can be applied to large-area continuous processes. By minimizing adhesion, normal forces, and ultimate shear strain of the polydimethylsiloxane pad, shearing was successfully performed without peeling up to 280 °C at which the chain mobility significantly increases. This method can be utilized for various high-χ block copolymers and surface neutralization processes. It enables the creation of block copolymer patterns with a half-pitch as small as 8 nm in a unidirectional way. Moreover, the 0.1-second rapid shear-rolling was successfully performed on long, 3-inch width polyimide flexible films to validate its potential for the roll-to-roll process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junghyun Cho
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinwoo Oh
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Joona Bang
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai Hyun Koh
- Clean Energy Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Yeub Jeong
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungjun Chung
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Gon Son
- Soft Hybrid Materials Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
- KU-KIST Graduate School of Converging Science and Technology, Korea University, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Khosla H, Seche W, Ammerman D, Elyahoodayan S, Caputo GA, Hettinger J, Amini S, Feng G. Development of antibacterial neural stimulation electrodes via hierarchical surface restructuring and atomic layer deposition. Sci Rep 2023; 13:19778. [PMID: 37957282 PMCID: PMC10643707 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-47256-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Miniaturization and electrochemical performance enhancement of electrodes and microelectrode arrays in emerging long-term implantable neural stimulation devices improves specificity, functionality, and performance of these devices. However, surgical site and post-implantation infections are amongst the most devastating complications after surgical procedures and implantations. Additionally, with the increased use of antibiotics, the threat of antibiotic resistance is significant and is increasingly being recognized as a global problem. Therefore, the need for alternative strategies to eliminate post-implantation infections and reduce antibiotic use has led to the development of medical devices with antibacterial properties. In this work, we report on the development of electrochemically active antibacterial platinum-iridium electrodes targeted for use in neural stimulation and sensing applications. A two-step development process was used. Electrodes were first restructured using femtosecond laser hierarchical surface restructuring. In the second step of the process, atomic layer deposition was utilized to deposit conformal antibacterial copper oxide thin films on the hierarchical surface structure of the electrodes to impart antibacterial properties to the electrodes with minimal impact on electrochemical performance of the electrodes. Morphological, compositional, and structural properties of the electrodes were studied using multiple modalities of microscopy and spectroscopy. Antibacterial properties of the electrodes were also studied, particularly, the killing effect of the hierarchically restructured antibacterial electrodes on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus-two common types of bacteria responsible for implant infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henna Khosla
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
| | - Wesley Seche
- Pulse Technologies Inc., Research and Development, Quakertown, PA, 18951, USA
| | - Daniel Ammerman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Sahar Elyahoodayan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Gregory A Caputo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Jeffrey Hettinger
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Rowan University, Glassboro, NJ, 08028, USA
| | - Shahram Amini
- Pulse Technologies Inc., Research and Development, Quakertown, PA, 18951, USA.
- Biomedical Engineering Department, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, 06269, USA.
| | - Gang Feng
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Villanova University, Villanova, PA, 19085, USA
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12
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Thomas TM, Mahapatra PS. Wicking assisted condenser platform with patterned wettability for space application. Sci Rep 2023; 13:18095. [PMID: 37872326 PMCID: PMC10593764 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-45294-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Vapor condensation is extensively used in applications that demand the exchange of a substantial amount of heat energy or the vapor-liquid phase conversion. In conventional condensers, the condensate removal from a subcooled surface is caused by gravity force. This restricts the use of such condensers in space applications or horizontal orientations. The current study demonstrates proof-of-concept of a novel plate-type condenser platform for passively removing condensate from a horizontally oriented surface to the surrounding wicking reservoir without gravity. The condensing surface is engineered with patterned wettabilities, which enables the continuous migration of condensate from the inner region of the condenser surface to the side edges via surface energy gradient. The surrounding wicking reservoir facilitates the continuous absorption of condensate from the side edges. The condensation dynamics on different substrates with patterned wettabilities are investigated, and their condensation heat transfer performance is compared. The continuous migration of condensate drops from a superhydrophobic to a superhydrophilic area can rejuvenate the nucleation sites in the superhydrophobic area, resulting in increased heat transport. The proposed condenser design with engineered wettability can be used for temperature and humidity management applications in space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tibin M Thomas
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India
| | - Pallab Sinha Mahapatra
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, 600036, India.
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13
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Lu Y, Zhang X, Zhao L, Liu H, Yan M, Zhang X, Mochizuki K, Yang S. Metal-organic framework template-guided electrochemical lithography on substrates for SERS sensing applications. Nat Commun 2023; 14:5860. [PMID: 37730799 PMCID: PMC10511444 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-41563-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The templating method holds great promise for fabricating surface nanopatterns. To enhance the manufacturing capabilities of complex surface nanopatterns, it is important to explore new modes of the templates beyond their conventional masking and molding modes. Here, we employed the metal-organic framework (MOF) microparticles assembled monolayer films as templates for metal electrodeposition and revealed a previously unidentified guiding growth mode enabling the precise growth of metallic films exclusively underneath the MOF microparticles. The guiding growth mode was induced by the fast ion transportation within the nanochannels of the MOF templates. The MOF template could be repeatedly used, allowing for the creation of identical metallic surface nanopatterns for multiple times on different substrates. The MOF template-guided electrochemical growth mode provided a robust route towards cost-effective fabrication of complex metallic surface nanopatterns with promising applications in metamaterials, plasmonics, and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) sensing fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youyou Lu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China
| | - Liyan Zhao
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Hong Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Mi Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou, 014030, China
| | - Xiaochen Zhang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Kenji Mochizuki
- Department of Chemistry, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, P. R. China.
| | - Shikuan Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
- Baotou Research Institute of Rare Earths, Baotou, 014030, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310027, China.
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14
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Kalle D, Bahr J, Keller TJ, Kleine Büning JB, Grimme S, Bursch M, Jester SS, Höger S. Modular Bicyclophane-Based Molecular Platforms. Chemistry 2023:e202302662. [PMID: 37721199 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202302662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
The modular synthesis of a series of nanoscale phenylene bicyclophanes with an intraannular orthogonal pillar is described. The compounds are obtained by a Suzuki cross-coupling condensation and are characterized by mass spectrometry and NMR spectroscopy as well as in situ scanning tunneling microscopy at the solid/liquid interface of highly ordered pyrolytic graphite. In addition, their structures and conformations are supported by quantum chemical calculations, also after adsorption to the substrate. A set of two alkyl chain substitution patterns as well as a combination of both were investigated with respect to their ability to form extended 2D-crystalline superstructures on graphite. It shows that not the most densely packed surface coverage gives the most stable structure, but the largest number of alkyl chains per molecule determines the structural robustness to alterations at the pillar functionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Kalle
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Joshua Bahr
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Tristan Johannes Keller
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Julius B Kleine Büning
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Stefan Grimme
- Mulliken Center for Theoretical Chemistry, Clausius-Institut für Physikalische und Theoretische Chemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Beringstraße 4, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Markus Bursch
- Max-Planck-Institut für Kohlenforschung, Kaiser-Wilhelm-Platz 1, 45470, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
| | - Stefan-Sven Jester
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
| | - Sigurd Höger
- Kekulé-Institut für Organische Chemie und Biochemie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Gerhard-Domagk-Str. 1, 53121, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Jo WL, Lim YW, Kwon SY, Bahk JH, Kim J, Shin T, Kim Y. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma treatment increases hydrophilicity and promotes cell growth on titanium alloys in vitro. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14792. [PMID: 37684351 PMCID: PMC10491806 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41905-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Most medical implants are made of titanium. When titanium is exposed to air for a long time, hydrocarbons are deposited and the surface becomes hydrophobic. Cell attachment is important for bone ingrowth to occur on the implant surface, and hydrophilicity can enhance this. We examined whether non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma treatment could increase the hydrophilicity of the titanium surface. Samples coated with four widely used coating types [grit blasting, micro arc oxidation (MAO), titanium plasma spray (TPS), and direct metal fabrication (DMF)] were treated with plasma. Each of the four surface-treated samples was divided into groups with and without plasma treatment. We analysed wettability by surface analysis and evaluation of contact angles, cell proliferation, and adhesion using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), confocal laser scanning microscopy, absorbance tests, and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay; four different Ti6Al4V surface types were compared. After plasma treatment, the contact angle was reduced on all surfaces, and the carbon content was reduced on all surfaces based on X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) surface analysis. Under confocal laser scanning, the cell layer was thicker on the plasma-treated samples, especially in groups TPS and DMF. Cell proliferation was 41.8%, 17.7%, 54.9%, and 83.8% greater for the plasma- than non-plasma-treated grit blasting, MAO, TPS, and DMF samples, respectively. Hydrophilicity increased significantly under plasma treatment, and biological responsivity was also improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woo-Lam Jo
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Korea
| | - Young-Wook Lim
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Korea.
| | - Soon-Yong Kwon
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Korea
| | - Ji-Hoon Bahk
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Seoul St. Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Korea
| | - Jungsung Kim
- Central R&D Center, Corentec Co., Ltd., 33-2, Banpo-daero 20-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - Taejin Shin
- Central R&D Center, Corentec Co., Ltd., 33-2, Banpo-daero 20-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | - YongHwa Kim
- Central R&D Center, Corentec Co., Ltd., 33-2, Banpo-daero 20-gil, Seocho-gu, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Zhang J, Liu Y, Njel C, Ronneberger S, Tarakina NV, Loeffler FF. An all-in-one nanoprinting approach for the synthesis of a nanofilm library for unclonable anti-counterfeiting applications. Nat Nanotechnol 2023; 18:1027-1035. [PMID: 37277535 PMCID: PMC10501905 DOI: 10.1038/s41565-023-01405-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In addition to causing trillion-dollar economic losses every year, counterfeiting threatens human health, social equity and national security. Current materials for anti-counterfeiting labelling typically contain toxic inorganic quantum dots and the techniques to produce unclonable patterns require tedious fabrication or complex readout methods. Here we present a nanoprinting-assisted flash synthesis approach that generates fluorescent nanofilms with physical unclonable function micropatterns in milliseconds. This all-in-one approach yields quenching-resistant carbon dots in solid films, directly from simple monosaccharides. Moreover, we establish a nanofilm library comprising 1,920 experiments, offering conditions for various optical properties and microstructures. We produce 100 individual physical unclonable function patterns exhibiting near-ideal bit uniformity (0.492 ± 0.018), high uniqueness (0.498 ± 0.021) and excellent reliability (>93%). These unclonable patterns can be quickly and independently read out by fluorescence and topography scanning, greatly improving their security. An open-source deep-learning model guarantees precise authentication, even if patterns are challenged with different resolutions or devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfang Zhang
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Yuxin Liu
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christian Njel
- Institute for Applied Materials (IAM) and Karlsruhe Nano Micro Facility (KNMFi), Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Ronneberger
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, Potsdam, Germany
| | | | - Felix F Loeffler
- Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, Potsdam, Germany.
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17
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Hokari R, Takakuwa K, Shiomoto K, Kuwano G, Kurihara K. Development and analysis of a nano-triangular wave-shaped polarizer. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13387. [PMID: 37591973 PMCID: PMC10435532 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
As society becomes smarter, advanced optical sensing and imaging technologies utilizing visible and near-infrared regions have become increasingly prevalent. Wire-grid polarizers, which are available for broadband electromagnetic waves, are effective in improving the signal-to-noise ratio of such optical systems and enabling more advanced object detection and analysis. However, to be implemented in everyday products, low-cost manufacturing methods must be developed while maintaining high-performance optical functions. To meet these requirements, we conducted an analysis of the geometry of wire-grid polarizers, and designed and developed a wire-grid polarizer with a nano-triangular wave-shaped structure that can be fabricated using general-purpose manufacturing equipment. Once the mould is prepared, this polarizer can be fabricated via nanoimprinting and metal deposition with a normal angle or electroless plating processes. The polarizer fabricated through electroless Ni plating achieves a transmittance of 40%, which is approximately 1.4 times higher than that achieved in a previous study using electroless Ni plating on a rectangular structure with the same period. In addition, the polarizer fabricated through normal angle Al deposition operates over a wide range of wavelengths from visible light to near-infrared, and achieves a polarization extinction ratio of 24 dB at a wavelength of 550 nm and a high transmittance of 81%. High-performance polarizers can be obtained through normal-angle deposition using general-purpose equipment in contrast to the oblique-angle deposition method employed in the manufacture of conventional rectangular structure-based wire-grid polarizers, thereby contributing to cost reduction and improved manufacturability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryohei Hokari
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba East, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, Japan.
| | - Kyohei Takakuwa
- Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Trading, Inc., KANDA SQUARE 15F, 2-2-1 Kanda-Nishikicho, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo, 101-0054, Japan
| | - Kengo Shiomoto
- Sumitomo Bakelite Co., Ltd., 7-1 Satsukicho, Kanuma, Tochigi, 322-0014, Japan
| | - Genki Kuwano
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba East, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, Japan
| | - Kazuma Kurihara
- Advanced Manufacturing Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), AIST Tsukuba East, 1-2-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8564, Japan
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18
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Liu B, Liu S, Devaraj V, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Ai J, Han Y, Feng J. Metal 3D nanoprinting with coupled fields. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4920. [PMID: 37582962 PMCID: PMC10427678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40577-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallized arrays of three-dimensional (3D) nanoarchitectures offer new and exciting prospects in nanophotonics and nanoelectronics. Engineering these repeating nanoarchitectures, which have dimensions smaller than the wavelength of the light source, enables in-depth investigation of unprecedented light-matter interactions. Conventional metal nanomanufacturing relies largely on lithographic methods that are limited regarding the choice of materials and machine write time and are restricted to flat patterns and rigid structures. Herein, we present a 3D nanoprinter devised to fabricate flexible arrays of 3D metallic nanoarchitectures over areas up to 4 × 4 mm2 within 20 min. By suitably adjusting the electric and flow fields, metal lines as narrow as 14 nm were printed. We also demonstrate the key ability to print a wide variety of materials ranging from single metals, alloys to multimaterials. In addition, the optical properties of the as-printed 3D nanoarchitectures can be tailored by varying the material, geometry, feature size, and periodic arrangement. The custom-designed and custom-built 3D nanoprinter not only combines metal 3D printing with nanoscale precision but also decouples the materials from the printing process, thereby yielding opportunities to advance future nanophotonics and semiconductor devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingyan Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shirong Liu
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Vasanthan Devaraj
- Bio-IT Fusion Technology Research Institute, Pusan National University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Yuxiang Yin
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yueqi Zhang
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jingui Ai
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaochen Han
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jicheng Feng
- School of Physical Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, Shanghai, China.
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19
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Balasubramanian V, Niksan O, Jain MC, Golovin K, Zarifi MH. Non-destructive erosive wear monitoring of multi-layer coatings using AI-enabled differential split ring resonator based system. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4916. [PMID: 37582844 PMCID: PMC10427693 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Unprotected surfaces where a coating has been removed due to erosive wear can catastrophically fail from corrosion, mechanical impingement, or chemical degradation, leading to major safety hazards, financial losses, and even fatalities. As a preventive measure, industries including aviation, marine and renewable energy are actively seeking solutions for the real-time and autonomous monitoring of coating health. This work presents a real-time, non-destructive inspection system for the erosive wear detection of coatings, by leveraging artificial intelligence enabled microwave differential split ring resonator sensors, integrated to a smart, embedded monitoring circuitry. The differential microwave system detects the erosion of coatings through the variations of resonant characteristics of the split ring resonators, located underneath the coating layer while compensating for the external noises. The system's response and performance are validated through erosive wear tests on single- and multi-layer polymeric coatings up to a thickness of 2.5 mm. The system is capable of distinguishing which layer is being eroded (for multi-layer coatings) and estimating the wear depth and rate through its integration with a recurrent neural network-based predictive analytics model. The synergistic combination of artificial intelligence enabled microwave resonators and a smart monitoring system further demonstrates its practicality for real-world coating erosion applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Balasubramanian
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Omid Niksan
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Mandeep C Jain
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada
| | - Kevin Golovin
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 3G8, Canada
| | - Mohammad H Zarifi
- Okanagan MicroElectronics and Gigahertz Applications Laboratory, School of Engineering, Faculty of Applied Science, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, BC, V1V 1V7, Canada.
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20
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Murastov G, Aslam MA, Tran TH, Lassnig A, Watanabe K, Taniguchi T, Wurster S, Nachtnebel M, Teichert C, Sheremet E, Rodriguez RD, Matkovic A. Photoinduced edge-specific nanoparticle decoration of two-dimensional tungsten diselenide nanoribbons. Commun Chem 2023; 6:166. [PMID: 37580376 PMCID: PMC10425467 DOI: 10.1038/s42004-023-00975-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Metallic nanoparticles are widely explored for boosting light-matter coupling, optoelectronic response, and improving photocatalytic performance of two-dimensional (2D) materials. However, the target area is restricted to either top or bottom of the 2D flakes. Here, we introduce an approach for edge-specific nanoparticle decoration via light-assisted reduction of silver ions and merging of silver seeds. We observe arrays of the self-limited in size silver nanoparticles along tungsten diselenide WSe2 nanoribbon edges. The density of nanoparticles is tunable by adjusting the laser fluence. Scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy are used to investigate the size, distribution, and photo-response of the deposited plasmonic nanoparticles on the quasi-one-dimensional nanoribbons. We report an on-surface synthesis path for creating mixed-dimensional heterostructures and heterojunctions with potential applications in opto-electronics, plasmonics, and catalysis, offering improved light matter coupling, optoelectronics response, and photocatalytic performance of 2D materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gennadiy Murastov
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700, Leoben, Austria.
| | - Muhammad Awais Aslam
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Tuan-Hoang Tran
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Avenue 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Alice Lassnig
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Kenji Watanabe
- Research Center for Functional Materials, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Takashi Taniguchi
- International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics, National Institute for Materials Science, 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba, 305-0044, Japan
| | - Stefan Wurster
- Erich Schmid Institute of Materials Science, Austrian Academy of Sciences, Jahnstrasse 12, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Manfred Nachtnebel
- Graz Centre for Electron Microscopy (ZFE), Steyrergasse 17, 8010, Graz, Austria
| | - Christian Teichert
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700, Leoben, Austria
| | - Evgeniya Sheremet
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Avenue 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Raul D Rodriguez
- Tomsk Polytechnic University, Lenina Avenue 30, 634034, Tomsk, Russia
| | - Aleksandar Matkovic
- Chair of Physics, Department Physics, Mechanics and Electrical Engineering, Montanuniversität Leoben, Franz Josef Strasse 18, 8700, Leoben, Austria.
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21
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Jagodič U, Vellaichamy M, Škarabot M, Muševič I. Surface alignment of nematic liquid crystals by direct laser writing of photopolymer alignment layers. Liq Cryst 2023; 50:1999-2009. [PMID: 38352915 PMCID: PMC10860699 DOI: 10.1080/02678292.2023.2242297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/25/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2024]
Abstract
We demonstrate the fabrication of good quality surface alignment layers on glass by Direct Laser Writing method using a 2-photon polymerisation technique. We use commercially available photosensitive resins to print alignment layers by scanning the focal point of a femtosecond laser near the resin-glass interface. This results in down to ~ 100 nm thin alignment layers that provide good planar anchoring of 5CB and MLC13300, with the easy axis of alignment along the scanning direction. The azimuthal anchoring strength is ~ 5 × 10-6 J/m2 and is an order of magnitude weaker compared to commercial rubbed polyimide alignment layer. The threshold voltage for Fréedericksz transition in a 90° twisted nematic cell is slightly increased compared to conventional rubbed polyimide for printed alignment layers. The turn-on switching time is longer for printed layers compared to polyimide alignment layers, whereas the turn-off time is shorter for printed alignment layers. The advantage of this new method is in its flexibility, as we demonstrate printing of complex surface alignment patterns with alignment layer thickness below 100 nm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uroš Jagodič
- Condensed Matter Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | - Miha Škarabot
- Condensed Matter Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Igor Muševič
- Condensed Matter Department, J. Stefan Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Faculty of Mathematics and Physics, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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22
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Javorskis T, Rakickas T, Janku̅naitė A, Vaitekonis Š, Ulčinas A, Orentas E. Maskless, Reusable Visible-Light Direct-Write Stamp for Microscale Surface Patterning. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:11259-11267. [PMID: 36797999 PMCID: PMC11008783 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20568] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
We report a straightforward method for creating large-area, microscale resolution patterns of functional amines on self-assembled monolayers by the photoinduced local acidification of a flat elastomeric stamp enriched with photoacid. The limited diffusivity of the photoactivated merocyanine acid in poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) enabled to confine efficient deprotection of N-tert-butyloxycarbonyl amino group (N-Boc) to line widths below 10 μm. The experimental setup is very simple and is built around the conventional HD-DVD optical pickup. The method allows cost-efficient, maskless, large-area chemical patterning while avoiding potentially cytotoxic photochemical reaction products. The activation of the embedded photoacid occurs within the stamp upon illumination with the laser beam and the process is fully reversible. Preliminary positive results highlight the possibility of repeatable use of the same stamp for the creation of different patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomas Javorskis
- Department
of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical
Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Tomas Rakickas
- Department
of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical
Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Alberta Janku̅naitė
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Šaru̅nas Vaitekonis
- Department
of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical
Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Artu̅ras Ulčinas
- Department
of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical
Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
| | - Edvinas Orentas
- Department
of Nanoengineering, Center for Physical
Sciences and Technology, Savanorių 231, LT-02300 Vilnius, Lithuania
- Department
of Organic Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania
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23
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Osipov AA, Gagaeva AE, Speshilova AB, Endiiarova EV, Bespalova PG, Osipov AA, Belyanov IA, Tyurikov KS, Tyurikova IA, Alexandrov SE. Development of controlled nanosphere lithography technology. Sci Rep 2023; 13:3350. [PMID: 36849515 PMCID: PMC9971052 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29077-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 03/01/2023] Open
Abstract
This work is devoted to the development of nanosphere lithography (NSL) technology, which is a low-cost and efficient method to form nanostructures for nanoelectronics, as well as optoelectronic, plasmonic and photovoltaic applications. Creating a nanosphere mask by spin-coating is a promising, but not sufficiently studied method, requiring a large experimental base for different sizes of nanospheres. So, in this work, we investigated the influence of the technological parameters of NSL by spin-coating on the substrate coverage area by a monolayer of nanospheres with a diameter of 300 nm. It was found that the coverage area increases with decreasing spin speed and time, isopropyl and propylene glycol content, and with increasing the content of nanospheres in solution. Moreover, the process of controllably reducing the size of nanospheres in inductively coupled oxygen plasma was studied in detail. It was determined that increasing the oxygen flow rate from 9 to 15 sccm does not change the polystyrene etching rate, whereas changing the high-frequency power from 250 to 500 W increases the etching rate and allows us to control the decreasing diameter with high accuracy. Based on the experimental data, the optimal technological parameters of NSL were selected and the nanosphere mask on Si substrate was created with coverage area of 97.8% and process reproducibility of 98.6%. Subsequently reducing the nanosphere diameter lets us obtain nanoneedles of various sizes, which can be used in field emission cathodes. In this work, the reduction of nanosphere size, silicon etching, and removal of polystyrene residues occurred in unified continuous process of plasma etching without sample unloading to atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem A. Osipov
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation ,grid.465445.20000 0004 0485 6375Institute of Mineralogy of Southern-Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology of Ural Branch of RAS, Miass, Chelyabinsk Region 456317 Russian Federation
| | - Alina E. Gagaeva
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Anastasiya B. Speshilova
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina V. Endiiarova
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Polina G. Bespalova
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Armenak A. Osipov
- grid.465445.20000 0004 0485 6375Institute of Mineralogy of Southern-Urals Federal Research Center of Mineralogy and Geoecology of Ural Branch of RAS, Miass, Chelyabinsk Region 456317 Russian Federation
| | - Ilya A. Belyanov
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Kirill S. Tyurikov
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Irina A. Tyurikova
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
| | - Sergey E. Alexandrov
- grid.32495.390000 0000 9795 6893Peter the Great St. Petersburg Polytechnic University, St. Petersburg, 195251 Russian Federation
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24
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Shi Y, Taniguchi T, Byun KN, Kurimoto D, Yamamoto E, Kobayashi M, Tsukagoshi K, Osada M. Damage-free LED lithography for atomically thin 2D material devices. Sci Rep 2023; 13:2583. [PMID: 36788343 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-29281-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Desired electrode patterning on two-dimensional (2D) materials is a foremost step for realizing the full potentials of 2D materials in electronic devices. Here, we introduce an approach for damage-free, on-demand manufacturing of 2D material devices using light-emitting diode (LED) lithography. The advantage of this method lies in mild photolithography by simply combining an ordinary optical microscope with a commercially available LED projector; the low-energy red component is utilized for optical characterization and alignment of devices, whereas the high-energy blue component is utilized for photoresist exposure and development of personal computer designed electrode patterns. This method offers maskless, damage-free photolithography, which is particularly suitable for 2D materials that are sensitive to conventional lithography. We applied this LED lithography to device fabrication of selected nanosheets (MoS2, graphene oxides and RuO2), and achieved damage-free lithography of various patterned electrodes with feature sizes as small as 1-2 μm. The LED lithography offers a useful approach for cost-effective mild lithography without any costly instruments, high vacuum, or complex operation.
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25
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Deneke N, Booth JA, Chan EP, Davis CS. Self-Assembled Asperities for Pressure-Tunable Adhesion. Adv Mater 2023; 35:e2207337. [PMID: 36281806 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202207337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Control of adhesion is important in a host of applications including soft robotics, pick-and-place manufacturing, wearable devices, and transfer printing. While there are adhesive systems with discrete switchability between states of high and low adhesion, achieving continuously variable adhesion strength remains a challenge. In this work, a pressure-tunable adhesive (PTA) that is based on the self-assembly of stiff microscale asperities on an elastomeric substrate is presented. It is demonstrated that the adhesion strength of the PTA increases with the applied compressive preload due to the unique contact formation mechanism caused by the asperities. Additionally, a contact mechanics model is developed to explain the resulting trends. For a specific PTA design, the critical pull-off force can be increased from 0.4 to 30 mN by increasing the applied preload from 1 to 30 mN. Finally, the applicability of precision control of adhesion strength is demonstrated by utilizing the PTA for pick-and-place material handling. The approach in pressure-tunable adhesive design based on self-assembly of asperities presents a scalable and versatile approach that is applicable to a variety of material systems having different mechanical or surface properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naomi Deneke
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47906, USA
| | - Jamie A Booth
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, California State University Northridge, Northridge, CA, 91330, USA
| | - Edwin P Chan
- Material Science and Engineering Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, MD, 20899, USA
| | - Chelsea S Davis
- School of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, 47906, USA
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26
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Yang Y, Vallecchi A, Shamonina E, Stevens CJ, You Z. A new class of transformable kirigami metamaterials for reconfigurable electromagnetic systems. Sci Rep 2023; 13:1219. [PMID: 36681727 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-27291-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 12/29/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The rapid development of radio frequency (RF) components requires smart multifunctional materials that can adapt their physical shapes and properties according to the environment. While most current reconfigurable systems provide limited flexibility with high manufacturing cost, this research proposes to harness the transformable properties of kirigami-inspired multistable mechanical metasurfaces that can repeatedly deform and lock into different configurations to realize a novel class of low-cost reconfigurable electromagnetic structures with a broad design space. The metasurfaces are formed by designing kinematic-based unit cells with metallised coating that can provide adjustable resonant electromagnetic (EM) properties while rotating with respect to each other. Tailoring the cut length and geometry parameters of the patterns, we demonstrate programming of the topologies and shapes of different configurations. The influence of critical parameters on the structural multistability is illustrated by means of both a simplified energy model and finite element simulations. As examples of the reconfigurable electromagnetic devices that can be realized, we report the development of a tuneable half-wave dipole and two frequency selective surface (FSS) designs featuring isotropic and anisotropic responses. While the kirigami dipole can be tuned by mechanically stretching its arms, the FSSs exhibit distinct transmittance and reflectance spectra in each of the kirigami patterns stable states. The functionality of these kirigami devices is validated both by full-wave EM simulations and experiments. The proposed transformable structures can be mechanically actuated to tune the EM response in frequency or induce anisotropies for wave propagation.
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27
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Bhanvadia AA, Farley RT, Noh Y, Nishida T. 3D printing of hollow geometries using blocking liquid substitution stereolithography. Sci Rep 2023; 13:434. [PMID: 36624138 PMCID: PMC9829859 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26684-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Micrometer scale arbitrary hollow geometries within a solid are needed for a variety of applications including microfluidics, thermal management and metamaterials. A major challenge to 3D printing hollow geometries using stereolithography is the ability to retain empty spaces in between the solidified regions. In order to prevent unwanted polymerization of the trapped resin in the hollow spaces-known as print-through-significant constraints are generally imposed on the primary process parameters such as resin formulation, exposure conditions and layer thickness. Here, we report on a stereolithography process which substitutes the trapped resin with a UV blocking liquid to mitigate print-through. We investigate the mechanism of the developed process and determine guidelines for the formulation of the blocking liquid. The reported method decouples the relationship between the primary process parameters and their effect on print-through. Without having to optimize the primary process parameters to reduce print-through, hollow heights that exceed the limits of conventional stereolithography can be realized. We demonstrate fabrication of a variety of complex hollow geometries with cross-sectional features ranging from tens of micrometer to hundreds of micrometers in size. With the framework presented, this method may be employed for 3D printing functional hollow geometries for a variety of applications, and with improved freedom over the printing process (e.g. material choices, speed and resulting properties of the printed parts).
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Affiliation(s)
- Aftab A Bhanvadia
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA
| | | | - Youngwook Noh
- Nanoptics, Inc., 3014 NE 21st Way, Gainesville, FL, 32609, USA
| | - Toshikazu Nishida
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, 32611, USA.
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28
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Wang CM, Chan HS, Liao CL, Chang CW, Liao WS. Gap-directed chemical lift-off lithographic nanoarchitectonics for arbitrary sub-micrometer patterning. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2023; 14:34-44. [PMID: 36703907 PMCID: PMC9830500 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.14.4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/28/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We introduce a unique soft lithographic operation that exploits stamp roof collapse-induced gaps to selectively remove an alkanethiol self-assembled monolayer (SAM) on Au to generate surface patterns that are orders of magnitude smaller than structures on the original elastomer stamp. The smallest achieved feature dimension is 5 nm using a micrometer-scale structured stamp in a chemical lift-off lithography (CLL) process. Molecular patterns retained in the gaps between stamp features and their circumscribed or inscribed circles follow mathematical predictions, and their sizes can be tuned by altering the stamp structure dimensions, including height, pitch, and shape. These generated surface molecular patterns can function as biorecognition arrays or be transferred to the underneath Au layer for metallic structure creation. By combining CLL process with this gap phenomenon, soft material properties that are previously thought as demerits can be used to achieve sub-10 nm features in a straightforward sketch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Sheng Chan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Li Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Che-Wei Chang
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ssu Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10617, Taiwan
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29
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Xiang JX, Liu Z. Observation of enhanced nanoscale creep flow of crystalline metals enabled by controlling surface wettability. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7943. [PMID: 36572681 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35703-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding and controlling interface friction are central to many science and engineering applications. However, frictional sliding is closely related to adhesion, surface roughness, surface chemistry, mechanical deformation of contact solids, which poses the major challenge to experimental studying and theoretical modeling of friction. Here, by exploiting the recent developed thermomechanical nanomolding technique, we present a simple strategy to decouple the interplay between surface chemistry, plastic deformation, and interface friction by monitoring the nanoscale creep flow of metals in nanochannels. We show that superhydrophobic nanochannels outperforming hydrophilic nanochannels can be up to orders of magnitude in terms of creep flow rate. The comparative experimental study on pressure and temperature dependent nanomolding efficiency uncovers that the enhanced creep flow rate originates from diffusion-based deformation mechanism as well as the superhydrophobic surface induced boundary slip. Moreover, our results reveal that there exists a temperature-dependent critical pressure below which the traditional lubrication methods to reduce friction will break down. Our findings not only provide insights into the understanding of mechanical deformation and nanotribology, but also show a general and practical technique for studying the fundamental processes of frictional motion. Finally, we anticipate that the increased molding efficiency could facilitate the application of nanoimprinting/nanomolding.
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30
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Li Y, Lakhwani G. Active waveguide Bragg lasers via conformal contact PDMS stamps. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22189. [PMID: 36564483 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26218-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Lasing is observed in Bragg lasers formed through conformal contact of a patterned PDMS stamp with a plain active film, spincoated on glass. The thresholds, output efficiencies and spectral characteristics are compared to standard substrate patterned gratings and is discussed in relation to the coupling coefficient [Formula: see text]. The reported thresholds are highly sensitive in distributed feedback (DFB) lasers to grating duty cycles, for both PDMS-air and substrate-film lasers. Overall, laser thresholds of PDMS-air (PA) DFB lasers are found to be significantly higher than substrate-film (SF) lasers, which is attributed to an approximate three-fold reduction of optical-confinement in the grating region. Slope output efficiencies are found to be comparatively higher in PA lasers relative to SF lasers for both DFB and DBR configurations and is attributed to several competing factors. The PDMS can be removed from the surface of the active film repeatedly and conformal contact is limited mainly by the particle build up on the PDMS surface. The proposed PA system is expected to be useful in rapid laser metrology of new gain materials and in practical applications of optically pumped lasers.
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31
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Anastaziak B, Andrzejewska W, Schmidt M, Matczak M, Soldatov I, Schäfer R, Lewandowski M, Stobiecki F, Janzen C, Ehresmann A, Kuświk P. Magnetic patterning of Co/Ni layered systems by plasma oxidation. Sci Rep 2022; 12:22060. [PMID: 36543839 PMCID: PMC9772314 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the structural, chemical, and magnetic properties of Ti/Au/Co/Ni layered systems subjected to plasma oxidation. The process results in the formation of NiO at the expense of metallic Ni, as clearly evidenced by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, while not affecting the surface roughness and grain size of the Co/Ni bilayers. Since the decrease of the thickness of the Ni layer and the formation of NiO increase the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy, oxidation may be locally applied for magnetic patterning. Using this approach, we created 2D heterostructures characterized by different combinations of magnetic properties in areas modified by plasma oxidation and in the regions protected from oxidation. As plasma oxidation is an easy to use, low cost, and commonly utilized technique in industrial applications, it may constitute an improvement over other magnetic patterning methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Błażej Anastaziak
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań, Poland ,grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznań, Poland
| | - Weronika Andrzejewska
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Schmidt
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Matczak
- grid.25588.320000 0004 0620 6106Faculty of Physics, University of Białystok, Białystok, Poland
| | - Ivan Soldatov
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, Germany
| | - Rudolf Schäfer
- grid.14841.380000 0000 9972 3583Leibniz Institute for Solid State and Materials Research (IFW), Helmholtzstraße 20, Dresden, Germany
| | - Mikołaj Lewandowski
- grid.5633.30000 0001 2097 3545NanoBioMedical Centre, Adam Mickiewicz University, Wszechnicy Piastowskiej 3, Poznań, Poland
| | - Feliks Stobiecki
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań, Poland
| | - Christian Janzen
- grid.5155.40000 0001 1089 1036Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Arno Ehresmann
- grid.5155.40000 0001 1089 1036Institute of Physics and Center for Interdisciplinary Nanostructure Science and Technology (CINSaT), University of Kassel, Kassel, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuświk
- grid.413454.30000 0001 1958 0162Institute of Molecular Physics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Smoluchowskiego 17, Poznań, Poland
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Ziemecka I, de Hemptinne A, Misko VR, Briet M, Gelin P, Bihi I, Maes D, De Malsche W. Rail induced lateral migration of particles across intact co-flowing liquids. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21775. [PMID: 36526798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-26387-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents a rail guided method to apply a Layer-by-Layer (LbL) coating on particles in a microfluidic device. The passive microfluidic approach allows handling suspensions of particles to be coated in the system. The trajectory of the particles is controlled using engraved rails, inducing lateral movement of particles while keeping the axially oriented liquid flow (and the interface of different liquids) undisturbed. The depth and angle of the rails together with the liquid velocity were studied to determine a workable geometry of the device. A discontinuous LbL coating procedure was converted into one continuous process, demonstrating that the chip can perform seven consecutive steps normally conducted in batch operation, further easily extendable to larger cycle numbers. Coating of the particles with two bilayers was confirmed by fluorescence microscopy.
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Chakraborty S, Park HY, Ahn SI. Copper laser patterning on a flexible substrate using a cost-effective 3D printer. Sci Rep 2022; 12:21149. [PMID: 36477714 PMCID: PMC9729301 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-25778-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the cost effective direct laser patterning of copper (Cu) on thin polyimide substrates (PI thickness: 12.5-50 µm) using a 405 nm laser module attached to an inexpensive 3D printer. The focal length of the laser was intentionally controlled to reduce defects on patterned Cu and surface damage of PI under predetermined process conditions. The appropriate focal length was examined at various focal distances. Focal distances of - 2.4 mm and 3 mm were found for the shorter focal length (SFL) and longer focal length (LFL), respectively, compared to the actual focal length. This resulted in clean Cu line patterns without line defects. Interestingly, the SFL case had a different Cu growth pattern to that of LFL, indicating that the small difference in the laser incident angle could affect Cu precursor sintering. Cu square patterns had a lower resistivity of 70 μΩ·cm for an LFL after three or four laser scans, while the SFL showed a resistivity below 48 μΩ·cm for a one-time laser scan. The residues of the Cu precursor on PI were easily removed with flowing water and normal surfactants. However, the resistivity of the patterns decreased after cleaning. Among the scan gaps, the Cu square pattern formed at a 70 μm scan gap had the lowest sheet resistance and the least change in resistance from around 4 to 4.4 Ω/ϒ after cleaning. This result implies that the adhesion of the patterned Cu could be improved if the coated Cu precursor was well sintered under the proper process conditions. For the application of this method to bioelectronics, including biosensors, LEDs were connected to the Cu patterns on PI attached to the arm skin and worked well, even when the substrate PI was bent during power connecting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajal Chakraborty
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Yeol Park
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Il Ahn
- grid.262229.f0000 0001 0719 8572Department of Chemistry Education, Graduate Department of Chemical Materials, Institute for Plastic Information and Energy Materials, Pusan National University, Busandaehakro 63-2, Busan, 46241 Republic of Korea
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I-Ju Chen, Markus Aapro, Abraham Kipnis, Alexander Ilin, Peter Liljeroth, Adam S. Foster. Precise atom manipulation through deep reinforcement learning. Nat Commun 2022; 13:7499. [PMID: 36470857 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-35149-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Atomic-scale manipulation in scanning tunneling microscopy has enabled the creation of quantum states of matter based on artificial structures and extreme miniaturization of computational circuitry based on individual atoms. The ability to autonomously arrange atomic structures with precision will enable the scaling up of nanoscale fabrication and expand the range of artificial structures hosting exotic quantum states. However, the a priori unknown manipulation parameters, the possibility of spontaneous tip apex changes, and the difficulty of modeling tip-atom interactions make it challenging to select manipulation parameters that can achieve atomic precision throughout extended operations. Here we use deep reinforcement learning (DRL) to control the real-world atom manipulation process. Several state-of-the-art reinforcement learning (RL) techniques are used jointly to boost data efficiency. The DRL agent learns to manipulate Ag adatoms on Ag(111) surfaces with optimal precision and is integrated with path planning algorithms to complete an autonomous atomic assembly system. The results demonstrate that state-of-the-art DRL can offer effective solutions to real-world challenges in nanofabrication and powerful approaches to increasingly complex scientific experiments at the atomic scale.
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Hari S, Slotman JA, Vos Y, Floris C, van Cappellen WA, Hagen CW, Stallinga S, Houtsmuller AB, Hoogenboom JP. Electron-beam patterned calibration structures for structured illumination microscopy. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20185. [PMID: 36418420 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24502-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Super-resolution fluorescence microscopy can be achieved by image reconstruction after spatially patterned illumination or sequential photo-switching and read-out. Reconstruction algorithms and microscope performance are typically tested using simulated image data, due to a lack of strategies to pattern complex fluorescent patterns with nanoscale dimension control. Here, we report direct electron-beam patterning of fluorescence nanopatterns as calibration standards for super-resolution fluorescence. Patterned regions are identified with both electron microscopy and fluorescence labelling of choice, allowing precise correlation of predefined pattern dimensions, a posteriori obtained electron images, and reconstructed super-resolution images.
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Mayoussi F, Usama A, Karimi K, Nekoonam N, Goralczyk A, Zhu P, Helmer D, Rapp BE. Superrepellent Porous Polymer Surfaces by Replication from Wrinkled Polydimethylsiloxane/Parylene F. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:7903. [PMID: 36431388 PMCID: PMC9696989 DOI: 10.3390/ma15227903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2022] [Revised: 11/04/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Superrepellent surfaces, such as micro/nanostructured surfaces, are of key importance in both academia and industry for emerging applications in areas such as self-cleaning, drag reduction, and oil repellence. Engineering these surfaces is achieved through the combination of the required surface topography, such as porosity, with low-surface-energy materials. The surface topography is crucial for achieving high liquid repellence and low roll-off angles. In general, the combination of micro- and nanostructures is most promising in achieving high repellence. In this work, we report the enhancement of wetting properties of porous polymers by replication from wrinkled Parylene F (PF)-coated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Fluorinated polymer foam “Fluoropor” serves as the low-surface-energy polymer. The wrinkled molds are achieved via the deposition of a thin PF layer onto the soft PDMS substrates. Through consecutive supercritical drying, superrepellent surfaces with a high surface porosity and a high water contact angle (CA) of >165° are achieved. The replicated surfaces show low roll-off angles (ROA) <10° for water and <21° for ethylene glycol. Moreover, the introduction of the micro-wrinkles to Fluoropor not only enhances its liquid repellence for water and ethylene glycol but also for liquids with low surface tension, such as n-hexadecane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fadoua Mayoussi
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Ali Usama
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Kiana Karimi
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Niloofar Nekoonam
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Andreas Goralczyk
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Pang Zhu
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Dorothea Helmer
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
| | - Bastian E. Rapp
- Laboratory of Process Technology, NeptunLab, Department of Microsystem Engineering (IMTEK), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Materials Research Center (FMF), University of Freiburg, 79104 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
- Freiburg Center of Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies (FIT), University of Freiburg, 79110 Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
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Guo Q, Yan J, Wu C, Jiang J, Zhou J, Lin Z, Hua N, Zhang P, Zheng C, Yang K, Weng M. Patterned Aluminum/Polydimethylsiloxane-Laminated Film for a Solvent-Driven Soft Actuator with Programmable and Multistable Shape Morphing. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:49171-49180. [PMID: 36274230 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c14352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Recently, soft actuators capable of deforming in predictable ways under external stimuli have attracted increasing attention by showing great potential in emerging industries. However, limited efforts are being spent on the untethered actuators with multistable deformations. Also, there is a lack of mechanically guiding design principles for multistable structures. Here, the patterned aluminum/polydimethylsiloxane (Al/PDMS)-laminated films with surface wrinkles are fabricated by magnetron sputtering the Al layer on the PDMS substrate. By tuning the geometric parameters and surface constraints of the patterned Al/PDMS-laminated films, a series of solvent-driven actuators with multiform stable configurations (such as monostable arc, multistable cylinder, and monostable/bistable spiral) are proposed. The deformation mechanism is revealed using a linear elastic theory. Combined with the finite element analysis method, the deformations of Al/PDMS-laminated films with different surface constraints and geometric configurations are visually predicted. Besides, we modulate the deformation of different parts of the Z-shaped actuators by tuning the surface constraints in different regions of the Z-shaped Al/PDMS bilayer films to achieve multiple stable deformations in a single actuator. The concept offers a huge design scope for reconfigurable soft robots. Finally, two bionic applications are proposed to demonstrate the practical applications of the soft solvent-driven actuator based on the patterned Al/PDMS films in artificial muscles and bionic robotics. This work provides a strategy for the design and fabrication of programmable and controllable soft actuators, laying the foundation for a wide range of applications in smart materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaohang Guo
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Jiuwei Yan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Changsheng Wu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Junheng Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Jiahao Zhou
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Zhijie Lin
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Nengbin Hua
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Peiqian Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Chan Zheng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
| | - Kaihuai Yang
- School of Mechanical and Intelligent Manufacturing, Fujian Chuanzheng Communications College, Fuzhou, Fujian350007, China
| | - Mingcen Weng
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Advanced Materials Processing and Application, Fujian University of Technology, Fuzhou350118, China
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Quantum Manipulation and New Energy Materials, Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, Fujian350117, China
- National Forestry and Grassland Administration Key Laboratory of Plant Fiber Functional Materials, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, Fujian350108, China
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Yang Q, Hu Z, Seo MH, Xu Y, Yan Y, Hsu YH, Berkovich J, Lee K, Liu TL, McDonald S, Nie H, Oh H, Wu M, Kim JT, Miller SA, Jia Y, Butun S, Bai W, Guo H, Choi J, Banks A, Ray WZ, Kozorovitskiy Y, Becker ML, Pet MA, MacEwan MR, Chang JK, Wang H, Huang Y, Rogers JA. High-speed, scanned laser structuring of multi-layered eco/bioresorbable materials for advanced electronic systems. Nat Commun 2022; 13:6518. [PMID: 36316354 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-34173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Physically transient forms of electronics enable unique classes of technologies, ranging from biomedical implants that disappear through processes of bioresorption after serving a clinical need to internet-of-things devices that harmlessly dissolve into the environment following a relevant period of use. Here, we develop a sustainable manufacturing pathway, based on ultrafast pulsed laser ablation, that can support high-volume, cost-effective manipulation of a diverse collection of organic and inorganic materials, each designed to degrade by hydrolysis or enzymatic activity, into patterned, multi-layered architectures with high resolution and accurate overlay registration. The technology can operate in patterning, thinning and/or cutting modes with (ultra)thin eco/bioresorbable materials of different types of semiconductors, dielectrics, and conductors on flexible substrates. Component-level demonstrations span passive and active devices, including diodes and field-effect transistors. Patterning these devices into interconnected layouts yields functional systems, as illustrated in examples that range from wireless implants as monitors of neural and cardiac activity, to thermal probes of microvascular flow, and multi-electrode arrays for biopotential sensing. These advances create important processing options for eco/bioresorbable materials and associated electronic systems, with immediate applicability across nearly all types of bioelectronic studies.
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Gocławski J, Sekulska-Nalewajko J, Korzeniewska E. Prediction of textile pilling resistance using optical coherence tomography. Sci Rep 2022; 12:18341. [PMID: 36316394 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-23230-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper describes a new method of textile pilling prediction, based on multivariate analysis of the spatial layer above the surface. The original idea of the method is the acquisition of 3D fabric image using optical coherence tomography (OCT) with infrared light, which allows for the fabric fuzz visualization with high sensitivity. The pilling layer, reconstructed with the resolution of [Formula: see text], includes reliable textural information related to the amount of loose fibers and bunches appearing as a result of abrasion. Pilling intensity was assigned by supervised classification of the textural features using both linear (PLS-DA - partial least squares discriminant analysis, LDA - linear discriminant analysis) and non-linear (SVM - support vector machine) classifiers. The results demonstrated that the method is more suitable for fabrics after short-term abrasion, when the fuzz prevails over tangled fibers in the pilling layer. In that case, pilling grades were predicted with [Formula: see text] accuracy, sensitivity and specificity (for SVM model). The validation accuracy of the tested models after machine abrasion achieves lower values (up to [Formula: see text] for LDA model). With our method, we clearly showed that OCT can be used to quantitatively trace appearance changes of fabric samples due to test abrasion.
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40
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Taccola S, da Veiga T, Chandler JH, Cespedes O, Valdastri P, Harris RA. Micro-scale aerosol jet printing of superparamagnetic Fe 3O 4 nanoparticle patterns. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17931. [PMID: 36289308 PMCID: PMC9606284 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-22312-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The opportunity to create different patterns of magnetic nanoparticles on surfaces is highly desirable across many technological and biomedical applications. In this paper, this ability is demonstrated for the first time using a computer-controlled aerosol jet printing (AJP) technology. AJP is an emerging digitally driven, non-contact and mask-less printing process which has distinguishing advantages over other patterning technologies as it offers high-resolution and versatile direct-write deposition of a wide range of materials onto a variety of substrates. This research demonstrates the ability of AJP to reliably print large-area, fine-feature patterns of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) onto both rigid material (glass) and soft and flexible materials (polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) films and poly-L-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofilms). Investigation identified and controlled influential process variables which permitted feature sizes in the region of 20 μm to be realised. This method could be employed for a wide range of applications that require a flexible and responsive process that permits high yield and rapid patterning of magnetic material over large areas. As a first proof of concept, we present patterned magnetic nanofilms with enhanced manipulability under external magnetic field gradient control and which are capable of performing complex movements such as rotation and bending, with applicability to soft robotics and biomedical engineering applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Taccola
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Tomas da Veiga
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403STORM Lab, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - James H. Chandler
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403STORM Lab, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Oscar Cespedes
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Pietro Valdastri
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403STORM Lab, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Russell A. Harris
- grid.9909.90000 0004 1936 8403Future Manufacturing Processes Research Group, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
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Meteling HJ, Bosse F, Schlichter L, Tyler BJ, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Versatile Surface Patterning with Low Molecular Weight Photoswitches. Small 2022; 18:e2203245. [PMID: 35971144 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface patterning of functional materials is a key technology in various fields such as microelectronics, optics, and photonics. In micro- and nanofabrication, polymers are frequently employed either as photoreactive or thermoresponsive resists that enable further fabrication steps, or as functional adlayers in electronic and optical devices. In this article, a method is presented for imprint lithography using low molecular weight arylazoisoxazoles photoswitches instead of polymer resists. These photoswitches exhibit a rapid and reversible solid-to-liquid phase transition upon photo-isomerization at room temperature, making them highly suitable for reversible surface functionalization at ambient conditions. Beyond photo-induced imprint lithography with multiple write-and-erase cycles, prospective applications as patterned matrix for nanoparticles and etch resist on gold surfaces are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning J Meteling
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Bosse
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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He J, Shen R, Liu Q, Zheng S, Wang X, Gao J, Wang Q, Huang J, Ding J. RGD Nanoarrays with Nanospacing Gradient Selectively Induce Orientation and Directed Migration of Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cells. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:37436-37446. [PMID: 35943249 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c10006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Directed migration of cells through cell-surface interactions is a paramount prerequisite in biomaterial-induced tissue regeneration. However, whether and how the nanoscale spatial gradient of adhesion molecules on a material surface can induce directed migration of cells is not sufficiently known. Herein, we employed block copolymer micelle nanolithography to prepare gold nanoarrays with a nanospacing gradient, which were prepared by continuously changing the dipping velocity. Then, a self-assembly monolayer technique was applied to graft arginine-glycine-aspartate (RGD) peptides on the nanodots and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) on the glass background. Since RGD can trigger specific cell adhesion via conjugating with integrin (its receptor in the cell membrane) and PEG can resist protein adsorption and nonspecific cell adhesion, a nanopattern with cell-adhesion contrast and a gradient of RGD nanospacing was eventually prepared. In vitro cell behaviors were examined using endothelial cells (ECs) and smooth muscle cells (SMCs) as a demonstration. We found that SMCs exhibited significant orientation and directed migration along the nanospacing gradient, while ECs exhibited only a weak spontaneously anisotropic migration. The gradient response was also dependent upon the RGD nanospacing ranges, namely, the start and end nanospacings under a given distance and gradient. The different responses of these two cell types to the RGD nanospacing gradient provide new insights for designing cell-selective nanomaterials potentially used in cell screening, wound healing, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhao He
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Runjia Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qiong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
- Translational Research Institute of Brain and Brain-Like Intelligence, Shanghai Fourth People's Hospital, School of Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
- Clinical Research Center for Anesthesiology and Perioperative Medicine, Tongji University, Shanghai 200434, China
| | - Shuang Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Xinlei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jingming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Qunsong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiale Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
| | - Jiandong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200438, China
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Abstract
The rational design of chemical coatings is used to control surface interactions with small molecules, biomolecules, nanoparticles, and liquids as well as optical and other properties. Specifically, micropatterned surface coatings have been used in a wide variety of applications, including biosensing, cell growth assays, multiplexed biomolecule interaction arrays, and responsive surfaces. Here, a maskless photopatterning process is studied, using the photocatalyzed thiol-yne "click" reaction to create both binary and gradient patterns on thiolated surfaces. Nearly defect-free patterns are produced by first coating glass surfaces with mercaptopropylsilatrane, a silanizing agent that forms smoother self-assembled monolayers than the commonly used 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane. Photopatterning is then performed using UV (365 nm) or visible (405 nm) light to graft molecules onto the surface in tunable concentrations based on the local exposure. The technique is demonstrated for multiple types of molecular grafts, including fluorescent dyes, poly(ethylene glycol), and biotin, the latter allowing subsequent deposition of biomolecules via biotin-avidin binding. Patterning is demonstrated in water and dimethylformamide, and the process is repeated to combine molecules soluble in different phases. The combination of arbitrary gradient formation, broad applicability, a low defect rate, and fast prototyping thanks to the maskless nature of the process creates a particularly powerful technique for molecular surface patterning that could be used for a wide variety of micropatterned applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Mitmoen
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, 1414 W Clybourn Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
| | - Ofer Kedem
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, 1414 W Clybourn Street, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53233, United States
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44
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Abstract
Selectivity toward positive and negative ions in nanopores is often associated with electroosmotic flow, the control of which is pivotal in several micro-nanofluidic technologies. Selectivity is traditionally understood to be a consequence of surface charges that alter the ion distribution in the pore lumen. Here we present a purely geometrical mechanism to induce ionic selectivity and electroosmotic flow in uncharged nanopores, and we tested it via molecular dynamics simulations. Our approach exploits the accumulation of charges, driven by an external electric field, in a coaxial cavity that decorates the membrane close to the pore entrance. The selectivity was shown to depend on the applied voltage and becomes completely inverted when reversing the voltage. The simultaneous inversion of ionic selectivity and electric field direction causes a unidirectional electroosmotic flow. We developed a quantitatively accurate theoretical model for designing pore geometry to achieve the desired electroosmotic velocity. Finally, we show that unidirectional electroosmosis also occurs in much more complex scenarios, such as a biological pore whose structure presents a coaxial cavity surrounding the pore constriction as well as a complex surface charge pattern. The capability to induce ion selectivity without altering the pore lumen shape or the surface charge may be useful for a more flexible design of selective membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giovanni Di Muccio
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Industriale, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Blasco Morozzo della Rocca
- Dipartimento
di Biologia, Università di Roma Tor
Vergata, Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Chinappi
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Industriale, Università
di Roma Tor Vergata, Via del Politecnico 1, 00133, Rome, Italy
- E-mail:
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45
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Moldovan ER, Concheso Doria C, Ocaña JL, Baltes LS, Stanciu EM, Croitoru C, Pascu A, Roata IC, Tierean MH. Wettability and Surface Roughness Analysis of Laser Surface Texturing of AISI 430 Stainless Steel. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15082955. [PMID: 35454645 PMCID: PMC9028002 DOI: 10.3390/ma15082955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Due to its wide applicability in industry, devising microstructures on the surface of materials can be easily implemented and automated in technological processes. Laser Surface Texturing (LST) is applied to modify the chemical composition, morphology, and roughness of surfaces (wettability), cleaning (remove contaminants), reducing internal stresses of metals (hardening, tempering), surface energy (polymers, metals), increasing the adhesion (hybrid joining, bioengineering) and decreasing the growth of pathogenic bacteria (bioengineering). This paper is a continuation and extension of our previous studies in laser-assisted texturing of surfaces. Three different patterns (crater array-type C, two ellipses at 90° overlapping with its mirror-type B and 3 concentric octagons-type A) were applied with a nanosecond pulsed laser (active medium Nd: Fiber Diode-pumped) on the surface of a ferritic stainless steel (AISI 430). Micro texturing the surface of a material can modify its wettability behavior. A hydrophobic surface (contact angle greater than 90°) was obtained with different variations depending on the parameters. The analysis performed in this research (surface roughness, wettability) is critical for assessing the surface functionality, characteristics and properties of the stainless steel surface after the LST process. The values of the surface roughness and the contact angle are directly proportional to the number of repetitions and inversely proportional to the speed. Recommendations for the use of different texturing pattern designs are also made.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Roxana Moldovan
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
| | - Carlos Concheso Doria
- BSH Electrodomésticos España, S.A., Avda. de la Industria 49, 50016 Zaragoza, Spain;
| | - José Luis Ocaña
- Departamento de Física Aplicada e Ingeniería de Materiales, Universidad Politecnica de Madrid, C/ José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, 28006 Madrid, Spain;
| | - Liana Sanda Baltes
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
| | - Elena Manuela Stanciu
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
| | - Catalin Croitoru
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
| | - Alexandru Pascu
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
| | - Ionut Claudiu Roata
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
| | - Mircea Horia Tierean
- Materials Engineering and Welding Department, Transilvania University of Brasov, 29 Eroilor Blvd., 500036 Brasov, Romania; (E.R.M.); (L.S.B.); (E.M.S.); (C.C.); (A.P.); (I.C.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +40-744-482284
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46
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Xu M, Miao Y, Qiu X, Song X, Zhao Q, Yu J, Zhang L. Swelling-Induced Information Camouflage and Optical Decryption on a Transparent Recoverable Hydrogel Surface. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:3591-3600. [PMID: 34986636 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c22745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Information camouflage and decryption on hydrogels rely on chemical stimuli such as pH, ultraviolet light, and chemical reactions, in which the cyclability is limited. This work develops a simpler yet effective physical method that can achieve the information camouflage on hydrogels by water swelling and decrypt it under white light. The information camouflage and decryption can proceed with unlimited cycles. To successfully reach the information camouflage, the hydrogel is synthesized with the water swelling ratio in weight as high as 250, which is enabled by the strong electrostatic repulsion of cationic moieties inside the network. At such a high water-swollen state, the hydrogel is still robust and elastic, which provides a mechanical basis to maintain the stability of the camouflaged information. We write information on the hydrogel surface by laser cutting. Upon immersing the hydrogel in water, the high swelling results in huge expansion of the hydrogel, thus inducing the information camouflage. With exposure to white light, the information can be decrypted and becomes visible again. Our protocol utilizes a simple physical process to enable the camouflage and decryption of complex information, which might open an alternative pathway for the development of hydrogel materials in the application of informatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengda Xu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Miao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaxin Qiu
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Song
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuhua Zhao
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahui Yu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Molecular Therapeutics and New Drug Development, School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
| | - Lidong Zhang
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, East China Normal University, Shanghai 200241, People's Republic of China
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47
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Ward LM, Fickling BG, Weinman ST. Effect of Nanopatterning on Concentration Polarization during Nanofiltration. Membranes (Basel) 2021; 11:961. [PMID: 34940462 PMCID: PMC8707940 DOI: 10.3390/membranes11120961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2021] [Revised: 11/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Membranes used for desalination still face challenges during operation. One of these challenges is the buildup of salt ions at the membrane surface. This is known as concentration polarization, and it has a negative effect on membrane water permeance and salt rejection. In an attempt to decrease concentration polarization, a line-and-groove nanopattern was applied to a nanofiltration (NF) membrane. Aqueous sodium sulfate (Na2SO4) solutions were used to test the rejection and permeance of both pristine and patterned membranes. It was found that the nanopatterns did not reduce but increased the concentration polarization at the membrane surface. Based on these studies, different pattern shapes and sizes should be investigated to gain a fundamental understanding of the influence of pattern size and shape on concentration polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steven T. Weinman
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, The University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA; (L.M.W.); (B.G.F.)
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48
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Morikawa K, Kazumi H, Tsuyama Y, Ohta R, Kitamori T. Surface Patterning of Closed Nanochannel Using VUV Light and Surface Evaluation by Streaming Current. Micromachines (Basel) 2021; 12:mi12111367. [PMID: 34832779 PMCID: PMC8623798 DOI: 10.3390/mi12111367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/02/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In nanofluidics, surface control is a critical technology because nanospaces are surface-governed spaces as a consequence of their extremely high surface-to-volume ratio. Various surface patterning methods have been developed, including patterning on an open substrate and patterning using a liquid modifier in microchannels. However, the surface patterning of a closed nanochannel is difficult. In addition, the surface evaluation of closed nanochannels is difficult because of a lack of appropriate experimental tools. In this study, we verified the surface patterning of a closed nanochannel by vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) light and evaluated the surface using streaming-current measurements. First, the C18 modification of closed nanochannels was confirmed by Laplace pressure measurements. In addition, no streaming-current signal was detected for the C18-modified surface, confirming the successful modification of the nanochannel surface with C18 groups. The C18 groups were subsequently decomposed by VUV light, and the nanochannel surface became hydrophilic because of the presence of silanol groups. In streaming-current measurements, the current signals increased in amplitude with increasing VUV light irradiation time, indicating the decomposition of the C18 groups on the closed nanochannel surfaces. Finally, hydrophilic/hydrophobic patterning by VUV light was performed in a nanochannel. Capillary filling experiments confirmed the presence of a hydrophilic/hydrophobic interface. Therefore, VUV patterning in a closed nanochannel was demonstrated, and the surface of a closed nanochannel was successfully evaluated using streaming-current measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyojiro Morikawa
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.K.)
| | - Haruki Kazumi
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Yoshiyuki Tsuyama
- Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan;
| | - Ryoichi Ohta
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
| | - Takehiko Kitamori
- Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan; (H.K.); (R.O.)
- Collaborative Research Organization for Micro and Nano Multifunctional Devices (NMfD), The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
- Institute of Nanoengineering and Microsystems (iNEMS), Department of Power Mechanical Engineering, National Tsing Hua University, No. 101, Section 2, Kuang-Fu Road, Hsinchu 300044, Taiwan
- Correspondence: (K.M.); (T.K.)
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49
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Long R, Zhao C, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Wang Y. Effect of vein-bionic surface textures on the tribological behavior of cylindrical roller thrust bearing under starved lubrication. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21238. [PMID: 34711903 PMCID: PMC8553736 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-00800-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
To reveal the effect of vein-bionic surface textures on the tribological behavior of cylindrical roller thrust bearings (CRTBs) under starved lubrication, six kinds of leaves (Forsythia, Clausena lansiu, Ash, Purple leaf plum, Pipal and Apricot) were chose and their simplified patterns were fabricated on the shaft washers of CRTBs using laser surface texturing. The coefficients of friction (COFs) of vein-bionic textured bearings were measured using a vertical universal wear test rig. Their mass losses and worn surfaces were also characterized. The results show that: There is important influence of the symmetry of vein-bionic textures and the number of secondary veins on the friction and wear properties of vein-bionic textured CRTBs under starved lubrication. Compared to the smooth group, the COFs and mass losses of vein-bionic textured bearings are all reduced. Among all groups, the tribological performance of bearings with a pattern inspired from Ash is the best. Its wear loss is reduced by 16.23% and its COF is reduced by 15.79%. This work would provide a valuable reference for the raceway design and optimization of roller rolling element bearings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risheng Long
- Equipment Reliability Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China.
| | - Chao Zhao
- Equipment Reliability Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Yimin Zhang
- Equipment Reliability Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- Equipment Reliability Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
| | - Yueyong Wang
- Equipment Reliability Institute, Shenyang University of Chemical Technology, Shenyang, 110142, China
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shenyang University of Technology, Shenyang, 110870, China
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50
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Son J, Bae GY, Lee S, Lee G, Kim SW, Kim D, Chung S, Cho K. Cactus-Spine-Inspired Sweat-Collecting Patch for Fast and Continuous Monitoring of Sweat. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2102740. [PMID: 34396596 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202102740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
A sweat sensor is expected to be the most appropriate wearable device for noninvasive healthcare monitoring. However, the practical use of sweat sensors is impeded by irregular and low sweat secretion rates. Here, a sweat-collecting patch that can collect sweat efficiently for fast and continuous healthcare monitoring is demonstrated. The patch uses cactus-spine-inspired wedge-shaped wettability-patterned channels on a hierarchical microstructured/nanostructured surface. The channel shape, in combination with the superhydrophobic/superhydrophilic surface materials, induces a unidirectional Laplace pressure that transports the sweat to the sensing area spontaneously even when the patch is aligned vertically. The patch demonstrates superior sweat-collecting efficiency and reduces the time required to fill the sensing area by transporting sweat almost without leaving it inside the channel. Therefore, a sensor based on the patch responds quickly to biochemicals in sweat, and the patch enables the continuous monitoring of changes in sweat biochemicals according to their changes in the wearer's blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonghyun Son
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Geun Yeol Bae
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Siyoung Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Giwon Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Seong Won Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Daegun Kim
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Sein Chung
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
| | - Kilwon Cho
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, 37673, South Korea
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