1
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Das M, Kohlstädt M, Enders M, Burger S, Sasmal HS, Zimmermann B, Schäfer A, Tyler BJ, Arlinghaus HF, Krossing I, Würfel U, Glorius F. Surface Modification of ITO with N-Heterocyclic Carbene Precursors Results in Electron Selective Contacts in Organic Photovoltaic Devices. Chemistry 2023; 29:e202301482. [PMID: 37488067 DOI: 10.1002/chem.202301482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of indium tin oxide (ITO) electrodes with organic molecules is known to tune their work function which results in higher charge carrier selectivity in corresponding organic electronic devices and hence influences the performance of organic solar cells. In recent years, N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs) have also been proven to be capable to modify the work function of metals and semimetals compared to the unfunctionalized surface via the formation of strong covalent bonds. In this report, we have designed and performed the modification of the ITO surface with NHC by using the zwitterionic bench stable IPr-CO2 as the NHC precursor, applied via spin coating. Upon modification, the work function of ITO electrodes was reduced significantly which resulted in electron selective contacts in corresponding organic photovoltaic devices. In addition, various characterization techniques and analytical methods are used to elucidate the nature of the bound species and the corresponding binding mechanism of the material to the ITO surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mowpriya Das
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Kohlstädt
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maria Enders
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Stephan Burger
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Himadri Sekhar Sasmal
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Birger Zimmermann
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Andreas Schäfer
- NanoAnalytics GmbH, Heisenbergstraße 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Ingo Krossing
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
- Institut für Anorganische und Analytische Chemie, Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Albertstraße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Uli Würfel
- Fraunhofer-Institut für Solare Energiesysteme ISE, Heidenhofstraße 2, 79110, Freiburg, Germany
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Freiburger Materialforschungszentrum FMF, Stefan-Meier-Straße 21, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Corrensstraße 36, 48149, Münster, Germany
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2
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Adolphs T, Heeger M, Bosse F, Ravoo BJ, Peterson RE, Arlinghaus HF, Tyler BJ. Matrix-Enhanced SIMS: The Influence of Primary Ion Species and Cluster Size on Ion Yield and Ion Yield Enhancement of Lipids. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:2211-2221. [PMID: 37713531 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/17/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry is one of the most promising techniques for label-free analysis of biomolecules with nanoscale spatial resolution. However, high-resolution imaging of larger biomolecules such as phospholipids and peptides is often hampered by low yields of molecular ions. Matrix-enhanced SIMS (ME-SIMS), in which an organic matrix is added to the sample, is one promising approach to enhancing the ion yield for biomolecules. Optimizing this approach has, however, been challenging because the processes involved in increasing the ion yield in ME-SIMS are not yet fully understood. In this work, the matrix α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA) has been combined with cluster primary ion analysis to better understand the roles of proton donation and reduced fragmentation on lipid molecule ion yield. A model system consisting of 1:100 mol ratio dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) in HCCA as well as an HCCA-coated mouse brain cryosection have been studied using a range of Bi and Ar cluster ions. Although the molecular ion yield increased with an increase in cluster ion size, the enhancement of the signals from intact lipid molecules decreased with an increase in cluster ion size for both the model system and the mouse brain. Additionally, in both systems, protonated molecular ions were significantly more enhanced than sodium and potassium cationized molecules for all of the primary ions utilized. For the model system, the DPPC molecular ion yield was increased by more than an order of magnitude for all of the primary ions studied, and fragmentation of DPPC was dramatically reduced. However, on the brain sample, even though the HCCA matrix reduced DPPC fragmentation for all of the primary ions studied, the matrix coating suppressed the ion yield for some lipids when the larger cluster primary ions were employed. This indicated insufficient migration of the lipids into the matrix coating, so that dilution by the matrix overpowered the enhancement effect. This study provides strong evidence that the HCCA matrix both enhances protonation and reduces fragmentation. For imaging applications, the ability of the analytes to migrate to the surface of the matrix coating is also a critical factor for useful signal enhancement. This work demonstrates that the HCCA matrix provides a softer desorption environment when using Bi cluster ions than that obtained using the large gas cluster ions studied alone, indicating the potential for improved high spatial resolution imaging with ME-SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Adolphs
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcel Heeger
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Bosse
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Institute of Physics, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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3
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Bosse F, Gutheil C, Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Das M, Tyler BJ, Adolphs T, Schäfer AH, Arlinghaus HF, Glorius F, Ravoo BJ. Selective Removal of Gold: N-Heterocyclic Carbenes as Positive Etch Resists on Planar Gold Surfaces. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37477567 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/22/2023]
Abstract
N-Heterocyclic carbene (NHC)-modified planar gold surfaces (NHC@Au) were found to be more susceptible toward wet chemical etching than undecorated surface areas. Site-selective decoration of NHCs on Au was achieved by microcontact printing (μCP) of the NHC precursors 1,3-bis(diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-3-ium hydrogen carbonate (IPr(H)[HCO3]) or 1,3-dimethylbenzimidazol-3-ium hydrogen carbonate (BIMe(H)[HCO3]). Strikingly, BIMe@Au showed concentration-dependent etching behavior, tunable from a positive resist to a negative resist. Surface patterning was verified by time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry and Kelvin probe force microscopy. Moreover, orthogonal μCP enabled the patterned functionalization of planar Au with both IPr and 1-eicosanethiol and the subsequent formation of three-dimensional structures with a single etching step. The selective removal of Au by functionalization with a surface ligand is unprecedented and enables novel applications of NHCs in materials chemistry and nanofabrication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Bosse
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Adolphs
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 36, 48149 Münster, Germany
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4
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Schlichter L, Bosse F, Tyler BJ, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Patterning of Hydrophilic and Hydrophobic Gold and Magnetite Nanoparticles by Dip Pen Nanolithography. Small 2023; 19:e2208069. [PMID: 36828795 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202208069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles offer unique physical and chemical properties. Dip pen nanolithography of nanoparticles enables versatile patterning and nanofabrication with potential application in electronics and sensing, but is not well studied yet. Herein, the patterned deposition of various nanoparticles onto unmodified silicon substrates is presented. It is shown that aqueous solutions of hydrophilic citrate and cyclodextrin functionalized gold nanoparticles as well as poly(acrylic) acid decorated magnetite nanoparticles are feasible for writing nanostructures. Both smaller and larger nanoparticles can be patterned. Hydrophobic oleylamine or n-dodecylamine capped gold nanoparticles and oleic acid decorated magnetite nanoparticles are deposited from toluene. Tip loading is carried out by dip-coating, and writing succeeds fast within 0.1 s. Also, coating with longer tip dwell times, at different relative humidity and varying frequency are studied for deposition of nanoparticle clusters. The resulting feature size is between 300 and 1780 nm as determined by scanning electron microscopy. Atomic force microscopy confirms that the heights of the deposited structures correspond to a single or double layer of nanoparticles. Higher writing speeds lead to smaller line thicknesses, offering possibilities to more complex structures. Dip pen nanolithography can hence be used to pattern nanoparticles on silicon substrates independent of the surface chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlichter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Bosse
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms- Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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5
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Arndt NB, Adolphs T, Arlinghaus HF, Heidrich B, Ravoo BJ. Arylazopyrazole-Modified Thiolactone Acrylate Copolymer Brushes for Tuneable and Photoresponsive Wettability of Glass Surfaces. Langmuir 2023; 39:5342-5351. [PMID: 37011284 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Photoswitches have long been employed in coatings for surfaces and substrates to harness light as a versatile stimulus to induce responsive behavior. We previously demonstrated the viability of arylazopyrazole (AAP) as a photoswitch in self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on silicon and glass surfaces for photoresponsive wetting applications. We now aim to transfer the excellent photophysical properties of AAPs to polymer brush coatings. Compared to SAMs, polymer brushes offer enhanced stability and an increase of the thickness and density of the functional organic layer. In this work, we present thiolactone acrylate copolymer brushes which can be post-modified with AAP amines as well as hydrophobic acrylates, making use of the unique chemistry of the thiolactones. This strategy enables photoresponsive wetting with a tuneable range of contact angle change on glass substrates. We show the successful synthesis of thiolactone hydroxyethyl acrylate copolymer brushes by means of surface-initiated atom-transfer radical polymerization with the option to either prepare homogeneous brushes or to prepare micrometer-sized brush patterns by microcontact printing. The polymer brushes were analyzed by atomic force microscopy, time-of-flight secondary ion spectrometry, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Photoresponsive behavior imparted to the brushes by means of post-modification with AAP is monitored by UV/vis spectroscopy, and wetting behavior of homogeneous brushes is measured by static and dynamic contact angle measurements. The brushes show an average change in static contact angle of around 13° between E and Z isomer of the AAP photoswitch for at least five cycles, while the range of contact angle change can be fine-tuned between 53.5°/66.5° (E/Z) and 81.5°/94.8° (E/Z) by post-modification with hydrophobic acrylates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas B Arndt
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Adolphs
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bastian Heidrich
- MEET Battery Research Center, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 46, 48149 Münster, Germany
- Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Münster, Corrensstraße 29, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, University of Münster, Busso-Peus-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Akbari A, Galstyan A, Peterson RE, Arlinghaus HF, Tyler BJ. Label-free sub-micrometer 3D imaging of ciprofloxacin in native-state biofilms with cryo-time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 2023; 415:991-999. [PMID: 36625895 PMCID: PMC9883301 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-022-04496-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/19/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
High spatial resolution mass spectrometry imaging has been identified as a key technology needed to improve understanding of the chemical components that influence antibiotic resistance within biofilms, which are communities of micro-organisms that grow attached to a surface. Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) offers the unique ability for label-free 3D imaging of organic molecules with sub-micrometer spatial resolution and high sensitivity. Several studies of biofilms have been done with the help of ToF-SIMS, but none of those studies have shown 3D imaging of antibiotics in native-state hydrated biofilms with cell-level resolution. Because ToF-SIMS measurements must be performed in a high-vacuum environment, cryogenic preparation and analysis are necessary to preserve the native biofilm structure and antibiotic spatial distribution during ToF-SIMS measurements. In this study, we have investigated the penetration of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin into Bacillus subtilis biofilms using sub-micrometer resolution 3D imaging cryo-ToF-SIMS. B. subtilis biofilms were exposed to physiologically relevant levels of ciprofloxacin. The treated biofilms were then plunge-frozen in liquid propane and analyzed with ToF-SIMS under cryogenic conditions. Multivariate analysis techniques, including multivariate curve resolution (MCR) and inverse maximum signal factor (iMSF) denoising, were used to aid analysis of the data and facilitate high spatial resolution 3D imaging of the biofilm, providing individually resolved cells and spatially resolved ciprofloxacin intensity at "real world" concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anoosheh Akbari
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Anzhela Galstyan
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Nanointegration Duisburg-Essen (CENIDE) and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), University of Duisburg-Essen, Universitätsstrasse 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149, Münster, Germany.
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7
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Pohkrel Y, Adolphs T, Peterson RE, Allebrod U, Ravoo BJ, Arlinghaus HF, Tyler BJ. Influence of Matrix p Ka on Molecular Ion Formation in Matrix-Enhanced Secondary-Ion Mass Spectrometry. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2023; 34:218-226. [PMID: 36565282 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.2c00261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) is one of the most important techniques for chemical imaging of nanomaterials and biological samples with high lateral resolution. However, low ionization efficiency limits the detection of many molecules at low concentrations or in very small volumes. One promising approach to increasing the sensitivity of the technique is by the addition of a matrix that promotes ionization and desorption of important analyte molecules. This approach is known as matrix-enhanced secondary-ion mass spectrometry (ME-SIMS). We have investigated the effect of matrix acidity on molecular ion formation in three different biomolecules. A series of cinnamic acid based matrixes that vary in acidity was employed to systematically investigate the influence of matrix acidity on analyte ion formation. The positive ion signal for all three biomolecules showed a strong increase for more acidic matrixes. The most acidic matrix was then vapor-deposited onto mouse brain sections. This led to significant enhancement of lipid signals from the brain. This work indicates that proton donation plays an important role in the formation of molecular ions in ME-SIMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogesh Pohkrel
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Adolphs
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Ute Allebrod
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 36, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience, University of Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149Münster, Germany
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Meteling HJ, Bosse F, Schlichter L, Tyler BJ, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Versatile Surface Patterning with Low Molecular Weight Photoswitches. Small 2022; 18:e2203245. [PMID: 35971144 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202203245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2022] [Revised: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Surface patterning of functional materials is a key technology in various fields such as microelectronics, optics, and photonics. In micro- and nanofabrication, polymers are frequently employed either as photoreactive or thermoresponsive resists that enable further fabrication steps, or as functional adlayers in electronic and optical devices. In this article, a method is presented for imprint lithography using low molecular weight arylazoisoxazoles photoswitches instead of polymer resists. These photoswitches exhibit a rapid and reversible solid-to-liquid phase transition upon photo-isomerization at room temperature, making them highly suitable for reversible surface functionalization at ambient conditions. Beyond photo-induced imprint lithography with multiple write-and-erase cycles, prospective applications as patterned matrix for nanoparticles and etch resist on gold surfaces are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henning J Meteling
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Florian Bosse
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Lisa Schlichter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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9
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Tyler BJ, Kassenböhmer R, Peterson RE, Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Glorius F, Ravoo BJ, Arlinghaus HF. Denoising of Mass Spectrometry Images via Inverse Maximum Signal Factors Analysis. Anal Chem 2022; 94:2835-2843. [PMID: 35107995 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.1c04564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Improving signal-to-noise and, thereby, image contrast is one of the key challenges needed to expand the useful applications of mass spectrometry imaging (MSI). Both instrumental and data analysis approaches are of importance. Univariate denoising techniques have been used to improve contrast in MSI images with varying levels of success. Additionally, various multivariate analysis (MVA) methods have proven to be effective for improving image contrast. However, the distribution of important but low intensity ions can be obscured in the MVA analysis, leading to a loss of chemically specific information. In this work we propose inverse maximum signal factors (MSF) denoising as an alternative approach to both denoising and multivariate analysis for MSI imaging. This approach differs from the standard MVA techniques in that the output is denoised images for each original mass peak rather than the frequently difficult to interpret scores and loadings. Five tests have been developed to optimize and validate the resulting denoised images. The algorithm has been tested on a range of simulated data with different levels of noise, correlated noise, varying numbers of underlying components, and nonlinear effects. In the simulations, an excellent correlation between the true images and the denoised images was observed for peaks with an original signal-to-noise ratio as low as 0.1, as long as there was sufficient intensity in the sum of the selected peaks. The power of the approach was then demonstrated on two time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) images that contained largely uncorrelated noise and a laser post-ionization matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-2-MS) image that contained strongly correlated noise. The improvements in signal-to-noise increased with decreasing intensity of the original peaks. A signal-to-noise improvement of as much as two orders of magnitude was achieved for very low intensity peaks. MSF denoising is a powerful addition to the suite of image processing techniques available for studying mass spectrometry images.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Rainer Kassenböhmer
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Richard E Peterson
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - D Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut and Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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10
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Arndt NB, Schlüter F, Böckmann M, Adolphs T, Arlinghaus HF, Doltsinis NL, Ravoo BJ. Self-Assembled Monolayers of Arylazopyrazoles on Glass and Silicon Oxide: Photoisomerization and Photoresponsive Wettability. Langmuir 2022; 38:735-742. [PMID: 34989243 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface coatings that respond to external influences and change their physical properties upon application of external stimuli are of great interest, with light being a particularly desirable choice. Photoswitches such as azobenzenes have been employed in a range of photoresponsive coatings. One striking change in physical property of many photoresponsive coatings is their responsive wettability upon illumination. In this work, we present photoswitchable self-assembled monolayers based on arylazopyrazoles (AAPs). In solution, AAPs offer significant improvements in terms of the photostationary state, thermal stability, and fatigue resistance. The AAP photoswitch is coupled to triethoxysilanes for an easy, one-step functionalization of glass and silicon oxide surfaces. We show the synthesis of AAP-based silanes and the successful surface functionalization, and we confirm the excellent photoswitchability of the AAPs in a self-assembled monolayer upon alternating irradiation with UV (365 nm) and green (520 nm) light. The self-assembled monolayers are investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and contact angle goniometry. We furthermore investigate the effect of substitution of the AAPs on the photoresponsive wetting behavior and compare this with density functional theory (DFT) calculations of the dipole moments of the AAPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas B Arndt
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Friederike Schlüter
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Institute of Solid State Theory, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Thorsten Adolphs
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Institute of Solid State Theory, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Center for Soft Nanoscience and Organic Chemistry Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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11
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Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Gutheil C, Sotthewes K, Tyler BJ, Böckmann M, Das M, Schlüter F, Doltsinis NL, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Glorius F. Ein auf Arylazopyrazol basierendes N‐heterocyclisches Carben als Photoschalter auf Goldoberflächen: Lichtschaltbare Benetzbarkeit, Austrittsarbeit und Leitwert. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.202003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Kai Sotthewes
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology University of Twente P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Niederlande
| | - Bonnie J. Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Friederike Schlüter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Nikos L. Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Heinrich F. Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
- Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN) Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Busso-Peus-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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12
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Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Gutheil C, Sotthewes K, Tyler BJ, Böckmann M, Das M, Schlüter F, Doltsinis NL, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Glorius F. An Arylazopyrazole-Based N-Heterocyclic Carbene as a Photoswitch on Gold Surfaces: Light-Switchable Wettability, Work Function, and Conductance. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2020; 59:13651-13656. [PMID: 32271973 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202003523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A novel photoresponsive and fully conjugated N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) has been synthesized that combines the excellent photophysical properties of arylazopyrazoles (AAPs) with an NHC that acts as a robust surface anchor (AAP-BIMe). The formation of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on gold was proven by ToF-SIMS and XPS, and the organic film displayed a very high stability at elevated temperatures. This stability was also reflected in a high desorption energy, which was determined by temperature-programmed SIMS measurements. E-/Z-AAP-BIMe@Au photoisomerization resulted in reversible alterations of the surface energy (i.e. wettability), the surface potential (i.e. work function), and the conductance (i.e. resistance). The effects could be explained by the difference in the dipole moment of the isomers. Furthermore, sequential application of a dummy ligand by microcontact printing and subsequent backfilling with AAP-BIMe allowed its patterning on gold. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first example of a photoswitchable NHC on a gold surface. These properties of AAP-BIMe@Au illustrate its suitability as a molecular switch for electronic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Christian Gutheil
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Kai Sotthewes
- Physics of Interfaces and Nanomaterials, MESA+ Institute for Nanotechnology, University of Twente, P.O. Box 217, 7500, AE, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Marcus Böckmann
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Mowpriya Das
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Friederike Schlüter
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Nikos L Doltsinis
- Institute for Solid State Theory and Center for Multiscale Theory & Computation, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany.,Center for Soft Nanoscience (SoN), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Busso-Peus-Strasse 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149, Münster, Germany
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13
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Rakers L, Grill D, Matos AL, Wulff S, Wang D, Börgel J, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Galla HJ, Gerke V, Glorius F. Addressable Cholesterol Analogs for Live Imaging of Cellular Membranes. Cell Chem Biol 2018; 25:952-961.e12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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14
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Kassenböhmer R, Heeger M, Dwivedi M, Körsgen M, Tyler BJ, Galla HJ, Arlinghaus HF. 3D Molecular ToF-SIMS Imaging of Artificial Lipid Membranes Using a Discriminant Analysis-Based Algorithm. Langmuir 2018; 34:8750-8757. [PMID: 29969039 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b01253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Artificial lipid membranes play a growing role in technical applications such as biosensors in pharmacological research and as model systems in the investigation of biological lipid films. In the standard procedure for displaying the distribution of membrane components, fluorescence microscopy, the fluorophores used can influence the distribution of the components and usually not all substances can be displayed at the same time. The discriminant analysis-based algorithm used in combination with scanning time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) enables marker-free, quantitative, simultaneous recording of all membrane components. These data are used for reconstruction of distribution patterns. In the model system used for this survey, a tear fluid lipid layer, the distribution patterns of all lipids correlate well in calculated ToF-SIMS images and epi-fluorescence microscopic images. All epi-fluorescence microscopically viewable structures are visible when using both positive and negative secondary ions and can be reproduced with high lateral resolution in the submicrometer range despite the very low signal intensity and a very low signal-to-noise ratio. In addition, three-dimensional images can be obtained with a subnanometer depth resolution. Furthermore, structures and the distribution of substances that cannot be made visible by epi-fluorescence microscopy can be displayed. This enables new insights that cannot be gained by epi-fluorescence microscopy alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kassenböhmer
- Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Marcel Heeger
- Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Mridula Dwivedi
- Institut für Biochemie , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Bonnie J Tyler
- Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Hans-Joachim Galla
- Institut für Biochemie , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 2 , 48149 Münster , Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut , Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 , 48149 Münster , Germany
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15
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Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Körsgen M, Lamping S, Rühling A, Schäfer AH, Siekman MH, Arlinghaus HF, van der Wiel WG, Glorius F, Ravoo BJ. Versatile Micropatterns of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes on Gold Surfaces: Increased Thermal and Pattern Stability with Enhanced Conductivity. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018; 57:11465-11469. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201807197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Andreas Rühling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | | | - Martin H. Siekman
- NanoElectronics Group; MESA Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Heinrich F. Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Strasse 10 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Wilfred G. van der Wiel
- NanoElectronics Group; MESA Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede The Netherlands
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstrasse 40 48149 Münster Germany
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16
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Nguyen DT, Freitag M, Körsgen M, Lamping S, Rühling A, Schäfer AH, Siekman MH, Arlinghaus HF, van der Wiel WG, Glorius F, Ravoo BJ. Vielseitige Mikrostrukturen aus N-heterocyclischen Carbenen auf Goldoberflächen: Erhöhte thermische und Strukturstabilität mit erhöhter Leitfähigkeit. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201807197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Thao Nguyen
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Matthias Freitag
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Andreas Rühling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | | | - Martin H. Siekman
- NanoElectronics Group; MESA Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Niederlande
| | - Heinrich F. Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Wilfred G. van der Wiel
- NanoElectronics Group; MESA Institute for Nanotechnology; University of Twente; P.O. Box 217 7500 AE Enschede Niederlande
| | - Frank Glorius
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut; Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster; Corrensstraße 40 48149 Münster Deutschland
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17
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Buten C, Lamping S, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Jamieson C, Ravoo BJ. Surface Functionalization with Carboxylic Acids by Photochemical Microcontact Printing and Tetrazole Chemistry. Langmuir 2018; 34:2132-2138. [PMID: 29334733 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.7b03678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we show that carboxylic acid-functionalized molecules can be patterned by photochemical microcontact printing on tetrazole-terminated self-assembled monolayers. Upon irradiation, tetrazoles eliminate nitrogen to form highly reactive nitrile imines, which can be ligated with several different nucleophiles, carboxylic acids being the most reactive. As a proof of concept, we immobilized trifluoroacetic acid to monitor the reaction with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Moreover, we also immobilized peptides and fabricated carbohydrate-lectin as well as biotin-streptavidin microarrays using this method. Surface-patterning was demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christoph Buten
- Organic-Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic-Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Craig Jamieson
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Strathclyde , 295 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G1 1XL, U.K
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic-Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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18
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Kudruk S, Villani E, Polo F, Lamping S, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Paolucci F, Ravoo BJ, Valenti G, Rizzo F. Solid state electrochemiluminescence from homogeneous and patterned monolayers of bifunctional spirobifluorene. Chem Commun (Camb) 2018; 54:4999-5002. [DOI: 10.1039/c8cc02066c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Electrochemiluminescence (ECL) from self-assembled monolayers of a spirobifluorene dye covalently linked to a transparent ITO surface is reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergej Kudruk
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Elena Villani
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Federico Polo
- National Cancer Institute-CRO Aviano
- 33081 Aviano
- Italy
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Francesco Paolucci
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Giovanni Valenti
- Department of Chemistry “G. Ciamician”
- University of Bologna
- 40126 Bologna
- Italy
| | - Fabio Rizzo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and CeNTech
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
- Institute of Molecular Science and Technologies (ISTM)
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19
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Buhl M, Staniford M, Lamping S, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Kynast U, Ravoo BJ. Patterning of Nanoclays on Positively Charged Self-Assembled Monolayers via Micromolding in Capillaries. Langmuir 2017; 33:8799-8804. [PMID: 28351148 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.6b04618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Nanoclays are nanomaterials with versatile adsorptive properties. This contribution describes the generation of micropatterns of a nanoclay ("laponite") on ammonium-terminated, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on glass and silicon. Microstructured immobilization of the laponite was performed using micromolding in capillaries (MIMIC). The immobilization was verified using contact angle goniometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, laponite was modified with Nile red to generate a fluorescence enhancement-based surface sensor for the vitamin choline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Buhl
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Mark Staniford
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences , Stegerwaldsstrasse 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physics Institute, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Ulrich Kynast
- Institute for Optical Technologies, Münster University of Applied Sciences , Stegerwaldsstrasse 39, 48565 Steinfurt, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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20
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Buhl M, Traboni S, Körsgen M, Lamping S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. On surface O-glycosylation by catalytic microcontact printing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2017; 53:6203-6206. [DOI: 10.1039/c7cc02505j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate microarrays are made by microcontact printing of glycosyl donors on hydroxyl terminated substrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz Buhl
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Serena Traboni
- Department of Chemical Sciences
- University of Naples Federico II
- I-80126 Naples
- Italy
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physics Institute
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
| | | | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Soft Nanoscience
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster
- Germany
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21
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Pelster A, Körsgen M, Kurosawa T, Morita H, Arlinghaus HF. ToF-SIMS and Laser-SNMS Imaging of Heterogeneous Topographically Complex Polymer Systems. Anal Chem 2016; 88:9638-9646. [PMID: 27661389 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Heterogeneous polymer coatings, such as those used in organic electronics and medical devices, are of increasing industrial importance. In order to advance the development of these types of systems, analytical techniques are required which are able to determine the elemental and molecular spatial distributions, on a nanometer scale, with very high detection efficiency and sensitivity. The goal of this study was to investigate the suitability of laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (Laser-SNMS) with a 157 nm postionization laser beam to image structured polymer mixtures and compare the results with time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) measurements using Bi3+ primary ions. The results showed that Laser-SNMS is better suited than ToF-SIMS for unambiguous detection and submicrometer imaging of the wide range of polymers investigated. The data also showed that Laser-SNMS has the advantage of being much more sensitive (in general higher by more than an order of magnitude and peaking at up to 3 orders of magnitude) than ToF-SIMS while also showing superior performance on topographically complex structured insulating surfaces, due to significantly reduced field effects and a higher dynamic range as compared to ToF-SIMS. It is concluded that Laser-SNMS is a powerful complementary technique to ToF-SIMS for the analysis of heterogeneous polymers and other complex structured organic mixtures, providing submicrometer resolution and high sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Pelster
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Takako Kurosawa
- Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Corporation , 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Hiromi Morita
- Advanced Research Division, Panasonic Corporation , 3-1-1 Yagumo-naka-machi, Moriguchi City, Osaka 570-8501, Japan
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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22
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Abstract
We developed a simple method to pattern self-assembled monolayers of tetrazole triethoxylsilane with a variety of different molecules by photochemical microcontact printing. Under irradiation, tetrazoles form highly reactive nitrile imines, which react with alkenes, alkynes, and thiols. The covalent linkage to the surface could be unambiguously demonstrated by fluorescence microscopy, because the reaction product is fluorescent in contrast to tetrazole. The modified surfaces were further analyzed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and contact angle goniometry. Protein-repellent micropatterns, a biotin-streptavidin array, and structured polymer brushes could be fabricated with this straightforward method for surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Vonhören
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Oliver Roling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christoph Buten
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster , Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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23
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Körsgen M, Pelster A, Dreisewerd K, Arlinghaus HF. 3D ToF-SIMS Analysis of Peptide Incorporation into MALDI Matrix Crystals with Sub-micrometer Resolution. J Am Soc Mass Spectrom 2016; 27:277-284. [PMID: 26419771 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-015-1275-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The analytical sensitivity in matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (MALDI-MS) is largely affected by the specific analyte-matrix interaction, in particular by the possible incorporation of the analytes into crystalline MALDI matrices. Here we used time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) to visualize the incorporation of three peptides with different hydrophobicities, bradykinin, Substance P, and vasopressin, into two classic MALDI matrices, 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid (DHB) and α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid (HCCA). For depth profiling, an Ar cluster ion beam was used to gradually sputter through the matrix crystals without causing significant degradation of matrix or biomolecules. A pulsed Bi3 ion cluster beam was used to image the lateral analyte distribution in the center of the sputter crater. Using this dual beam technique, the 3D distribution of the analytes and spatial segregation effects within the matrix crystals were imaged with sub-μm resolution. The technique could in the future enable matrix-enhanced (ME)-ToF-SIMS imaging of peptides in tissue slices at ultra-high resolution. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany.
| | - Andreas Pelster
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Klaus Dreisewerd
- Institute for Hygiene, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF), University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
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24
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Körsgen M, Pelster A, Vens-Cappell S, Roling O, Arlinghaus HF. Molecular ME-ToF-SIMS yield as a function of DHB matrix layer thicknesses obtained from brain sections coated by sublimation/deposition techniques. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut; Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Andreas Pelster
- Physikalisches Institut; Wilhelm Klemm Str. 10 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Simeon Vens-Cappell
- Institute for Hygiene; University of Münster; Robert-Koch-Str. 41 Münster 48149 Germany
- Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF); University of Münster; Domagkstr. 3 Münster 48149 Germany
| | - Oliver Roling
- Organic Chemistry Institute, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry; University of Münster; Corrensstr. 40 Münster 48149 Germany
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25
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Roling O, De Bruycker K, Vonhören B, Stricker L, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Du Prez FE. Herstellung mikrostrukturierter Polymerbürsten auf wiederbeschreibbaren Oberflächen durch Triazolindion-Click-Chemie. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201506361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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26
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Roling O, De Bruycker K, Vonhören B, Stricker L, Körsgen M, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Du Prez FE. Rewritable Polymer Brush Micropatterns Grafted by Triazolinedione Click Chemistry. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2015; 54:13126-9. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201506361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Revised: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Roling
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Kevin De Bruycker
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4‐bis, B‐9000 Gent (Belgium)
| | - Benjamin Vonhören
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Lucas Stricker
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster, Wilhelm‐Klemm‐Strasse 10, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Heinrich F. Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster, Wilhelm‐Klemm‐Strasse 10, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch‐Chemisches Institut, Center for Soft Nanoscience and Graduate School of Chemistry, Westfälische Wilhelms‐Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster (Germany)
| | - Filip E. Du Prez
- Department of Organic and Macromolecular Chemistry, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S4‐bis, B‐9000 Gent (Belgium)
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27
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Kassenböhmer R, Draude F, Körsgen M, Pelster A, Arlinghaus HF. Calculation of Membrane Lipid Ratios Using Single-Pixel Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry Analysis. Anal Chem 2015; 87:7795-802. [PMID: 26146009 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b01456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Much evidence suggests that membrane domains, termed lipid rafts, which are enriched in sphingomyeline and cholesterol play important roles in the regulation of physiological and pathophysiological processes. A label-free quantitative imaging method for lipids is lacking at present. We report an algorithm which enables us to identify and calculate the percentages of the ingredients of lipid mixtures from single-pixel time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) spectra in model systems. The algorithm is based on a linear mixing model. Discriminant analysis is used to reduce the dimension of the data space. Calculations were separately performed for positive and negative ion mass spectra. Phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyeline which have identical headgroups and cannot be easily distinguished from another by positive ion mass spectra were included in the analysis. The algorithm outlined may more generally be used to calculate the percentages of ingredients of mixtures from spectra acquired by quite different methods such as X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Kassenböhmer
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Felix Draude
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Martin Körsgen
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Andreas Pelster
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Heinrich F Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Straße 10, 48149 Münster, Germany
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28
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Draude F, Körsgen M, Pelster A, Schwerdtle T, Müthing J, Arlinghaus HF. Characterization of freeze-fractured epithelial plasma membranes on nanometer scale with ToF-SIMS. Anal Bioanal Chem 2014; 407:2203-11. [PMID: 25420714 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-014-8334-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF-SIMS) was used to characterize the freeze-fracturing process of human epithelial PANC-1 and UROtsa cells. For this purpose, phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylserine standard samples were investigated to find specific signals with both high specificity and signal intensity. The results were used to investigate single cells of subconfluent cell layers prepared with a special silicon wafer sandwich preparation technique. This freeze-fracturing technique strips cell membranes off the cells, isolating them on opposing silicon wafer substrates. Criteria were found for defining regions with stripped off cell membranes and, on the opposing wafer, complementary regions with the remaining cells. Measured ethanolamine/choline and serine/choline ratios in these regions clearly showed that in the freeze-fracturing process, the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane is split along its central zone. Accordingly, only the outer lipid monolayer is stripped off the cell, while the inner lipid monolayer remains attached to the cell on the opposing wafer, thus allowing detailed analysis of a single lipid monolayer. Furthermore, it could be shown that using different washing procedures did not influence the transmembrane lipid distribution. Under optimized preparation conditions, it became feasible to detect lipids with a lateral resolution of approximately 100 nm. The data indicate that ToF-SIMS would be a very useful technique to study with very high lateral resolution changes in lipid composition caused, for example, by lipid storage diseases or pharmaceuticals that interfere with the lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felix Draude
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, 48149, Münster, Germany
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29
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Roling O, Mardyukov A, Lamping S, Vonhören B, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Studer A, Ravoo BJ. Surface patterning with natural and synthetic polymers via an inverse electron demand Diels–Alder reaction employing microcontact chemistry. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:7828-35. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01379d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Bioorthogonal ligation methods are the focus of current research due to their versatile applications in biotechnology and materials science for post-functionalization and immobilization of biomolecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Roling
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Artur Mardyukov
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Lamping
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Vonhören
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Rinnen
- Physikalisches Institut
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | - Armido Studer
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Bart Jan Ravoo
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut and Graduate School of Chemistry
- Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster
- 48149 Münster, Germany
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30
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Neunzehn J, Draude F, Golla-Schindler U, Arlinghaus HF, Wiesmann HP. Detection of protein coatings on nanoparticles surfaces by ToF-SIMS and advanced electron microscopy. SURF INTERFACE ANAL 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/sia.5287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Neunzehn
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science; Chair for Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden; D-01069 Dresden Germany
| | - Felix Draude
- Physikalisches Institut; University of Münster; D-48149 Münster Germany
| | - Ute Golla-Schindler
- Electron Microscopy Group of Material Science; University of Ulm; D-89081 Ulm Germany
| | | | - Hans-Peter Wiesmann
- Max Bergmann Center of Biomaterials and Institute of Materials Science; Chair for Biomaterials, Technische Universität Dresden; D-01069 Dresden Germany
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31
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Kaufmann T, Wendeln C, Gokmen MT, Rinnen S, Becker MM, Arlinghaus HF, Du Prez F, Ravoo BJ. Chemically orthogonal trifunctional Janus beads by photochemical “sandwich” microcontact printing. Chem Commun (Camb) 2013; 49:63-5. [DOI: 10.1039/c2cc36483b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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32
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Voskuhl J, Wendeln C, Versluis F, Fritz EC, Roling O, Zope H, Schulz C, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Kros A. Immobilisierung von Liposomen und Vesikeln auf strukturierten Oberflächen mithilfe eines Coiled-Coil-Peptidbindungsmotivs. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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33
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Voskuhl J, Wendeln C, Versluis F, Fritz EC, Roling O, Zope H, Schulz C, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ, Kros A. Immobilization of Liposomes and Vesicles on Patterned Surfaces by a Peptide Coiled-Coil Binding Motif. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2012; 51:12616-20. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201204836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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Schwarzburger NI, Knobel R, Behrens H, Binnewies M, Horn I, Pelster A, Arlinghaus HF, Dörrer L, Schmidt H. Kinetics of Lithium Intercalation in Titanium Disulfide Single Crystals. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1524/zpch.2012.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Single crystals of titanium disulfide TiS2 were synthesized by chemical vapor synthesis and subsequently intercalated with n-butyl lithium (BuLi) in n-hexane. Experiments were carried out using a butyl lithium concentration between 0.8 and 10 mol L-1 and the temperature range was from 248 K to 328 K. The duration of the intercalation was varied from 2 h to 30 d. After the intercalation experiments concentration profiles of lithium, titanium and sulfur were measured parallel to the ab-plane of the crystal by LA-ICP-OES (LASER Ablation — Inductively Coupled Plasma - Optical Emission Spectroscopy). Chemical diffusion coefficients (D) were determined by fitting of the profiles to the specific solution of Fick's 2
nd
law for the given boundary conditions.
The measured diffusivity in the ab-plane (D|| a/b
) varies between 10-13 and 10-15 m2 s-1 at room temperature. These variations of D cannot be correlated to the reaction time. On the other hand a systematic increase of D|| a/b
with the concentration of butyl lithium (cBuLi
) was observed, with a corresponding decrease in activation energy from 59.6 ± 7.6 kJ mol-1 (cBuLi=1.6 mol L-1
) to 42.6 ± 11.7 kJ mol-1 (cBuLi=10 mol L-1
). Furthermore, profiles measured on the same crystals reveal D|| a/b
values differing by up to a factor of 3. ToF-SIMS (Time-of-Flight Secondary Ion Mass Spectromety) images gave evidence of inhomogenous insertion of lithium along crystal edges.
These findings indicate that stress induced by widening of the crystal layers plays a crucial role in the intercalation kinetics. SIMS profiling perpendicular to the ab-plane gives evidence that D⊥ a/b is at least four orders of magnitude lower than D|| a/b
.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Knobel
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Mineralogy, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Harald Behrens
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Mineralogy, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Michael Binnewies
- Leibniz University of Hannover, Institute of Inorganic Chemistry, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Ingo Horn
- Leibniz University Hannover, Institute of Mineralogy, Hannover, Deutschland
| | - Andreas Pelster
- University of Muenster, Institute of Physics, Muenster, Deutschland
| | | | - Lars Dörrer
- Technische Universität Clausthal, Institut für Metallurgie, Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Deutschland
| | - Harald Schmidt
- Leibniz Universität Hannover, ZFM-Zentrum f.Festkörperchemie u. Neue Materialien, Hannover, Deutschland
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35
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Wendeln C, Rinnen S, Schulz C, Kaufmann T, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Rapid Preparation of Multifunctional Surfaces for Orthogonal Ligation by Microcontact Chemistry. Chemistry 2012; 18:5880-8. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201103422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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36
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Wendeln C, Singh I, Rinnen S, Schulz C, Arlinghaus HF, Burley GA, Ravoo BJ. Orthogonal, metal-free surface modification by strain-promoted azide–alkyne and nitrile oxide–alkene/alkyne cycloadditions. Chem Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2sc20555f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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37
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Kaufmann T, Gokmen MT, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Du Prez F, Ravoo BJ. Bifunctional Janus beads made by “sandwich” microcontact printing using click chemistry. J Mater Chem 2012; 22:6190. [DOI: 10.1039/c2jm16807c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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38
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Tyler BJ, Dambach S, Galla S, Peterson RE, Arlinghaus HF. Investigation of the Utility of Laser-Secondary Neutral Mass Spectrometry for the Detection of Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons in Individual Atmospheric Aerosol Particles. Anal Chem 2011; 84:76-82. [DOI: 10.1021/ac2008338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bonnie J. Tyler
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Steffen Dambach
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strausse 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Sebastian Galla
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strausse 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
| | - Richard E. Peterson
- Departments of Chemical Engineering and Chemistry, University of the West Indies, St. Augustine, Trinidad and Tobago
| | - Heinrich F. Arlinghaus
- Physikalisches Institut, University of Muenster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Strausse 10, 48149 Muenster, Germany
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39
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Haase A, Tentschert J, Jungnickel H, Graf P, Mantion A, Draude F, Plendl J, Goetz ME, Galla S, Mašić A, Thuenemann AF, Taubert A, Arlinghaus HF, Luch A. Toxicity of silver nanoparticles in human macrophages: uptake, intracellular distribution and cellular responses. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/304/1/012030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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40
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Haase A, Arlinghaus HF, Tentschert J, Jungnickel H, Graf P, Mantion A, Draude F, Galla S, Plendl J, Goetz ME, Masic A, Meier W, Thünemann AF, Taubert A, Luch A. Application of laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry/time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry in nanotoxicology: visualization of nanosilver in human macrophages and cellular responses. ACS Nano 2011; 5:3059-3068. [PMID: 21456612 DOI: 10.1021/nn200163w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (SNP) are the subject of worldwide commercialization because of their antimicrobial effects. Yet only little data on their mode of action exist. Further, only few techniques allow for visualization and quantification of unlabeled nanoparticles inside cells. To study SNP of different sizes and coatings within human macrophages, we introduce a novel laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (Laser-SNMS) approach and prove this method superior to the widely applied confocal Raman and transmission electron microscopy. With time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) we further demonstrate characteristic fingerprints in the lipid pattern of the cellular membrane indicative of oxidative stress and membrane fluidity changes. Increases of protein carbonyl and heme oxygenase-1 levels in treated cells confirm the presence of oxidative stress biochemically. Intriguingly, affected phagocytosis reveals as highly sensitive end point of SNP-mediated adversity in macrophages. The cellular responses monitored are hierarchically linked, but follow individual kinetics and are partially reversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Haase
- German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR), Department of Product Safety, Thielallee 88-92, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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Kaufmann T, Gokmen MT, Wendeln C, Schneiders M, Rinnen S, Arlinghaus HF, Bon SAF, Du Prez FE, Ravoo BJ. "Sandwich" microcontact printing as a mild route towards monodisperse Janus particles with tailored bifunctionality. Adv Mater 2011; 23:79-83. [PMID: 21069890 DOI: 10.1002/adma.201003564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tobias Kaufmann
- Organisch-Chemisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstraße 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Wendeln C, Rinnen S, Schulz C, Arlinghaus HF, Ravoo BJ. Photochemical microcontact printing by thiol-ene and thiol-yne click chemistry. Langmuir 2010; 26:15966-15971. [PMID: 20857903 DOI: 10.1021/la102966j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
This article describes the microstructured immobilization of functional thiols on alkene- and alkyne-terminated self-assembled monolayers on silicon oxide substrates by photochemical microcontact printing. A photochemical thiol-ene or thiol-yne “click” reaction was locally induced in the area of contact between stamp and substrate by irradiation with UV light (365 nm). The immobilization reaction by photochemical microcontact printing was verified by contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The reaction rate of photochemical microcontact printing by thiol-ene chemistry was studied using time dependent contact angle measurements. The selective binding of lectins to galactoside microarrays prepared by photochemical microcontact printing was also demonstrated. It was found that photochemical microcontact printing results in a high surface coverage of functional thiols within 30 s of printing even for dilute (mM) ink solutions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology (CeNTech), Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Abstract
This Article describes the preparation of carbohydrate microarrays by the immobilization of carbohydrates via microcontact printing (microCP) on glass and silicon substrates. To this end, diene-modified carbohydrates (galactose, glucose, mannose, lactose, and maltose) were printed on maleimide-terminated self-assembled monolayers (SAMs). A Diels-Alder reaction occurred exclusively in the contact area between stamp and substrate and resulted in a carbohydrate pattern on the substrate. It was found that cyclopentadiene-functionalized carbohydrates could be printed within minutes at room temperature, whereas furan-functionalized carbohydrates required long printing times and high temperatures. By successive printing, microstructured arrays of up to three different carbohydrates could be produced. Immobilization and patterning of the carbohydrates on the surfaces was investigated with contact angle measurements, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS), and fluorescence microscopy. Furthermore, the lectins concanavalin A (ConA) and peanut agglutinin (PNA) bind to the microarrays, and the printed carbohydrates retain their characteristic selectivity toward these proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Wendeln
- Organic Chemistry Institute and Center for Nanotechnology, Westfalische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 40, 48149 Münster, Germany
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Kriegeskotte C, Cantz T, Haberland J, Zibert A, Haier J, Köhler G, Schöler HR, Schmidt HHJ, Arlinghaus HF. Laser secondary neutral mass spectrometry for copper detection in micro-scale biopsies. J Mass Spectrom 2009; 44:1417-1422. [PMID: 19753579 DOI: 10.1002/jms.1634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Disease progression and clinical diagnostics of a number of hereditable metabolic diseases are determined by organ involvement in disturbed deposition of certain molecules. Current clinical imaging is unable to visualize this maldistribution with sufficient specificity and sensitivity, such as in Wilson's disease. The quest for understanding cellular Cu distribution in these patients requires element- and molecule-specific images with nanometer-scale spatial resolution. We have used a new cryo-mass spectrometric instrument with an integrated cryosectioning chamber for preparation and analysis of frozen hydrated samples of Wilson's disease tissue. With laser post-ionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (laser-SNMS), we were able to image Cu and other intrinsic elements and molecules in less than 1 mg of frozen hydrated liver tissue from a murine model of Wilson's disease. A 40-50 times higher Cu concentration was measured in the disease tissue as compared to the control mouse. Furthermore, major histomorphological changes were observed using this advanced nano-science tool. The results showed that the combination of in-vacuum cryosectioning and cryo-laser-SNMS technologies is particularly well suited for identifying specific cell structures and imaging trace element concentrations with subcellular resolution and upper-parts-per-billion sensitivity in biological samples. This technology can provide a novel diagnostic tool for clinical applications in various diseases involving trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kriegeskotte
- Physikalisches Institut, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Wilhelm-Klemm-Str. 10, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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De Mondt R, Van Vaeck L, Heile A, Arlinghaus HF, Vangaever F, Lenaerts J. TOF-S-SIMS molecular depth profiling of organic bilayers using mechanical wear test methodology. Anal Bioanal Chem 2009; 393:1917-21. [PMID: 19241066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-009-2657-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2008] [Revised: 01/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Recent publications on static secondary ion mass spectrometry (S-SIMS) focus on molecular depth profiling by using polyatomic or ultra-low energy monoatomic projectiles. Since their applicability depends on the relationship between the ion yield and the depth, which is hard to obtain without extensive studies, a combination of a wear test method with S-SIMS surface analysis was performed in the current study. Using this non-sputtering procedure, the relation between the signal intensity and the local concentration remains in principle the same as that at the surface (which is easy to determine). Mechanical erosion was successfully applied to expose sub-surface material from organic multilayers. Through surface analysis with S-SIMS on the gradually exposed deeper planes, molecular depth profiles could be obtained. The study was conducted on a model system relevant to offset printing, consisting of two polymer layers, containing dyes and a surfactant, cast on an Al substrate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel De Mondt
- MiTAC, Department of Chemistry (CDE), University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Wittig A, Arlinghaus HF, Kriegeskotte C, Moss RL, Appelman K, Schmid KW, Sauerwein WAG. Laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry in tissue: a powerful tool for elemental and molecular imaging in the development of targeted drugs. Mol Cancer Ther 2008; 7:1763-71. [PMID: 18644988 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-08-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The exact intracellular localization and distribution of molecules and elements becomes increasingly important for the development of targeted therapies and contrast agents. We show that laser postionization secondary neutral mass spectrometry (laser-SNMS) is well suited to localize particular elements and small molecules with subcellular spatial resolution applying the technique exemplary to Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). We showed in a murine sarcoma that the drugs used for clinical BNCT, namely l-para-boronophenylalanine (700 mg/kg body weight i.p.) and sodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate (200 mg/kg body weight i.p.), transport the therapeutic agent (10)B into the cytoplasm and into the nucleus itself, the most sensitive area of the cell. Sodium mercaptoundecahydro-closo-dodecaborate distributes (10)B homogeneously and l-para-boronophenylalanine heterogeneously. When combining laser-SNMS with prompt gamma-ray analysis as a screening technique, strategies for BNCT can be elaborated to develop new drugs or to improve the use of existing drugs on scientifically based evidence. The study shows the power of laser-SNMS in the early stages of drug development, also outside BNCT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wittig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Wehbe N, Heile A, Arlinghaus HF, Bertrand P, Delcorte A. Effects of metal nanoparticles on the secondary ion yields of a model alkane molecule upon atomic and polyatomic projectiles in secondary ion mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2008; 80:6235-44. [PMID: 18630928 DOI: 10.1021/ac800568y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
A model alkane molecule, triacontane, is used to assess the effects of condensed gold and silver nanoparticles on the molecular ion yields upon atomic (Ga(+) and In(+)) and polyatomic (C60(+) and Bi3(+)) ion bombardment in metal-assisted secondary ion mass spectrometry (MetA-SIMS). Molecular films spin-coated on silicon were metallized using a sputter-coater system, in order to deposit controlled quantities of gold and silver on the surface (from 0 to 15 nm equivalent thickness). The effects of gold and silver islets condensed on triacontane are also compared to the situation of thin triacontane overlayers on metallic substrates (gold and silver). The results focus primarily on the measured yields of quasi-molecular ions, such as (M - H)(+) and (2M - 2H)(+), and metal-cationized molecules, such as (M + Au)(+) and (M + Ag)(+), as a function of the quantity of metal on the surface. They confirm the absence of a simple rule to explain the secondary ion yield improvement in MetA-SIMS. The behavior is strongly dependent on the specific projectile/metal couple used for the experiment. Under atomic bombardment (Ga(+), In(+)), the characteristic ion yields an increase with the gold dose up to approximately 6 nm equivalent thickness. The yield enhancement factor between gold-metallized and pristine samples can be as large as approximately 70 (for (M - H)(+) under Ga(+) bombardment; 10 nm of Au). In contrast, with cluster projectiles such as Bi3(+) and C60(+), the presence of gold and silver leads to a dramatic molecular ion yield decrease. Cluster projectiles prove to be beneficial for triacontane overlayers spin-coated on silicon or metal substrates (Au, Ag) but not in the situation of MetA-SIMS. The fundamental difference of behavior between atomic and cluster primary ions is tentatively explained by arguments involving the different energy deposition mechanisms of these projectiles. Our results also show that Au and Ag nanoparticles do not induce the same behavior in MetA-SIMS of triacontane. The microstructures of the metallized layers are also different. While metallic substrates provide higher yields than metal islet overlayers in the case of silver, whatever the projectile used, the situation is reversed with gold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimer Wehbe
- Unite de Physico-Chimie et de Physique des Materiaux, Universite Catholique de Louvain, Croix du Sud 1, Louvain-la-Neuve B-1348, Belgium.
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De Mondt R, Van Vaeck L, Heile A, Arlinghaus HF, Nieuwjaer N, Delcorte A, Bertrand P, Lenaerts J, Vangaever F. Ion yield improvement for static secondary ion mass spectrometry by use of polyatomic primary ions. Rapid Commun Mass Spectrom 2008; 22:1481-1496. [PMID: 18401858 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Static secondary ion mass spectrometry (S-SIMS) is one of the potentially most powerful and versatile tools for the analysis of surface components at the monolayer level. Current improvements in detection limit (LOD) and molecular specificity rely on the optimisation of the desorption-ionisation (DI) process. As an alternative to monoatomic projectiles, polyatomic primary ion (P.I.) bombardment increases ion yields non-linearly. Common P.I. sources are Ga+ (liquid metal ion gun (LMIG), SF5+ (electron ionisation) and the newer Au(n)+, Bi(n)q+ (both LMIG) and C60+ (electron ionisation) sources. In this study the ion yield improvement obtained by using the newly developed ion sources is assessed. Two dyes (zwitterionic and/or thermolabile polar functionalities on a largely conjugated backbone) were analysed as a thin layer using Ga+, SF5+, C60+, Bi+, Bi3(2+) and Bi5(2+) projectiles under static conditions. The study aims at evaluating the improvement in LOD, useful and characteristic yield and molecular specificity. The corrected total ion count values for the different P.I. sources are compared for different instruments to obtain a rough estimate of the improvements. Furthermore, tentative ionisation and fragmentation schemes are provided to describe the generation of radical and adduct ions. Characteristic ion yields are discussed for the different P.I. sources. An overview of the general appearances of the mass spectra obtained with the different P.I. sources is given to stress the major improvement provided by polyatomic P.I.s in yielding information at higher m/z values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roel De Mondt
- MiTAC, University of Antwerp, Department of Chemistry (CDE), Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Wittig A, Michel J, Moss RL, Stecher-Rasmussen F, Arlinghaus HF, Bendel P, Mauri PL, Altieri S, Hilger R, Salvadori PA, Menichetti L, Zamenhof R, Sauerwein WAG. Boron analysis and boron imaging in biological materials for Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT). Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2008; 68:66-90. [PMID: 18439836 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2008.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2008] [Revised: 02/23/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Boron Neutron Capture Therapy (BNCT) is based on the ability of the stable isotope 10B to capture neutrons, which leads to a nuclear reaction producing an alpha- and a 7Li-particle, both having a high biological effectiveness and a very short range in tissue, being limited to approximately one cell diameter. This opens the possibility for a highly selective cancer therapy. BNCT strongly depends on the selective uptake of 10B in tumor cells and on its distribution inside the cells. The chemical properties of boron and the need to discriminate different isotopes make the investigation of the concentration and distribution of 10B a challenging task. The most advanced techniques to measure and image boron are described, both invasive and non-invasive. The most promising approach for further investigation will be the complementary use of the different techniques to obtain the information that is mandatory for the future of this innovative treatment modality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wittig
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Duisburg-Essen, University Hospital Essen, Hufelandstrasse 55, 45122 Essen, Germany.
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Talian I, Orinák A, Preisler J, Heile A, Onofrejová L, Kaniansky D, Arlinghaus HF. Comparative TOF-SIMS and MALDI TOF-MS analysis on different chromatographic planar substrates. J Sep Sci 2008; 30:2570-82. [PMID: 17876765 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200700120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
A comparison is made between two high resolution, surface-based, mass spectrometric methods: time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS) and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionisation mass spectrometry (MALDI TOF-MS) in indication of abietic and gibberellic acids molecular profiles on different chromatographic thin layers. The analytes were applied to silica gel chromatographic thin layers with SIMS on-line interfacing channel, monolithic silica gel ultra-thin layers, and thin layers specifically designed for direct Raman spectroscopic analysis. Two MALDI matrices were used in this research: ferulic acid and 2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid. The silica gel SIMS-interfacing channel strongly supported formation of numerous different MALDI MS fragments with abietic and gibberellic acids, and ferulic acid matrix. The most intense fragments belonged to [M-OH](+) and [M](+) ions from ferulic acid. Intense conjugates were detected with gibberellic acid. The MALDI MS spectrum from the monolithic silica gel surface showed very low analyte signal intensity and it was not possible to obtain MALDI spectra from a Raman spectroscopy treated chromatographic layer. The MALDI TOF MS gibberellic acid fragmentation profile was shielded by the matrix used and was accompanied by poor analyte identification. The most useful TOF-SIMS analytical signal response was obtained from analytes separated on monolithic silica gel and a SIMS-interfacing modified silica gel surface. New horizons with nanostructured surfaces call for high resolution MS methods (which cannot readily be miniaturised like many optical and electrochemical methods) to be integrated in chip and nanoscale detection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Talian
- University of P. J. Safárik, Faculty of Sciences, Institute of Chemistry, Kosice, Slovakia.
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