1
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Massey D, Williams CD, Mu J, Masters AJ, Motokawa R, Aoyagi N, Ueda Y, Antonio MR. Hierarchical Aggregation in a Complex Fluid─The Role of Isomeric Interconversion. J Phys Chem B 2023; 127:2052-2065. [PMID: 36821599 PMCID: PMC10009746 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c07527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
Abstract
There is an ever-increasing body of evidence that metallic complexes involving amphiliphic ligands do not form normal solutions in organic solvents. Instead, they form complex fluids with intricate structures. For example, the metallic complexes may aggregate into clusters, and these clusters themselves may aggregate into superclusters. To gain a deeper insight into the mechanisms at play, we have used an improved force field to conduct extensive molecular dynamics simulations of a system composed of zirconium nitrate, water, nitric acid, tri-n-butyl phosphate, and n-octane. The important new finding is that a dynamic equilibrium between the cis and trans isomers of the metal complex is likely to play a key role in the aggregation behavior. The isolated cis and trans isomers have similar energies, but simulation indicates that the clusters consist predominantly of cis isomers. With increasing metal concentration, we hypothesize that more clustering occurs and the chemical equilibrium shifts toward the cis isomer. It is possible that such isomeric effects play a role in the liquid-liquid extraction of other species and the inclusion of such effects in flow sheet modeling may lead to a better description of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Massey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher D Williams
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Junju Mu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom.,Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, CAS, 457 Zhongshan Road, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Andrew J Masters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, United Kingdom
| | - Ryuhei Motokawa
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Noboru Aoyagi
- Advanced Science Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Yuki Ueda
- Materials Sciences Research Center, Japan Atomic Energy Agency, Tokai, Ibaraki 319-1195, Japan
| | - Mark R Antonio
- Department of Chemistry, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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Chen B, Shi C, Xiong S, Wu K, Yang Y, Mu W, Li X, Yang Y, Shen X, Peng S. Insights into the spontaneous multi-scale supramolecular assembly in an ionic liquid-based extraction system. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2022; 24:25950-25961. [PMID: 36263674 DOI: 10.1039/d2cp03389e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we report a four-step mechanism for the spontaneous multi-scale supramolecular assembly (MSSA) process in a two-phase system concerning an ionic liquid (IL). The complex ions, elementary building blocks (EBBs), [EBB]n clusters and macroscopic assembly (MA) sphere are formed step by step. The porous large-sized [EBB]n clusters in the glassy state can hardly stay in the IL phase and they transfer to the IL-water interface due to both electroneutrality and amphiphilicity. Then, the clusters undergo random collision in the interface driven by the Marangoni effect and capillary force thereafter. Finally, a single MA sphere can be formed owing to supramolecular interactions. To our knowledge, this is the first example realizing spontaneous whole-process supramolecular assembly covering microscopic, mesoscopic and macroscopic scales in extraction systems. The concept of multi-scale selectivity (MSS) is therefore suggested and its mechanism is revealed. The selective separation and solidification of metal ions can be realized in a MSSA-based extraction system depending on MSS. In addition, insights into the physicochemical characteristics of ILs from microscopic, mesoscopic to macroscopic scales are provided, and especially, the solvation effect of ILs on the large-sized clusters leading to the phase-splitting is examined. It is quite important that the polarization of uranyl in its complex, the growing of uranyl clusters in an IL as well as the glassy material of uranyl are investigated systematically on the basis of both experiment and theoretical calculations in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baihua Chen
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, P. R. China.
| | - Ce Shi
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Shijie Xiong
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Kaige Wu
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Yanqiu Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, P. R. China.
| | - Wanjun Mu
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, P. R. China.
| | - Xingliang Li
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, P. R. China.
| | - Yuchuan Yang
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, P. R. China.
| | - Xinghai Shen
- Beijing National Laboratory for Molecular Sciences (BNLMS), Fundamental Science on Radiochemistry and Radiation Chemistry Laboratory, Center for Applied Physics and Technology, College of Chemistry and Molecular Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, P. R. China.
| | - Shuming Peng
- Institute of Nuclear Physics and Chemistry, China Academy of Engineering Physics, Mianyang, 621999, P. R. China.
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Massey D, Masters A, Macdonald-Taylor J, Woodhead D, Taylor R. Molecular Dynamics Study of the Aggregation Behavior of N, N, N', N'-Tetraoctyl Diglycolamide. J Phys Chem B 2022; 126:6290-6300. [PMID: 35975814 PMCID: PMC9421649 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.2c02198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
![]()
Liquid–liquid extraction is a commonly used technique
to
separate metals and is a process that has particular relevance to
the nuclear industry. There has been a drive to use environmentally
friendly ligands composed only of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and
oxygen. One example is the i-SANEX process that has been developed
to separate minor actinides from spent nuclear fuel. The underlying
science of such processes, is, however, both complex and intriguing.
Recent research indicates that the liquid phases involved are frequently
structured fluids with a hierarchical organization of aggregates.
Effective flow-sheet modeling of such processes is likely to benefit
from the knowledge of the fundamental properties of these phases.
As a stepping stone toward this, we have performed molecular dynamics
simulations on a metal free i-SANEX system composed of the ligand N,N,N′,N′-tetraoctyl diglycolamide (TODGA), diluent hydrogenated
tetrapropylene (TPH), and polar species water and nitric acid. We
have also studied the effects of adding n-octanol
and swapping TPH for n-dodecane. It would seem sensible
to understand this simpler system before introducing metal complexes.
Such an understanding would ideally arise from studying the system’s
properties over a wide range of compositions. The large number of
components, however, precludes a comprehensive scan of compositions,
so we have chosen to study a fixed concentration of TODGA while varying
the concentrations of water and nitric acid over a substantial range.
Reverse aggregates are observed, with polar species in the interior
in contact with the polar portions of the TODGA molecules and the
organic diluent on the exterior in contact with the TODGA alkyl chains.
These aggregates are irregular in shape and grow in size as the amount
of water and nitric acid increases. At a sufficiently high polar content,
a single extended cluster forms corresponding to the third phase formation.
No well-defined bonding motifs were observed between the polar species
and TODGA. The cluster size distribution fits an isodesmic model,
where the Gibbs energy change of adding a TODGA molecule to a cluster
ranges between 4.5 and 7.0 kJ mol–1, depending on
the system composition. The addition of n-octanol
was found to reduce the degree of aggregation, with n-octanol acting as a co-surfactant. Exchanging the diluent TPH for n-dodecane also decreased the aggregation. We present evidence
that this is due to the greater penetration of n-dodecane
into the reverse aggregates. It is known, however, that the propensity
for the third phase formation is greater with n-dodecane
as the diluent than is the case with TPH, but we argue that these
two results are not contradictory. This research casts light on the
driving forces for aggregation, informs process engineers as to what
species are present, and indicates that flow-sheet liquid–liquid
extraction modeling might benefit by incorporating an isodesmic aggregation
approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Massey
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Andrew Masters
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K
| | - Jonathan Macdonald-Taylor
- National Nuclear Laboratory, 5th Floor Chadwick House, Warrington Road, Birchwood Park, Warrington WA3 6AE, U.K
| | - David Woodhead
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Central Laboratory, Sellafield, Seascale CA20 1PG, U.K
| | - Robin Taylor
- National Nuclear Laboratory, Central Laboratory, Sellafield, Seascale CA20 1PG, U.K
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Effect of alkyl chains configurations of tertiary amines on uranium extraction and phase stability – part II: Curvature free energy controlling the ion transfer. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2022.118487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Stemplinger S, Duvail M, Dufrêche JF. Molecular dynamics simulations of Eu(NO3)3 salt with DMDOHEMA in n-alkanes: Unravelling curvature properties in liquid-liquid extraction. J Mol Liq 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2021.118035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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6
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Dismantling of Printed Circuit Boards Enabling Electronic Components Sorting and Their Subsequent Treatment Open Improved Elemental Sustainability Opportunities. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su131810357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This critical review focuses on advanced recycling strategies to enable or increase recovery of chemical elements present in waste printed circuit boards (WPCBs). Conventional recycling involves manual removal of high value electronic components (ECs), followed by raw crushing of WPCBs, to recover main elements (by weight or value). All other elements remain unrecovered and end up highly diluted in post-processing wastes or ashes. To retrieve these elements, it is necessary to enrich the waste streams, which requires a change of paradigm in WPCB treatment: the disassembly of WPCBs combined with the sorting of ECs. This allows ECs to be separated by composition and to drastically increase chemical element concentration, thus making their recovery economically viable. In this report, we critically review state-of-the-art processes that dismantle and sort ECs, including some unpublished foresight from our laboratory work, which could be implemented in a recycling plant. We then identify research, business opportunities and associated advanced retrieval methods for those elements that can therefore be recovered, such as refractory metals (Ta, Nb, W, Mo), gallium, or lanthanides, or those, such as the platinum group elements, that can be recovered in a more environmentally friendly way than pyrometallurgy. The recovery methods can be directly tuned and adapted to the corresponding stream.
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Špadina M, Dufrêche JF, Pellet-Rostaing S, Marčelja S, Zemb T. Molecular Forces in Liquid-Liquid Extraction. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:10637-10656. [PMID: 34251218 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c00673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The phase transfer of ions is driven by gradients of chemical potentials rather than concentrations alone (i.e., by both the molecular forces and entropy). Extraction is a combination of high-energy interactions that correspond to short-range forces in the first solvation shell such as ion pairing or complexation forces, with supramolecular and nanoscale organization. While the latter are similar to the long-range solvent-averaged interactions in the colloidal world, in solvent extraction they are associated with lower characteristic lengths of the nanometric domain. Modeling of such complex systems is especially complicated because the two domains are coupled, whereas the resulting free energy of extraction is around kBT to guarantee the reversibility of the practical process. Nevertheless, quantification is possible by considering a partitioning of space among the polar cores, interfacial film, and solvent. The resulting free energy of transfer can be rationalized by utilizing a combination of terms which represent strong complexation energies, counterbalanced by various entropic effects and the confinement of polar solutes in nanodomains dispersed in the diluent, together with interfacial extractant terms. We describe here this ienaics approach in the context of solvent extraction systems; it can also be applied to further complex ionic systems, such as membranes and biological interfaces.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Špadina
- Group for Computational Life Sciences, Rud̵er Bošković Institute, Division of Physical Chemistry, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - Stjepan Marčelja
- Research School of Physics, The Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Université Montpellier, Marcoule, France
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Gourdin-Bertin S, Dufrêche JF, Duvail M, Zemb T. Microemulsion as Model to Predict Free Energy of Transfer of Electrolyte in Solvent Extraction. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.1953259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Magali Duvail
- ICSM, CEA, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM, CEA, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
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9
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Lommelen R, Binnemans K. Thermodynamic Modeling of Salting Effects in Solvent Extraction of Cobalt(II) from Chloride Media by the Basic Extractant Methyltrioctylammonium Chloride. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:11355-11366. [PMID: 34056291 PMCID: PMC8153924 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c00340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The design and optimization of solvent extraction processes for metal separations are challenging tasks due to the large number of adjustable parameters. A quantitative predictive solvent extraction model could help to determine the optimal parameters for solvent extraction flow sheets, but such predictive models are not available yet. The main difficulties for such models are the large deviations from ideal thermodynamic behavior in both the aqueous and organic phases due to high solute concentrations. We constructed a molecular thermodynamic model for the extraction of CoCl2 from different chloride salts by 0.2 mol L-1 trioctylmethylammonium chloride in toluene using the OLI mixed-solvent electrolyte (OLI-MSE) framework. This was accomplished by analyzing the water and hydrochloric acid content of the organic phase, measuring the water activity of the system, and using metal complex speciation and solvent extraction data. The full extractant concentration range cannot be modeled by the OLI-MSE framework as this framework lacks a description for reversed micelle formation. Nevertheless, salting effects and the behavior of hydrochloric acid can be accurately described with the presented extraction model, without determining specific Co(II)-salt cation interaction parameters. The resulting model shows that the salting effects originate from indirect salt cation-solvent interactions that influence the availability of water in the aqueous and organic phases.
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Špadina M, Dourdain S, Rey J, Bohinc K, Pellet-Rostaing S, Dufrêche JF, Zemb T. How acidity rules synergism and antagonism in liquid–liquid extraction by lipophilic extractants—Part II: application of the ienaic modelling. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.1899614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Špadina
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - S. Dourdain
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
| | - J. Rey
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
| | - K. Bohinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - T. Zemb
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
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11
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Dourdain S, Špadina M, Rey J, Bohinc K, Pellet-Rostaing S, Dufrêche JF, Zemb T. How Acidity Rules Synergism and Antagonism in Liquid–Liquid Extraction by Lipophilic Extractants—Part I: Determination of Nanostructures and Free Energies of Transfer. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.1899606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Dourdain
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
| | - M. Špadina
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - J. Rey
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
| | - K. Bohinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | | | | | - T. Zemb
- ICSM, Univ Montpellier, CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Marcoule, France
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12
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Kelly N, Doert T, Hennersdorf F, Gloe K. Synergistic lanthanide extraction triggered by self-assembly of heterodinuclear Zn(II)/Ln(III) Schiff base/carboxylic acid complexes. SOLVENT EXTRACTION AND ION EXCHANGE 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/07366299.2021.1876383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Norman Kelly
- Department of Process Metallurgy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology, Freiberg, Germany
- TU Dresden, School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Thomas Doert
- TU Dresden, School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Felix Hennersdorf
- TU Dresden, School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
| | - Karsten Gloe
- TU Dresden, School of Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry and Food Chemistry, Dresden, Germany
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13
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Servis MJ, Piechowicz M, Shkrob IA, Soderholm L, Clark AE. Amphiphile Organization in Organic Solutions: An Alternative Explanation for Small-Angle X-ray Scattering Features in Malonamide/Alkane Mixtures. J Phys Chem B 2020; 124:10822-10831. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.0c07080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael J. Servis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
| | - Marek Piechowicz
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ilya A. Shkrob
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - L. Soderholm
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Argonne, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Aurora E. Clark
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Voiland School of Chemical Engineering and Bioengineering, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington 99164, United States
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington 99354, United States
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Servis MJ, Martinez-Baez E, Clark AE. Hierarchical phenomena in multicomponent liquids: simulation methods, analysis, chemistry. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:9850-9874. [PMID: 32154813 DOI: 10.1039/d0cp00164c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Complex, multicomponent, solutions have often been studied solely through the lens of specific applications of interest. Yet advances to both simulation methodologies (enhanced sampling, etc.) and analysis techniques (network analysis algorithms and others), are creating a trove of data that reveal transcending characteristics across vast compositional phase space. This perspective discusses technical considerations of the reliable and accurate simulations of complex solutions, followed by the advances to analysis algorithms that elucidate coupling of different length and timescale behavior (hierarchical phenomena). The different manifestations of hierarchical phenomena are presented across an array of solution environments, emphasizing fundamental and ongoing science questions. With a more advanced molecular understanding in hand, a quintessential application (solvent extraction) is discussed, where significant opportunities exist to re-imagine the technical scope of an established technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Servis
- Department of Chemistry, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164, USA.
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15
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Importance of weak interactions in the formulation of organic phases for efficient liquid/liquid extraction of metals. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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16
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Špadina M, Bohinc K. Multiscale modeling of solvent extraction and the choice of reference state: Mesoscopic modeling as a bridge between nanoscale and chemical engineering. Curr Opin Colloid Interface Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cocis.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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17
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El Maangar A, Theisen J, Penisson C, Zemb T, Gabriel JCP. A microfluidic study of synergic liquid–liquid extraction of rare earth elements. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2020; 22:5449-5462. [DOI: 10.1039/c9cp06569e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A membrane based liquid–liquid extraction microfluidic device coupled with X-ray fluorescence enables the first quantification of free energies of transfer dependence for a complex mixture of rare earth elements and iron using synergic extractants.
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Riaño S, Sobekova Foltova S, Binnemans K. Separation of neodymium and dysprosium by solvent extraction using ionic liquids combined with neutral extractants: batch and mixer-settler experiments. RSC Adv 2020; 10:307-316. [PMID: 35492521 PMCID: PMC9047729 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra08996a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A solvent extraction method based on the combination of the ionic liquid trihexyl(tetradecyl)phosphonium thiocyanate or nitrate ([C101][SCN], [C101][NO3]) and the neutral extractants Cyanex 923 or tri-n-butyl phosphate (TBP) has been investigated for the separation of Nd(iii) and Dy(iii) from chloride media. High distribution ratios and separation factors were obtained when using Cyanex 923 diluted in [C101][SCN] 40 : 60 (wt%) and extracting from chloride media. The addition of Cyanex 923 to the ionic liquid has four advantages: (1) increase in the distribution ratios of the rare earths, (2) decrease of the viscosity of the organic phase, hence an improved mass transfer, (3) increase in the loading capacity of the ionic liquid and (4) improvement of the coalescence and phase disengagement, which is of importance when carrying out separations in continuous mode. Different extraction parameters were optimized: concentration of Cyanex 923, chloride concentration in the aqueous phase, equilibration time, pH of the aqueous phase, type of scrubbing and stripping agents. The ionic liquid combined with Cyanex 923 was recycled up to three times without losing its extraction efficiency. McCabe–Thiele diagrams were constructed to determine the number of stages needed for the separation of Nd(iii) and Dy(iii). Stripping of Dy(iii) from the organic phase was easily achieved with water. The feasibility to run this process in continuous mode was tested in a battery of small mixer-settlers (0.12 L and 0.48 L effective volume in the mixer and the settler, respectively). As a result, this process constitutes a novel and scalable alternative for the separation of Nd(iii) and Dy(iii). The combination of ionic liquids with Cyanex 923 improves the separation of Nd(iii) and Dy(iii).![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofía Riaño
- KU Leuven
- Department of Chemistry
- B-3001 Leuven
- Belgium
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Špadina M, Bohinc K, Zemb T, Dufrêche JF. Synergistic Solvent Extraction Is Driven by Entropy. ACS NANO 2019; 13:13745-13758. [PMID: 31710459 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b07605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
In solvent extraction, the self-assembly of amphiphilic molecules into an organized structure is the phenomenon responsible for the transfer of the metal ion from the aqueous phase to the organic solvent. Despite their significance for chemical engineering and separation science, the forces driving the solute transfer are not fully understood. Instead of assuming the simple complexation reaction with predefined stoichiometry, we model synergistic extraction systems by a colloidal approach that explicitly takes into account the self-assembly resulting from the amphiphilic nature of the extractants. Contrary to the current paradigm of simple stoichiometry behind liquid-liquid extraction, there is a severe polydispersity of aggregates completely different in compositions, but similar in the free energy. This variety of structures on the nanoscale is responsible for the synergistic transfer of ions to the organic phase. Synergy can be understood as a reciprocal effect of chelation: it enhances extraction because it increases the configurational entropy of an extracted ion. The global overview of the complex nature of a synergistic mixture shows different regimes in self-assembly, and thus in the extraction efficiency, which can be tuned with respect to the green chemistry aspect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Špadina
- ICSM , CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule F-30207 , France
| | - Klemen Bohinc
- Faculty of Health Sciences , University of Ljubljana , 1000 Ljubljana , Slovenia
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM , CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, Univ Montpellier, Marcoule F-30207 , France
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Theisen J, Penisson C, Rey J, Zemb T, Duhamet J, Gabriel JCP. Effects of porous media on extraction kinetics: Is the membrane really a limiting factor? J Memb Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.memsci.2019.05.056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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21
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Špadina M, Bohinc K, Zemb T, Dufrêche JF. Colloidal Model for the Prediction of the Extraction of Rare Earths Assisted by the Acidic Extractant. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2019; 35:3215-3230. [PMID: 30673246 PMCID: PMC6488188 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.8b03846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We propose the statistical thermodynamic model for the prediction of the liquid-liquid extraction efficiency in the case of rare-earth metal cations using the common bis(2-ethyl-hexyl)phosphoric acid (HDEHP) extractant. In this soft matter-based approach, the solutes are modeled as colloids. The leading terms in free-energy representation account for: the complexation, the formation of a highly curved extractant film, lateral interactions between the different extractant head groups in the film, configurational entropy of ions and water molecules, the dimerization, and the acidity of the HDEHP extractant. We provided a full framework for the multicomponent study of extraction systems. By taking into account these different contributions, we are able to establish the relation between the extraction and general complexation at any pH in the system. This further allowed us to rationalize the well-defined optimum in the extraction engineering design. Calculations show that there are multiple extraction regimes even in the case of lanthanide/acid system only. Each of these regimes is controlled by the formation of different species in the solvent phase, ranging from multiple metal cation-filled aggregates (at the low acid concentrations in the aqueous phase), to the pure acid-filled aggregates (at the high acid concentrations in the aqueous phase). These results are contrary to a long-standing opinion that liquid-liquid extraction can be modeled with only a few species. Therefore, a traditional multiple equilibria approach is abandoned in favor of polydisperse spherical aggregate formations, which are in dynamic equilibrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Špadina
- ICSM,
CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34199 Marcoule, France
| | - Klemen Bohinc
- Faculty
of Health Sciences, University of Ljubljana, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Thomas Zemb
- ICSM,
CEA, CNRS, ENSCM, University of Montpellier, 34199 Marcoule, France
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