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Zhao B, Zhao Y, Shen Y, He H, Qu Z. Numerical Simulation and Comparison of the Mechanical Behavior of Toughened Epoxy Resin by Different Nanoparticles. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31123-31134. [PMID: 37663491 PMCID: PMC10468900 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Adding nanoparticles as the second phase to epoxy can achieve a good toughening effect. The aim of this paper is to simulate the toughening behavior of epoxy resin by different nanoparticles using a convenient and effective finite element method. The mechanical behaviors of epoxy resins toughened by nano core-shell polymers, liquid rubber, and nanosilica were compared by numerical simulations using the representative volume element (RVE). It is indicated that the addition of a nano core-shell polymer and liquid rubber can reduce the tensile properties of epoxy resin, while nanosilica is on the contrary. With the increase of nanoparticle content, the length of crack propagation decreases, and the toughening effect of the nano core-shell polymer is the best. The failure mode is determined by the particle/matrix interface when the modulus of the nanoparticle is much larger than that of epoxy resin. However, it is determined by the interface properties of the particle/matrix and the modulus of nanoparticles in other cases. The results provide a theoretical basis for toughening nanoparticle selection of nanoparticle-toughened epoxy resin and other similar simulations in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Binbin Zhao
- School
of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yiqiao Zhao
- School
of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Yiou Shen
- School
of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haoran He
- School
of Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Zehua Qu
- State
Key Laboratory of Molecular Engineering of Polymers, Department of
Macromolecular Science, Fudan University, Shanghai 200092, China
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2
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Shannon DP, Moon JD, Barney CW, Sinha NJ, Yang KC, Jones SD, Garcia RV, Helgeson ME, Segalman RA, Valentine MT, Hawker CJ. Modular Synthesis and Patterning of High-Stiffness Networks by Postpolymerization Functionalization with Iron–Catechol Complexes. Macromolecules 2023; 56:2268-2276. [PMID: 37013083 PMCID: PMC10064740 DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c02561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Revised: 02/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Bioinspired iron-catechol cross-links have shown remarkable success in increasing the mechanical properties of polymer networks, in part due to clustering of Fe3+-catechol domains which act as secondary network reinforcing sites. We report a versatile synthetic procedure to prepare modular PEG-acrylate networks with independently tunable covalent bis(acrylate) and supramolecular Fe3+-catechol cross-linking. Initial control of network structure is achieved through radical polymerization and cross-linking, followed by postpolymerization incorporation of catechol units via quantitative active ester chemistry and subsequent complexation with iron salts. By tuning the ratio of each building block, dual cross-linked networks reinforced by clustered iron-catechol domains are prepared and exhibit a wide range of properties (Young's moduli up to ∼245 MPa), well beyond the values achieved through purely covalent cross-linking. This stepwise approach to mixed covalent and metal-ligand cross-linked networks also permits local patterning of PEG-based films through masking techniques forming distinct hard, soft, and gradient regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Declan P. Shannon
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Joshua D. Moon
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Christopher W. Barney
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Nairiti J. Sinha
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Seamus D. Jones
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
| | - Ronnie V. Garcia
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
| | - Matthew E. Helgeson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5080, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Megan T. Valentine
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5070, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
| | - Craig J. Hawker
- Materials Department, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5050, United States
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-9510, United States
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of California Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, California 93106-5121, United States
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3
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Liu J, Yang L, Pickett PD, Park B, Schaefer JL. Li + Transport in Single-Ion Conducting Side-Chain Polymer Electrolytes with Nanoscale Self-Assembly of Ordered Ionic Domains. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiacheng Liu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Lingyu Yang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Phillip D. Pickett
- Materials Science and Engineering Division, Material Measurement Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, United States
| | - Bumjun Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
| | - Jennifer L. Schaefer
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana 46556, United States
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Non-Covalent Interaction on the Self-Healing of Mechanical Properties in Supramolecular Polymers. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23136902. [PMID: 35805906 PMCID: PMC9266855 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23136902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Supramolecular polymers are widely utilized and applied in self-assembly or self-healing materials, which can be repaired when damaged. Normally, the healing process is classified into two types, including extrinsic and intrinsic self-healable materials. Therefore, the aim of this work is to review the intrinsic self-healing strategy based on supramolecular interaction or non-covalent interaction and molecular recognition to obtain the improvement of mechanical properties. In this review, we introduce the main background of non-covalent interaction, which consists of the metal–ligand coordination, hydrogen bonding, π–π interaction, electrostatic interaction, dipole–dipole interaction, and host–guest interactions, respectively. From the perspective of mechanical properties, these interactions act as transient crosslinking points to both prevent and repair the broken polymer chains. For material utilization in terms of self-healing products, this knowledge can be applied and developed to increase the lifetime of the products, causing rapid healing and reducing accidents and maintenance costs. Therefore, the self-healing materials using supramolecular polymers or non-covalent interaction provides a novel strategy to enhance the mechanical properties of materials causing the extended cycling lifetime of products before replacement with a new one.
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Tanaka F. Thermoreversible Gelation Interfering with Phase Separation in Multicomponent Mixtures of Associating Polymers. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Kyoto University, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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6
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Shen Y, Wang B, Li D, Xu X, Liu Y, Huang Y, Hu Z. Toughening Shape-Memory Epoxy Resins via Sacrificial Hydrogen Bond. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d1py01625c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The long fatigue life and stable performance in extreme environment of composites have been putting forward requirements for both high strength and toughness of epoxy matrix. However, for thermosets, promoting...
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7
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Tanaka F. Thermoreversible Gelation with Two-Component Mixed Cross-Link Junctions of Variable Multiplicity in Ternary Polymer Solutions. Gels 2021; 7:gels7030089. [PMID: 34287309 PMCID: PMC8293203 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Theoretical scheme is developed to study thermoreversible gelation interfering with liquid–liquid phase separation in mixtures of reactive f-functional molecules R{Af} and g-functional ones R{Bg} dissolved in a common solvent. Formed polymer networks are assumed to include multiple cross-link junctions containing arbitrary numbers k1 and k2 of functional groups A and B of each species. Sol-gel transition lines and spinodal lines are drawn on the ternary phase plane for some important models of multiple cross-link junctions with specified microscopic structure. It is shown that, if the cross-link structure satisfies a certain simple condition, there appears a special molar ratio of the two functional groups at which gelation takes place with a lowest concentration of the solute molecules, as has been often observed in the experiments. This optimal gelation concentration depends on f and g (functionality) of the solute molecules and the numbers k1 and k2 (multiplicity) of the functional groups in a cross-link junction. For cross-links which allow variable multiplicity, special attention is paid on the perfectly immiscible cross-links leading to interpenetrating polymer networks, and also on perfectly miscible cross-links leading to reentrant sol-gel-sol transition. Results are compared with recent observations on ion-binding polymer solutions, polymer solutions forming recognizable biomolecular complexes, polymer/surfactant mixtures, hydrogen-bonding polymers, and hydrophobically-modified amphiphilic water-soluble polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fumihiko Tanaka
- Department of Polymer Chemistry, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, Katsura, Kyoto 615-8510, Japan
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8
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Scalet JM, Suekama TC, Jeong J, Gehrke SH. Enhanced Mechanical Properties by Ionomeric Complexation in Interpenetrating Network Hydrogels of Hydrolyzed Poly (N-vinyl Formamide) and Polyacrylamide. Gels 2021; 7:80. [PMID: 34209543 PMCID: PMC8293209 DOI: 10.3390/gels7030080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2021] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Tough hydrogels were made by hydrolysis of a neutral interpenetrating network (IPN) of poly (N-vinyl formamide) PNVF and polyacrylamide (PAAm) networks to form an IPN of polyvinylamine (PVAm) and poly (acrylic acid) (PAAc) capable of intermolecular ionic complexation. Single network (SN) PAAm and SN PNVF have similar chemical structures, parameters and physical properties. The hypothesis was that starting with neutral IPN networks of isomeric monomers that hydrolyze to comparable extents under similar conditions would lead to formation of networks with minimal phase separation and maximize potential for charge-charge interactions of the networks. Sequential IPNs of both PNVF/PAAm and PAAm/PNVF were synthesized and were optically transparent, an indication of homogeneity at submicron length scales. Both IPNs were hydrolyzed in base to form PVAm/PAAc and PAAc/PVAm IPNs. These underwent ~5-fold or greater decrease in swelling at intermediate pH values (3-6), consistent with the hypothesis of intermolecular charge complexation, and as hypothesized, the globally neutral, charge-complexed gel states showed substantial increases in failure properties upon compression, including an order of magnitude increases in toughness when compared to their unhydrolyzed states or the swollen states at high or low pH values. There was no loss of mechanical performance upon repeated compression over 95% strain.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Stevin H. Gehrke
- Department of Chemical and Petroleum Engineering, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA; (J.M.S.); (T.C.S.); (J.J.)
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9
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You Y, Rong MZ, Zhang MQ. Adaptable Reversibly Interlocked Networks from Immiscible Polymers Enhanced by Hierarchy-Induced Multilevel Energy Consumption Mechanisms. Macromolecules 2021. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.1c00289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Yang You
- Materials Science Institute, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Min Zhi Rong
- Materials Science Institute, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
| | - Ming Qiu Zhang
- Materials Science Institute, Key Laboratory for Polymeric Composite and Functional Materials of Ministry of Education, GD HPPC Lab, School of Chemistry, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, P. R. China
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10
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Danielsen SPO, Beech HK, Wang S, El-Zaatari BM, Wang X, Sapir L, Ouchi T, Wang Z, Johnson PN, Hu Y, Lundberg DJ, Stoychev G, Craig SL, Johnson JA, Kalow JA, Olsen BD, Rubinstein M. Molecular Characterization of Polymer Networks. Chem Rev 2021; 121:5042-5092. [PMID: 33792299 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.0c01304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Polymer networks are complex systems consisting of molecular components. Whereas the properties of the individual components are typically well understood by most chemists, translating that chemical insight into polymer networks themselves is limited by the statistical and poorly defined nature of network structures. As a result, it is challenging, if not currently impossible, to extrapolate from the molecular behavior of components to the full range of performance and properties of the entire polymer network. Polymer networks therefore present an unrealized, important, and interdisciplinary opportunity to exert molecular-level, chemical control on material macroscopic properties. A barrier to sophisticated molecular approaches to polymer networks is that the techniques for characterizing the molecular structure of networks are often unfamiliar to many scientists. Here, we present a critical overview of the current characterization techniques available to understand the relation between the molecular properties and the resulting performance and behavior of polymer networks, in the absence of added fillers. We highlight the methods available to characterize the chemistry and molecular-level properties of individual polymer strands and junctions, the gelation process by which strands form networks, the structure of the resulting network, and the dynamics and mechanics of the final material. The purpose is not to serve as a detailed manual for conducting these measurements but rather to unify the underlying principles, point out remaining challenges, and provide a concise overview by which chemists can plan characterization strategies that suit their research objectives. Because polymer networks cannot often be sufficiently characterized with a single method, strategic combinations of multiple techniques are typically required for their molecular characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott P O Danielsen
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Shu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Bassil M El-Zaatari
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Xiaodi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | | | | | - Zi Wang
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Patricia N Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Yixin Hu
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - David J Lundberg
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Georgi Stoychev
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Michael Rubinstein
- Marsico Lung Institute, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,Departments of Biomedical Engineering and Physics, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States.,World Primer Institute for Chemical Reaction Design and Discovery (WPI-ICReDD), Hokkaido University, Kita 21 Nishi 10, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 001-0021, Japan
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