1
|
Wei Y, Yue T, Li H, Duan P, Zhao H, Chen Q, Li S, Fang X, Liu J, Zhang L. Advancing elastomer performance with dynamic bond networks in polymer-grafted single-chain nanoparticles: a molecular dynamics exploration. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:11187-11202. [PMID: 38771650 DOI: 10.1039/d4nr01306a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
This research introduces a method to enhance the mechanical properties of elastomers by grafting polymer chains onto single-chain flexible nanoparticles (SCNPs) and incorporating dynamic functional groups. Drawing on developments in grafting polymers onto hard nanoparticle fillers, this method employs the distinct flexibility of SCNPs to diminish heterogeneity and enhance core size control. We use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations for a mesoscale analysis of structural properties, particularly the effects of dynamic functional group quantities and their distribution. The findings demonstrate that increased quantities of functional groups are correlated with enhanced mechanical strength and toughness, showing improved stress-strain responses and energy dissipation capabilities. Moreover, the uniformity in the distribution of these functional groups is crucial, promoting a more cohesive and stable dynamic bonding network. The insights gained from MD simulations not only advance our understanding of the microstructural control necessary for optimizing macroscopic properties, but also provide valuable guidance for the design and engineering of advanced polymer nanocomposites, thereby enhancing the material performance through strategic molecular design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Tongkui Yue
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Haoxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Pengwei Duan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Hengheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Qionghai Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Sai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyu Fang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
| | - Liqun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Beijing City on Preparation and Processing of Novel Polymer Materials, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, People's Republic of China
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Hao LT, Kim S, Lee M, Park SB, Koo JM, Jeon H, Park J, Oh DX. Next-generation all-organic composites: A sustainable successor to organic-inorganic hybrid materials. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 269:132129. [PMID: 38718994 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.132129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/05/2024] [Indexed: 05/30/2024]
Abstract
This Review presents an overview of all-organic nanocomposites, a sustainable alternative to organic-inorganic hybrids. All-organic nanocomposites contain nanocellulose, nanochitin, and aramid nanofibers as highly rigid reinforcing fillers. They offer superior mechanical properties and lightweight characteristics suitable for diverse applications. The Review discusses various methods for preparing the organic nanofillers, including top-down and bottom-up approaches. It highlights in situ polymerization as the preferred method for incorporating these nanomaterials into polymer matrices to achieve homogeneous filler dispersion, a crucial factor for realizing desired performance. Furthermore, the Review explores several applications of all-organic nanocomposites in diverse fields including food packaging, performance-advantaged plastics, and electronic materials. Future research directions-developing sustainable production methods, expanding biomedical applications, and enhancing resistance against heat, chemicals, and radiation of all-organic nanocomposites to permit their use in extreme environments-are explored. This Review offers insights into the potential of all-organic nanocomposites to drive sustainable growth while meeting the demand for high-performance materials across various industries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lam Tan Hao
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Semin Kim
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Minkyung Lee
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Bae Park
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun Mo Koo
- Department of Organic Materials Engineering, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonyeol Jeon
- Research Center for Bio-Based Chemistry, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology (KRICT), Ulsan 44429, Republic of Korea; Advanced Materials & Chemical Engineering, Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST), Daejeon 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jeyoung Park
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Sogang University, Seoul 04107, Republic of Korea.
| | - Dongyeop X Oh
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering and Program in Environmental and Polymer Engineering, Inha University, Incheon 22212, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhang Y, Wang M, Wang L, Chen T, Feng W, Wang T, Zhao L. Molecular dynamics simulation and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics of polyamide 4 and different bio-based polyamide blends. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2023; 25:25309-25321. [PMID: 37702094 DOI: 10.1039/d3cp02528d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/14/2023]
Abstract
The effects of the structural units and blending ratio on the crystallization behavior of blends of polyamide 4 (PA4) with polyamide 56 (PA56) and polyamide 11 (PA11) were studied using molecular dynamics simulations and non-isothermal crystallization kinetics. The simulation results show that the crystallinity of PA4/PA56 blends (B4/56) with a PA56 content of 30-50% was 3.5-10.8% lower than that of B4/56 with a PA56 content of 20%, and the crystallinity of PA4/PA11 blends (B4/11) decreased by 9.5% as PA11 content increased from 20% to 50%. The experimental results show that both B4/56 and B4/11 form PA4- and PA56-rich (PA11-rich) phases through crystallization-induced phase separation. The interplanar spacing of the PA4-rich phase of B4/56 changed relative to that of PA4, indicating that some PA56 entered the PA4-rich phase unit cell. As the PA56 content increased from 20% to 50%, the crystallinity of B4/56 decreased by 11.2%, and the crystallization-induced phase separation grew distinct. The B4/56 with a higher PA4 content crystallized more easily. As the PA11 content increased from 20% to 50%, the crystallinity of B4/11 decreased by 12.5%, and PA11 barely participated in the crystallization of the PA4-rich phase. The blending ratio had no significant effect on the crystallization rate and crystal-growth degree of B4/11, and the non-isothermal crystallization activation energy of B4/11 was significantly higher than that of B4/56, indicating that the crystallization ability of the B4/11 blend system is worse. This study provides a theoretical basis for the design and performance regulation of PA4-based polyamide blends.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Tianyi Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang Y, Wang M, Zhang D, Wang Y, Wang L, Qiu Y, Wang L, Chen T, Zhao L. Crystallization and Performance of Polyamide Blends Comprising Polyamide 4, Polyamide 6, and Their Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3399. [PMID: 37631455 PMCID: PMC10459628 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Polyamide 4 (PA4) is a biobased and biodegradable polyamide. The high hydrogen bond density of PA4 bestows it with a high melting point that is close to its thermal decomposition temperature, thereby limiting the melt processing of PA4. In this study, PA4 was blended with polyamide 6 (PA6) and further modified with copolyamide 4/6 (R46). The effects of composition on the crystallization behavior of the blends were studied. The results demonstrated that the binary PA4/PA6 (B46) and ternary PA4/PA6/R46 (B46/R46) blends formed two crystalline phases (PA4- and PA6-rich phases) through crystallization-induced phase separation. With increasing PA6 content, the thermal stability and crystallinity of the B46 blend increased and decreased, respectively, and the contribution of PA6 toward the crystallization of the PA4-rich phase diminished. Molecular dynamics simulations showed the molecular chain orientation of the B46 blends well. The melting points, crystallinities, and grain sizes of the B46/R46 blends were lower than those of the B46 blends. The crystallization of the PA4-rich phase was restrained by the dilution effect of molten-state PA6, and the nucleation and crystallization of the PA6-rich phase were promoted by the presence of crystallized PA4. The B46 blends with 30-40 wt% PA6 had the best mechanical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yajing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Mingda Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Di Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yibing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Yongjun Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Liquan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Tao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Advanced Polymeric Materials, School of Materials Science and Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China;
| | - Liming Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; (Y.Z.); (M.W.); (D.Z.); (Y.W.); (L.W.); (Y.Q.)
- Key Laboratory of Biobased Material Engineering, China National Light Industry, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
- Shanghai Collaborative Innovation Center for Biomanufacturing Technology (SCICBT), Shanghai 200237, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Oehler MA, Hayes DG, D’Souza DH, Senanayake M, Gurumoorthy V, Pingali SV, O’Neill HM, Bras W, Urban VS. Assessment of antimicrobial activity of melittin encapsulated in bicontinuous microemulsions prepared using renewable oils. J SURFACTANTS DETERG 2023; 26:387-399. [PMID: 37470058 PMCID: PMC10353728 DOI: 10.1002/jsde.12654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study is to demonstrate that melittin, a well-studied antimicrobial peptide (AMP), can be solubilized in an active form in bicontinuous microemulsions (BMEs) that employ biocompatible oils. The systems investigated consisted of Winsor-III and -IV BME phases composed of Water/Aerosol-OT (AOT)/Polysorbate 85/isopropyl myristate and a Winsor-IV BME employing Polysorbate 80 and limonene. We found that melittin resided in an α-helix-rich configuration and was in an apolar environment for the AOT/Polysorbate 85 Winsor-III system, suggesting that melittin interacted with the surfactant monolayer and was in an active conformation. An apolar environment was also detected for melittin in the two Winsor-IV systems, but to a lesser extent than the Winsor-III system. Small-angle X-ray scattering analysis indicated that melittin at a concentration of 1.0 g/Laq in the aqueous subphase of the Winsor-IV systems led to the greatest impact on the BME structure (e.g., decrease of quasi-periodic repeat distance and correlation length and induction of interfacial fluidity). The antimicrobial activity of the Polysorbate 80 Winsor-IV system was evaluated against several bacteria prominent in chronic wounds and surgical site infections (SSIs). Melittin-free BMEs inhibited the growth of all tested bacteria due to its oil, limonene, while the inclusion of 1.0 g/Laq of melittin in the BMEs enhanced the activity against several bacteria. A further increase of melittin concentration in the BMEs had no further enhancement. These results demonstrate the potential utility of BMEs as a delivery platform for AMPs and other hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs to inhibit antibiotic-resistant microorganisms in chronic wounds and SSIs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Madison A. Oehler
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Douglas G. Hayes
- Department of Biosystems Engineering and Soil Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Doris H. D’Souza
- Department of Food Science, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Manjula Senanayake
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Sai Venkatesh Pingali
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Hugh M. O’Neill
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Wim Bras
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| | - Volker S. Urban
- Neutron Scattering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
de Heer Kloots MHP, Schoustra SK, Dijksman JA, Smulders MMJ. Phase separation in supramolecular and covalent adaptable networks. SOFT MATTER 2023; 19:2857-2877. [PMID: 37060135 PMCID: PMC10131172 DOI: 10.1039/d3sm00047h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Phase separation phenomena have been studied widely in the field of polymer science, and were recently also reported for dynamic polymer networks (DPNs). The mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks are of particular interest as the reversible nature of the network can participate in the structuring of the micro- and macroscale domains. In this review, we highlight the underlying mechanisms of phase separation in dynamic polymer networks, distinguishing between supramolecular polymer networks and covalent adaptable networks (CANs). Also, we address the synergistic effects between phase separation and reversible bond exchange. We furthermore discuss the effects of phase separation on the material properties, and how this knowledge can be used to enhance and tune material properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martijn H P de Heer Kloots
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sybren K Schoustra
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| | - Joshua A Dijksman
- Physical Chemistry and Soft Matter, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Van der Waals-Zeeman Institute, Institute of Physics, University of Amsterdam, Science Park 904, 1098 XH Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Maarten M J Smulders
- Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Kulshreshtha A, Jayaraman A. Phase Behavior and Morphology of Blends Containing Associating Polymers: Insights from Liquid-State Theory and Molecular Simulations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arjita Kulshreshtha
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| | - Arthi Jayaraman
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Colburn Laboratory, University of Delaware, 150 Academy St., Newark, Delaware19716, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Delaware, 201 Dupont Hall, Newark, Delaware19716, United States
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Le ML, Grzetic DJ, Delaney KT, Yang KC, Xie S, Fredrickson GH, Chabinyc ML, Segalman RA. Electrostatic Interactions Control the Nanostructure of Conjugated Polyelectrolyte–Polymeric Ionic Liquid Blends. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- My Linh Le
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Douglas J. Grzetic
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kris T. Delaney
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Kai-Chieh Yang
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Shuyi Xie
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Glenn H. Fredrickson
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Michael L. Chabinyc
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| | - Rachel A. Segalman
- Materials Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, University of California, Santa Barbara, California 93106, United States
| |
Collapse
|