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Guo Y, Hou T, Wang J, Yan Y, Li W, Ren Y, Yan S. Phase Change Materials Meet Microfluidic Encapsulation. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2304580. [PMID: 37963852 PMCID: PMC11462306 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202304580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 09/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Improving the utilization of thermal energy is crucial in the world nowadays due to the high levels of energy consumption. One way to achieve this is to use phase change materials (PCMs) as thermal energy storage media, which can be used to regulate temperature or provide heating/cooling in various applications. However, PCMs have limitations like low thermal conductivity, leakage, and corrosion. To overcome these challenges, PCMs are encapsulated into microencapsulated phase change materials (MEPCMs) capsules/fibers. This encapsulation prevents PCMs from leakage and corrosion issues, and the microcapsules/fibers act as conduits for heat transfer, enabling efficient exchange between the PCM and its surroundings. Microfluidics-based MEPCMs have attracted intensive attention over the past decade due to the exquisite control over flow conditions and size of microcapsules. This review paper aims to provide an overview of the state-of-art progress in microfluidics-based encapsulation of PCMs. The principle and method of preparing MEPCM capsules/fibers using microfluidic technology are elaborated, followed by the analysis of their thermal and microstructure characteristics. Meanwhile, the applications of MEPCM in the fields of building energy conservation, textiles, military aviation, solar energy utilization, and bioengineering are summarized. Finally, the perspectives on MEPCM capsules/fibers are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanhong Guo
- Institute for Advanced StudyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
| | - Tuo Hou
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
| | - Jing Wang
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Department of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
| | - Yuying Yan
- Faculty of EngineeringUniversity of NottinghamNottinghamNG7 2RDUK
| | - Weihua Li
- School of MechanicalMaterialsMechatronic and Biomedical EngineeringUniversity of WollongongWollongong2522Australia
| | - Yong Ren
- Research Group for Fluids and Thermal EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Department of MechanicalMaterials and Manufacturing EngineeringUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Nottingham Ningbo China Beacons of Excellence Research and Innovation InstituteUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
- Key Laboratory of Carbonaceous Wastes Processing and Process Intensification Research of Zhejiang ProvinceUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaNingboZhejiang315104China
| | - Sheng Yan
- Institute for Advanced StudyShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
- College of Mechatronics and Control EngineeringShenzhen UniversityShenzhen518060China
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2
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Singh N, Vladisavljević GT, Nadal F, Cottin-Bizonne C, Pirat C, Bolognesi G. Enhanced Accumulation of Colloidal Particles in Microgrooved Channels via Diffusiophoresis and Steady-State Electrolyte Flows. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:14053-14062. [PMID: 36350104 PMCID: PMC9686125 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Revised: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The delivery of colloidal particles in dead-end microstructures is very challenging, since these geometries do not allow net flows of particle-laden fluids; meanwhile, diffusive transport is slow and inefficient. Recently, we introduced a novel particle manipulation strategy, based on diffusiophoresis, whereby the salt concentration gradient between parallel electrolyte streams in a microgrooved channel induces the rapid (i.e., within minutes) and reversible accumulation, retention, and removal of colloidal particles in the microgrooves. In this study, we investigated the effects of salt contrast and groove depth on the accumulation process in silicon microgrooves and determined the experimental conditions that lead to a particle concentration peak of more than four times the concentration in the channel bulk. Also, we achieved an average particle concentration in the grooves of more than twice the concentration in the flowing streams and almost 2 orders of magnitude larger than the average concentration in the grooves in the absence of a salt concentration gradient. Analytical sufficient and necessary conditions for particle accumulation are also derived. Finally, we successfully tested the accumulation process in polydimethylsiloxane microgrooved channels, as they are less expensive to fabricate than silicon microgrooved substrates. The controlled and enhanced accumulation of colloidal particles in dead-end structures by solute concentration gradients has potential applications in soft matter and living systems, such as drug delivery, synthetic biology, and on-chip diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naval Singh
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Goran T. Vladisavljević
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - François Nadal
- Wolfson
School of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Cécile Cottin-Bizonne
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1—CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex69622, France
| | - Christophe Pirat
- Institut
Lumière Matière, UMR5306 Université Claude Bernard
Lyon 1—CNRS, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne Cedex69622, France
| | - Guido Bolognesi
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, LoughboroughLE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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Composite Norland Optical Adhesive (NOA)/silicon flow focusing devices for colloidal particle manipulation and synthesis. Colloids Surf A Physicochem Eng Asp 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfa.2022.129808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Kim JW, Han SH, Choi YH, Hamonangan WM, Oh Y, Kim SH. Recent advances in the microfluidic production of functional microcapsules by multiple-emulsion templating. LAB ON A CHIP 2022; 22:2259-2291. [PMID: 35608122 DOI: 10.1039/d2lc00196a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Multiple-emulsion drops serve as versatile templates to design functional microcapsules due to their core-shell geometry and multiple compartments. Microfluidics has been used for the elaborate production of multiple-emulsion drops with a controlled composition, order, and dimensions, elevating the value of multiple-emulsion templates. Moreover, recent advances in the microfluidic control of the emulsification and parallelization of drop-making junctions significantly enhance the production throughput for practical use. Metastable multiple-emulsion drops are converted into stable microcapsules through the solidification of selected phases, among which solid shells are designed to function in a programmed manner. Functional microcapsules are used for the storage and release of active materials as drug carriers. Beyond their conventional uses, microcapsules can serve as microcompartments responsible for transmembrane communication, which is promising for their application in advanced microreactors, artificial cells, and microsensors. Given that post-processing provides additional control over the composition and construction of multiple-emulsion drops, they are excellent confining geometries to study the self-assembly of colloids and liquid crystals and produce miniaturized photonic devices. This review article presents the recent progress and current state of the art in the microfluidic production of multiple-emulsion drops, functionalization of solid shells, and applications of microcapsules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Won Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sang Hoon Han
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ye Hun Choi
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Wahyu Martumpal Hamonangan
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Yoonjin Oh
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
| | - Shin-Hyun Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
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Zhao Y, Moshtaghibana S, Zhu T, Fayemiwo KA, Price A, Vladisavljević G. Microfluidic fabrication of novel polymeric core‐shell microcapsules for storage of
CO
2
solvents and organic chelating agents. JOURNAL OF POLYMER SCIENCE 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pol.20210959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Energy Materials and Devices Beihang University Beijing China
| | | | - Tianle Zhu
- School of Space and Environment, Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio‐Inspired Energy Materials and Devices Beihang University Beijing China
| | - Kehinde A. Fayemiwo
- Department of Chemical Engineering Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
| | - Adam Price
- Department of Chemistry Loughborough University Loughborough UK
| | - Goran Vladisavljević
- Department of Chemical Engineering Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU UK
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Sun W, Hou Y, Zhang X. Bi-Functional Paraffin@Polyaniline/TiO 2/PCN-222(Fe) Microcapsules for Solar Thermal Energy Storage and CO 2 Photoreduction. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 12:2. [PMID: 35009951 PMCID: PMC8746944 DOI: 10.3390/nano12010002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A novel type of bi-functional microencapsulated phase change material (MEPCM) microcapsules with thermal energy storage (TES) and carbon dioxide (CO2) photoreduction was designed and fabricated. The polyaniline (PANI)/titanium dioxide (TiO2)/PCN-222(Fe) hybrid shell encloses phase change material (PCM) paraffin by the facile and environment-friendly Pickering emulsion polymerization, in which TiO2 and PCN-222(Fe) nanoparticles (NPs) were used as Pickering stabilizer. Furthermore, a ternary heterojunction of PANI/(TiO2)/PCN-222(Fe) was constructed due to the tight contact of the three components on the hybrid shell. The results indicate that the maximum enthalpy of MEPCMs is 174.7 J·g-1 with encapsulation efficiency of 77.2%, and the thermal properties, chemical composition, and morphological structure were well maintained after 500 high-low temperature cycles test. Besides, the MEPCM was employed to reduce CO2 into carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH4) under natural light irradiation. The CO evolution rate reached up to 45.16 μmol g-1 h-1 because of the suitable band gap and efficient charge migration efficiency, which is 5.4, 11, and 62 times higher than pure PCN-222(Fe), PANI, and TiO2, respectively. Moreover, the CO evolution rate decayed inapparently after five CO2 photoreduction cycles. The as-prepared bi-functional MEPCM as the temperature regulating building materials and air purification medium will stimulate a potential application.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xu Zhang
- Correspondence: ; Tel./Fax: +86-22-6020-0443
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Deng X, Ren Y, Hou L, Jiang T, Jiang H. Continuous microfluidic fabrication of anisotropic microparticles for enhanced wastewater purification. LAB ON A CHIP 2021; 21:1517-1526. [PMID: 33606871 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc01298j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Anisotropic microparticles containing functional nanomaterials have attracted growing interest due to their enhanced performance in diverse applications ranging from catalysts to environmental remediation. However, the preparation of anisotropic microparticles with highly controlled morphologies and dimensions usually suffers from a limited material choice. Here, we develop a facile strategy to continuously prepare anisotropic microparticles with their shapes changing from spherical to pear-like, maraca-like and rod-like for enhanced water decontamination. Anisotropic microparticles are produced by deforming oil-droplet templates within microfibers and then locking their shapes via thermo/photo-polymerization. The sizes and geometries of the oil-droplet templates are precisely controlled by varying the fluid flow conditions. In addition, porous spherical and rod-like microparticles are functionalized for photocatalytic degradation of organic contaminants by incorporating functional TiO2 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles. Compared to spherical microparticles with equal volume, functionalized rod-like microparticles exhibit better performance in removal of contaminants due to their larger specific surface area, which facilitates the contact between the loaded catalysts and organic pollutants. Moreover, the magnetic rod-like microparticles can be easily recovered and reused without deterioration of catalytic performance. The proposed strategy in this study is useful for producing anisotropic microparticles with well-tailored shapes via different polymerization methods and extending their potential applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaokang Deng
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001.
| | - Yukun Ren
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001. and State Key Laboratory of Robotics and System, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001
| | - Likai Hou
- College of Metrology and Measurement Engineering, China Jiliang University, Xueyuan Street 258, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310018, PR China.
| | - Tianyi Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001.
| | - Hongyuan Jiang
- School of Mechatronics Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, West Da-zhi Street 92, Harbin, Heilongjiang, PR China 150001.
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Al Nuumani R, Smoukov SK, Bolognesi G, Vladisavljević GT. Highly Porous Magnetic Janus Microparticles with Asymmetric Surface Topology. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:12702-12711. [PMID: 33105997 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c02315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Monodispersed magnetic Janus particles composed of a porous polystyrene portion and a nonporous poly(vinyl acetate) portion with embedded oleic acid-coated magnetic nanoparticles were generated using microfluidic emulsification followed by two distinct phase separation events triggered by solvent evaporation. The template droplets were composed of 2 wt % polystyrene, 2 wt % poly(vinyl acetate), and 0.5-2 wt % n-heptane-based magnetic fluid dissolved in dichloromethane (DCM). The porosity of polystyrene compartments was the result of phase separation between a nonvolatile nonsolvent (n-heptane) and a volatile solvent (DCM) within polystyrene-rich phase. The focused ion beam cross-sectioning and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging revealed high surface porosity of polystyrene compartments with negligible porosity of poly(vinyl acetate) parts, which can be exploited to increase the wettability contrast between the two polymers and enhance bubble generation in bubble-driven micromotors. The porosity of the polystyrene portion was controlled by varying the fraction of n-heptane in the dispersed phase. The particle composition was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry. The fabricated particles were successfully magnetized when subjected to an external magnetic field, which led to their aggregation into regular 2D assemblies. The particle clusters composed of two to four individual particles could be rotated with a rotating magnetic field. Microfluidic generation of highly porous Janus particles with compositional, topological, and magnetic asymmetry provides a cost-effective, easy-to-implement yet highly robust and versatile strategy for the manufacturing of multifunctional smart particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruqaiya Al Nuumani
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Stoyan K Smoukov
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 4NS, United Kingdom
| | - Guido Bolognesi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
| | - Goran T Vladisavljević
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, United Kingdom
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9
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Al nuumani R, Vladisavljević GT, Kasprzak M, Wolf B. In-vitro oral digestion of microfluidically produced monodispersed W/O/W food emulsions loaded with concentrated sucrose solution designed to enhance sweetness perception. J FOOD ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2019.109701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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10
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Campbell ZS, Abolhasani M. Facile synthesis of anhydrous microparticles using plug-and-play microfluidic reactors. REACT CHEM ENG 2020. [DOI: 10.1039/d0re00193g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Microfluidic materials synthesis techniques are an ideal approach for controlled synthesis of anhydrous microparticles. In this article, we highlight the recent developments using plug-and-play microreactors for anhydrous microparticle synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Campbell
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
| | - Milad Abolhasani
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- North Carolina State University
- Raleigh
- USA
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Aykar SS, Reynolds DE, McNamara MC, Hashemi NN. Manufacturing of poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)-based hollow microvessels using microfluidics. RSC Adv 2020; 10:4095-4102. [PMID: 35492659 PMCID: PMC9049053 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra10264g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Biocompatible and self-standing poly(ethylene glycol diacrylate)-based hollow microvessels were fabricated from a microfluidic device using microfluidic principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh S. Aykar
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
| | | | | | - Nicole N. Hashemi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Iowa State University
- Ames
- USA
- Department of Biomedical Sciences
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12
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Guo YD, Su JF, Mu R, Wang XY, Zhang XL, Xie XM, Wang YY, Tan YQ. Microstructure and Properties of Self-Assembly Graphene Microcapsules: Effect of the pH Value. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2019; 9:E587. [PMID: 30974787 PMCID: PMC6523314 DOI: 10.3390/nano9040587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2019] [Revised: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Graphene has attracted attention in the material field of functional microcapsules because of its excellent characteristics. The content and state of graphene in shells are critical for the properties of microcapsules, which are greatly affected by the charge adsorption equilibrium. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of pH value on the microstructure and properties of self-assembly graphene microcapsules in regard to chemical engineering. Microcapsule samples were prepared containing liquid paraffin by a self-assembly polymerization method with graphene/organic hybrid shells. The morphology, average size and shell thickness parameters were investigated for five microcapsule samples fabricated under pH values of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7. The existence and state of graphene in dry microcapsule samples were analyzed by using methods of scanning electron microscope (SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). Fourier Transform Infrared Spectoscopy (FT-IR) and Energy Dispersive Spectrometer (EDS) were applied to analyze the graphene content in shells. These results proved that graphene had existed in shells and the pH values greatly influenced the graphene deposition on shells. It was found that the microcapsule sample fabricated under pH = 5 experienced the largest graphene deposited on shells with the help of macromolecules entanglement and electrostatic adherence. This microcapsules sample had enhanced thermal stability and larger thermal conductivity because of additional graphene in shells. Nanoindentation tests showed this sample had the capability of deforming resistance under pressure coming from the composite structure of graphene/polymer structure. Moreover, more graphene decreased the penetrability of core material out of microcapsule shells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Dong Guo
- Department of Polymer Material, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Jun-Feng Su
- Department of Polymer Material, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Ru Mu
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Wang
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Commerce, Tianjin 300134, China.
| | - Xiao-Long Zhang
- Department of Polymer Material, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Xin-Ming Xie
- Department of Polymer Material, School of Material Science and Engineering, Tianjin Polytechnic University, Tianjin 300387, China.
| | - Ying-Yuan Wang
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Yi-Qiu Tan
- School of Transportation Science and Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
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