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Abazari R, Sanati S, Bajaber MA, Javed MS, Junk PC, Nanjundan AK, Qian J, Dubal DP. Design and Advanced Manufacturing of NU-1000 Metal-Organic Frameworks with Future Perspectives for Environmental and Renewable Energy Applications. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2024; 20:e2306353. [PMID: 37997226 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202306353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/25/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) represent a relatively new family of materials that attract lots of attention thanks to their unique features such as hierarchical porosity, active metal centers, versatility of linkers/metal nodes, and large surface area. Among the extended list of MOFs, Zr-based-MOFs demonstrate comparably superior chemical and thermal stabilities, making them ideal candidates for energy and environmental applications. As a Zr-MOF, NU-1000 is first synthesized at Northwestern University. A comprehensive review of various approaches to the synthesis of NU-1000 MOFs for obtaining unique surface properties (e.g., diverse surface morphologies, large surface area, and particular pore size distribution) and their applications in the catalysis (electro-, and photo-catalysis), CO2 reduction, batteries, hydrogen storage, gas storage/separation, and other environmental fields are presented. The review further outlines the current challenges in the development of NU-1000 MOFs and their derivatives in practical applications, revealing areas for future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Abazari
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Soheila Sanati
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Maragheh, Maragheh, Iran
| | - Majed A Bajaber
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Sufyan Javed
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Peter C Junk
- College of Science and Engineering, James Cook University, Townsville, 4811, Australia
| | - Ashok Kumar Nanjundan
- Schole of Engineering, University of Southern Queensland, Springfield, Queensland, 4300, Australia
| | - Jinjie Qian
- Key Laboratory of Carbon Materials of Zhejiang Province, College of Chemistry and Materials Engineering, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Deepak P Dubal
- Centre for Materials Science, School of Chemistry & Physics, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, 4000, Australia
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2
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Mannan HA, Nadeem R, Bibi S, Javed T, Javed I, Nazir A, Nisa MU, Batool M, Jilani MI. Mesoporous activated TiO2/based biochar synthesized from fish scales as a proficient adsorbent for deracination of heavy metals from industrial efflux. J DISPER SCI TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1080/01932691.2022.2151456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hafiz Abdul Mannan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Raziya Nadeem
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Shamsa Bibi
- Department of Chemistry, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Tariq Javed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Iram Javed
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Arif Nazir
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Mehr-un Nisa
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Lahore, Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan
| | - Maryam Batool
- Department of Chemistry, University of Sahiwal, Sahiwal, Punjab, Pakistan
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3
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Schneider D, Hwang S, Haase J, Miersemann E, Kärger J. Quantitating Diffusion Enhancement in Pore Hierarchies. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2022; 38:11565-11572. [PMID: 36107750 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.2c01157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
A microporous continuum traversed by a set of mutually perpendicular channels is considered to be a model for a hierarchically porous system of the mesoporous zeolite type. Transient profiles of molecular uptake as determined by kinetic Monte Carlo (kMC) simulation are found to be in excellent agreement with the result attained by the application of the two-region model (the Kärger model) of molecular diffusion. In particular, it is found that, in the two limiting cases referred to as fast exchange and slow exchange, there exist two simple analytical expressions for the rate of molecular uptake and hence for the quantification of transport enhancement in comparison with the purely microporous adsorbent. In the general case, transport enhancement is simply recognized by the reciprocal addition of the expressions in the two limiting cases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Schneider
- Innovation Center Computer Assisted Surgery (ICCAS), Institute at the Medical Faculty, Leipzig University, Semmelweisstraße 14, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - S Hwang
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Haase
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, Structural Commission "Propagation in Nature, Technology and Society" 04107 Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, Germany
| | - E Miersemann
- Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, Structural Commission "Propagation in Nature, Technology and Society" 04107 Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, Germany
- Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics, Leipzig University, Augustusplatz 10, 04109 Leipzig, Germany
| | - J Kärger
- Faculty of Physics and Earth Sciences, Leipzig University, Linnéstrasse 5, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Saxon Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Leipzig, Structural Commission "Propagation in Nature, Technology and Society" 04107 Leipzig, Karl-Tauchnitz-Straße 1, Germany
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4
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Ali S, Zuhra Z, Abbas Y, Shu Y, Ahmad M, Wang Z. Tailoring Defect Density in UiO-66 Frameworks for Enhanced Pb(II) Adsorption. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2021; 37:13602-13609. [PMID: 34767379 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.1c02032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Defect engineering of metal organic frameworks offers potential prospects for tuning their features toward particular applications. Herein, two series of defective UiO-66 frameworks were synthesized via changing the concentration of the linker and synthetic temperature of the reaction. These defective materials showed a significant improvement in the capability of Pb(II) removal from wastewater. This strategy for defect engineering not only created additional active sites, more open framework, and enhanced porosity but also exposed more oxygen groups, which served as the adsorption sites to improve Pb(II) adsorption. A relationship among degree of defects, texture features, and performances for Pb(II) removal was successfully developed as a proof-of-concept, highlighting the importance of defect engineering in heavy metal remediation. To investigate the kinetic and adsorption isotherms, we performed adsorption experiments influenced by the time and concentration of the adsorbate, respectively. For the practicality of the materials, the most significant parameters such as pH, temperature, adsorbent concentration, selectivity, and recyclability as well as simulated natural surface water were also examined. This study provides a clue for the researchers to design other advanced defective materials for the enhancement of adsorption performance by tuning the defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shafqat Ali
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Zareen Zuhra
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yasir Abbas
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Yufei Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
| | - Muhammad Ahmad
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, City University of Hong Kong, 83 Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon 00000, Hong Kong
| | - Zhongying Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Soil and Groundwater Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, 1088 Xueyuan Blvd, Nanshan District, Shenzhen 518055, P. R. China
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5
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Li M, Liu Y, Li F, Shen C, Kaneti YV, Yamauchi Y, Yuliarto B, Chen B, Wang CC. Defect-Rich Hierarchical Porous UiO-66(Zr) for Tunable Phosphate Removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:13209-13218. [PMID: 34553909 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c01723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of defects into hierarchical porous metal-organic frameworks (HP-MOFs) is of vital significance to boost their adsorption performance. Herein, an advanced template-assisted strategy has been developed to fine-tune the phosphate adsorption performance of HP-MOFs by dictating the type and number of defects in HP-UiO-66(Zr). To achieve this, monocarboxylic acids of varying chain lengths have been employed as template molecules to fabricate an array of defect-rich HP-UiO-66(Zr) derivatives following removal of the template. The as-prepared HP-UiO-66(Zr) exhibits a higher sorption capacity and faster sorption rate compared to the pristine UiO-66(Zr). Particularly, the octanoic acid-modulated UiO-66(Zr) exhibits a high adsorption capacity of 186.6 mg P/g and an intraparticle diffusion rate of 6.19 mg/g·min0.5, which are 4.8 times and 1.9 times higher than those of pristine UiO-66(Zr), respectively. The results reveal that defect sites play a critical role in boosting the phosphate uptake performance, which is further confirmed by various advanced characterizations. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal the important role of defects in not only providing additional sorption sites but also reducing the sorption energy between HP-UiO-66(Zr) and phosphate. In addition, the hierarchical pores in HP-UiO-66(Zr) can accelerate the phosphate diffusion toward the active sorption sites. This work presents a promising route to tailor the adsorption performance of MOF-based adsorbents via defect engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohua Li
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yanbiao Liu
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Fang Li
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Chensi Shen
- Textile Pollution Controlling Engineering Center of Ministry of Environmental Protection, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Donghua University, 2999 North Renmin Road, Shanghai 201620, China
| | - Yusuf Valentino Kaneti
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland 4072, Australia
- JST-ERATO Yamauchi Materials Space-Tectonics Project and International Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (WPI-MANA), National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), 1-1 Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Brian Yuliarto
- Advanced Functional Materials Laboratory, Department of Engineering Physics, Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
- Research Center for Nanosciences and Nanotechnology (RCNN), Institute of Technology Bandung, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
| | - Bo Chen
- Department of Chemistry, City University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077 China
| | - Chong-Chen Wang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Functional Materials for Building Structure and Environment Remediation, Beijing University of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Beijing 100044, China
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Abstract
AbstractNanoporous solids are ubiquitous in chemical, energy, and environmental processes, where controlled transport of molecules through the pores plays a crucial role. They are used as sorbents, chromatographic or membrane materials for separations, and as catalysts and catalyst supports. Defined as materials where confinement effects lead to substantial deviations from bulk diffusion, nanoporous materials include crystalline microporous zeotypes and metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), and a number of semi-crystalline and amorphous mesoporous solids, as well as hierarchically structured materials, containing both nanopores and wider meso- or macropores to facilitate transport over macroscopic distances. The ranges of pore sizes, shapes, and topologies spanned by these materials represent a considerable challenge for predicting molecular diffusivities, but fundamental understanding also provides an opportunity to guide the design of new nanoporous materials to increase the performance of transport limited processes. Remarkable progress in synthesis increasingly allows these designs to be put into practice. Molecular simulation techniques have been used in conjunction with experimental measurements to examine in detail the fundamental diffusion processes within nanoporous solids, to provide insight into the free energy landscape navigated by adsorbates, and to better understand nano-confinement effects. Pore network models, discrete particle models and synthesis-mimicking atomistic models allow to tackle diffusion in mesoporous and hierarchically structured porous materials, where multiscale approaches benefit from ever cheaper parallel computing and higher resolution imaging. Here, we discuss synergistic combinations of simulation and experiment to showcase theoretical progress and computational techniques that have been successful in predicting guest diffusion and providing insights. We also outline where new fundamental developments and experimental techniques are needed to enable more accurate predictions for complex systems.
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7
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Hwang S, Kärger J, Miersemann E. Diffusion and reaction in pore hierarchies by the two-region model. ADSORPTION 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s10450-021-00307-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe two-region (“Kärger”) model of diffusion in complex pore spaces is exploited for quantitating mass transfer in hierarchically organized nanoporous materials, consisting of a continuous microporous bulk phase permeated by a network of transport pores. With the implications that the diffusivity in the transport pores significantly exceeds the diffusivity in the micropores and that the relative population of the transport pores is far below that of the micropores, overall transport depends on only three independent parameters. Depending on their interrelation, enhancement of the overall mass transfer is found to be ensured by two fundamentally different mechanisms. They are referred to as the limiting cases of fast and slow exchange, with the respective time constants of molecular uptake being controlled by different parameters. Complemented with reaction terms, the two-region model may equally successfully be applied to the quantitation of the combined effect of diffusion and reaction in terms of the effectiveness factor. Generalization of the classical Thiele concept is shown to provide an excellent estimate of the effectiveness factor of a chemical reaction in hierarchically porous materials, solely based on the intrinsic reaction rate and the time constant of molecular uptake relevant to the given conditions.
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Kinik FP, Ortega-Guerrero A, Ongari D, Ireland CP, Smit B. Pyrene-based metal organic frameworks: from synthesis to applications. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:3143-3177. [PMID: 33475661 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs00424c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Pyrene is one of the most widely investigated aromatic hydrocarbons given to its unique optical and electronic properties. Hence, pyrene-based ligands have been attractive for the synthesis of metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) in the last few years. In this review, we will focus on the most important characteristics of pyrene, in addition to the development and synthesis of pyrene-based molecules as bridging ligands to be used in MOF structures. We will summarize the synthesis attempts, as well as the post-synthetic modifications of pyrene-based MOFs by the incorporation of metals or ligands in the structure. The discussion of promising results of such MOFs in several applications; including luminescence, photocatalysis, adsorption and separation, heterogeneous catalysis, electrochemical applications and bio-medical applications will be highlighted. Finally, some insights and future prospects will be given based on the studies discussed in the review. This review will pave the way for the researchers in the field for the design and development of novel pyrene-based structures and their utilization for different applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Pelin Kinik
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland.
| | - Andres Ortega-Guerrero
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland.
| | - Daniele Ongari
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland.
| | - Christopher P Ireland
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland.
| | - Berend Smit
- Laboratory of Molecular Simulation (LSMO), Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie Chimiques (ISIC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Rue de l'Industrie 17, CH-1951 Sion, Valais, Switzerland.
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9
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Robison L, Gong X, Evans AM, Son FA, Wang X, Redfern LR, Wasson MC, Syed ZH, Chen Z, Idrees KB, Islamoglu T, Delferro M, Dichtel WR, Coudert FX, Gianneschi NC, Farha OK. Transient Catenation in a Zirconium-Based Metal-Organic Framework and Its Effect on Mechanical Stability and Sorption Properties. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:1503-1512. [PMID: 33433209 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c11266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Interpenetration of two or more sublattices is common among many metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). Herein, we study the evolution of one zirconium cluster-based, 3,8-connected MOF from its non-interpenetrated (NU-1200) to interpenetrated (STA-26) isomer. We observe this transient catenation process indirectly using ensemble methods, such as nitrogen porosimetry and X-ray diffraction, and directly, using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy. The approach detailed here will serve as a template for other researchers to monitor the interpenetration of their MOF samples at the bulk and single-particle limits. We investigate the mechanical stability of both lattices experimentally by pressurized in situ X-ray diffraction and nanoindentation as well as computationally with density functional theory calculations. Both lines of study reveal that STA-26 is considerably more mechanically stable than NU-1200. We conclude this study by demonstrating the potential of these MOFs and their mixed phases for the capture of gaseous n-hexane, used as a structural mimic for the chemical warfare agent sulfur mustard gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Robison
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xinyi Gong
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Austin M Evans
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Florencia A Son
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xingjie Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Louis R Redfern
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Megan C Wasson
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zoha H Syed
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Massimiliano Delferro
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - William R Dichtel
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - François-Xavier Coudert
- Chimie ParisTech, PSL University, CNRS, Institut de Recherche de Chimie Paris, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathan C Gianneschi
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Department of Pharmacology, Simpson-Querrey Institute, Chemistry of Life Processes Institute, Lurie Cancer Center, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,International Institute of Nanotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States.,Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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10
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Abstract
AbstractLabeling in diffusion measurements by pulsed field gradient (PFG) NMR is based on the observation of the phase of nuclear spins acquired in a constant magnetic field with purposefully superimposed field gradients. This labeling does in no way affect microdynamics and provides information about the probability distribution of molecular displacements as a function of time. An introduction of the measuring principle is followed by a detailed description of the ranges of measurements and their limitation. Particular emphasis is given to an explanation of possible pitfalls in the measurements and the ways to circumvent them. Showcases presented for illustrating the wealth of information provided by PFG NMR include a survey on the various patterns of concentration dependence of intra-particle diffusion and examples of transport inhibition by additional transport resistances within the nanoporous particles and on their external surface. The latter information is attained by combination with the outcome of tracer exchange experiments, which are shown to become possible via a special formalism of PFG NMR data analysis. Further evidence provided by PFG NMR concerns diffusion enhancement in pore hierarchies, diffusion anisotropy and the impact of diffusion on chemical conversion in porous catalysts. A compilation of the specifics of PFG NMR and of the parallels with other measurement techniques concludes the paper.
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11
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Bukowski BC, Snurr RQ. Topology-Dependent Alkane Diffusion in Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:56049-56059. [PMID: 33269907 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c17797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) can be designed for chemical applications by modulating the size and shape of intracrystalline pores through selection of their nodes and linkers. Zirconium nodes with variable connectivity to organic linkers allow for a broad range of topological nets that have diverse pore structures even for a consistent set of linkers. Identifying an optimal pore structure for a given application, however, is complicated by the large material space of possible MOFs. In this work, molecular dynamics simulations were used to determine how a MOF's topology affects the diffusion of propane and isobutane over the full range of loadings and to understand how MOFs can be tuned to reduce transport limitations for applications in separations and catalysis. High-throughput simulation techniques were employed to efficiently calculate loading-dependent diffusivities in 38 MOFs. The results show that topologies with higher node connectivity have reduced alkane diffusivities compared to topologies with lower node connectivity. Molecular siting techniques were used to elucidate how the pore structures in different topologies affect adsorbate diffusivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon C Bukowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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12
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Chen Y, Zhang X, Mian MR, Son FA, Zhang K, Cao R, Chen Z, Lee SJ, Idrees KB, Goetjen TA, Lyu J, Li P, Xia Q, Li Z, Hupp JT, Islamoglu T, Napolitano A, Peterson GW, Farha OK. Structural Diversity of Zirconium Metal-Organic Frameworks and Effect on Adsorption of Toxic Chemicals. J Am Chem Soc 2020; 142:21428-21438. [PMID: 33290083 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.0c10400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
While linkers with various conformations pose challenges in the design and prediction of metal-organic framework (MOF) structures, they ultimately provide great opportunities for the discovery of novel structures thereby enriching structural diversity. Tetratopic carboxylate linkers, for example, have been widely used in the formation of Zr-based MOFs due to the ability to target diverse topologies, providing a promising platform to explore their mechanisms of formation. However, it remains a challenge to control the resulting structures when considering the complex assembly of linkers with unpredicted conformations and diverse Zr6 node connectivities. Herein, we systematically explore how solvents and modulators employed during synthesis influence the resulting topologies of Zr-MOFs, choosing H4TCPB-Br2 (1,4-dibromo-2,3,5,6-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)benzene) as a representative tetratopic carboxylate linker. By modulating the reaction conditions, the conformations of the linker and the connectivities of the Zr6 node can be simultaneously tuned, resulting in four types of structures: a new topology (NU-500), she (NU-600), scu (NU-906), and csq (NU-1008). Importantly, we have synthesized the first 5-connected Zr6 node to date with the (4,4,4,5)-connected framework, NU-500. We subsequently performed detailed structural analyses to uncover the relationship between the structures and topologies of these MOFs and demonstrated the crucial role that the flexible linker played to access varied structures by different degrees of linker deformation. Due to a variety of pore structures ranging from micropores to hierarchical micropores and mesopores, the resulting MOFs show drastically different behaviors for the adsorption of n-hexane and dynamic adsorption of 2-chloroethyl ethyl sulfide (CEES) under dry and humid conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongwei Chen
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China.,Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Mohammad Rasel Mian
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Florencia A Son
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ran Cao
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Zhijie Chen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Seung-Joon Lee
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Karam B Idrees
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timothy A Goetjen
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiafei Lyu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Peng Li
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Qibin Xia
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhong Li
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Timur Islamoglu
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Amedeo Napolitano
- Leidos, Inc., 3465 Box Hill Corporate Center Drive, Abingdon, Maryland 21009, United States
| | - Gregory W Peterson
- U.S. Army Combat Capabilities Development Center Chemical Biological Center, 8198 Blackhawk Road, Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010, United States
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry and International Institute for Nanotechnology, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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13
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Wang R, Bukowski BC, Duan J, Sheridan TR, Atilgan A, Zhang K, Snurr RQ, Hupp JT. Investigating the Process and Mechanism of Molecular Transport within a Representative Solvent-Filled Metal-Organic Framework. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2020; 36:10853-10859. [PMID: 32841562 DOI: 10.1021/acs.langmuir.0c01999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Effective permeation into, and diffusive mass transport within, solvent-filled metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) is critical in applications such as MOF-based chemical catalysis of condensed-phase reactions. In this work, we studied the entry from solution of a luminescent probe molecule, 1,3,5,7-tetramethyl-4,4-difluoroboradiazaindacene (BODIPY), into the 1D channel-type, zirconium-based MOF NU-1008 and subsequent transport of the probe through the MOF. Measurements were accomplished via in situ confocal fluorescence microscopy of individual crystallites, where the evolution of the fluorescence response from the crystallite was followed as functions of both time and location within the crystallite. From the confocal data, intracrystalline transport of BODIPY is well-described by one-dimensional diffusion along the channel direction. Varying the chemical identity of the solvent revealed an inverse dependence of probe-molecule diffusivity on bulk-solvent viscosity, qualitatively consistent with expectations from the Stokes-Einstein equation for molecular diffusion. At a more quantitative level, however, measured diffusion coefficients are about 100-fold smaller than expected from Stokes-Einstein, pointing to substantial channel-confinement effects. Evaluation of the confocal data also reveals a non-negligible mass transport resistance, i.e., surface barrier, associated with the probe molecule leaving the solution and permeating the exterior surface of the MOF. Permeation by the probe entails displacement of solvent from the MOF channels. The magnitude of the resistance increases with the size of the solvent molecule. This work draws attention to the importance of MOF structure, external-surface barriers, and solvent molecule identity to the overall transport process in MOFs, which should assist in understanding the performance of MOFs in applications such as condensed-phase heterogeneous catalysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Brandon C Bukowski
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jiaxin Duan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Thomas R Sheridan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Ahmet Atilgan
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Kun Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
- School of Chemical Engineering, Nanjing University of Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210094, China
| | - Randall Q Snurr
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Joseph T Hupp
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
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14
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Abstract
AbstractMeasurement of molecular diffusion in nanoporous host materials, which are typically inhomogeneous and anisotropic, often involves an intricate web of factors and relations to be taken into account since the associated diffusivities are a function of the diffusion path of the guest molecules during a given observation time. Depending on the observation time, therefore, the result of the experimental measurement can point to completely different conclusions about the underlying diffusion phenomena. The risk of misinterpretation of the experimental data, by correlating them with irrelevant phenomena, may be reduced if there is an option to compare the data with the results of totally independent measurements. The present communication addresses this issue with reference to the particular potentials of pulsed field gradient NMR and microimaging by infrared microscopy as techniques of microscopic diffusion measurement.
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