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Carden P, Ge S, Li B, Samanta S, Sokolov AP. Dynamics in polymers with phase separated dynamic bonds: the case of a peculiar temperature dependence. SOFT MATTER 2024; 20:3868-3876. [PMID: 38651737 DOI: 10.1039/d4sm00115j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The topic of polymers with dynamic bonds (stickers) appears as an exciting and promising area of materials science, thanks to their attractive self-healable, recyclable, extremely tough, and super extensible properties. Polymers with phase separated dynamic bonds revealed several unique properties, but mechanisms controlling their viscoelastic properties remain poorly understood. In this work, we present a dynamic analysis of a model polymer system with phase separated hydrogen bonding functionalities. The results confirm that terminal relaxation in these systems is independent of polymer segmental dynamics and is instead controlled by structural relaxations in clusters of stickers. Detailed analysis revealed a surprising result: terminal relaxation time of these systems has weaker temperature dependence than that of structural relaxation in clusters, although the former is slower than the latter. Borrowing ideas from the field of block copolymers, we ascribed this unusual result to an LCST-like behavior for the miscibility of the stickers in the polymer matrix. The presented results and ideas deepen the understanding of the viscoelasticity for polymers with dynamic bonds, enabling intelligent design of functional materials with desired macroscopic properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peyton Carden
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
| | - Sirui Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA
| | - Subarna Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, USA.
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 37830, USA
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2
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Ge S, Tsao YH, Evans CM. Polymer architecture dictates multiple relaxation processes in soft networks with two orthogonal dynamic bonds. Nat Commun 2023; 14:7244. [PMID: 37945556 PMCID: PMC10636115 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-43073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Materials with tunable modulus, viscosity, and complex viscoelastic spectra are crucial in applications such as self-healing, additive manufacturing, and energy damping. It is still challenging to predictively design polymer networks with hierarchical relaxation processes, as many competing factors affect dynamics. Here, networks with both pendant and telechelic architecture are synthesized with mixed orthogonal dynamic bonds to understand how the network connectivity and bond exchange mechanisms govern the overall relaxation spectrum. A hydrogen-bonding group and a vitrimeric dynamic crosslinker are combined into the same network, and multimodal relaxation is observed in both pendant and telechelic networks. This is in stark contrast to similar networks where two dynamic bonds share the same exchange mechanism. With the incorporation of orthogonal dynamic bonds, the mixed network also demonstrates excellent damping and improved mechanical properties. In addition, two relaxation processes arise when only hydrogen-bond exchange is present, and both modes are retained in the mixed dynamic networks. This work provides molecular insights for the predictive design of hierarchical dynamics in soft materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sirui Ge
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Yu-Hsuan Tsao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Christopher M Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA.
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3
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Nian S, Patil S, Zhang S, Kim M, Chen Q, Zhernenkov M, Ge T, Cheng S, Cai LH. Dynamics of Associative Polymers with High Density of Reversible Bonds. PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 2023; 130:228101. [PMID: 37327427 DOI: 10.1103/physrevlett.130.228101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 02/02/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An associative polymer carries many stickers that can form reversible associations. For more than 30 years, the understanding has been that reversible associations change the shape of linear viscoelastic spectra by adding a rubbery plateau in the intermediate frequency range, at which associations have not yet relaxed and thus effectively act as crosslinks. Here, we design and synthesize new classes of unentangled associative polymers carrying unprecedentedly high fractions of stickers, up to eight per Kuhn segment, that can form strong pairwise hydrogen bonding of ∼20k_{B}T without microphase separation. We experimentally show that reversible bonds significantly slow down the polymer dynamics but nearly do not change the shape of linear viscoelastic spectra. This behavior can be explained by a renormalized Rouse model that highlights an unexpected influence of reversible bonds on the structural relaxation of associative polymers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifeng Nian
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Shalin Patil
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Siteng Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Myoeum Kim
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
| | - Quan Chen
- State Key Lab Polymer Physics and Chemistry, Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Renmin St. 5625, Changchun 130022, Jilin, People's Republic of China
| | - Mikhail Zhernenkov
- National Synchrotron Light Source-II, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973, USA
| | - Ting Ge
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of South Carolina, Columbia, South Carolina 29208, USA
| | - Shiwang Cheng
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA
| | - Li-Heng Cai
- Soft Biomatter Laboratory, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA
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4
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Qiu M, Cao P, Cao L, Tan Z, Hou C, Wang L, Wang J. Parameter Determination of the 2S2P1D Model and Havriliak-Negami Model Based on the Genetic Algorithm and Levenberg-Marquardt Optimization Algorithm. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:polym15112540. [PMID: 37299338 DOI: 10.3390/polym15112540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
This study utilizes the genetic algorithm (GA) and Levenberg-Marquardt (L-M) algorithm to optimize the parameter acquisition process for two commonly used viscoelastic models: 2S2P1D and Havriliak-Negami (H-N). The effects of the various combinations of the optimization algorithms on the accuracy of the parameter acquisition in these two constitutive equations are investigated. Furthermore, the applicability of the GA among different viscoelastic constitutive models is analyzed and summarized. The results indicate that the GA can ensure a correlation coefficient of 0.99 between the fitting result and the experimental data of the 2S2P1D model parameters, and it is further proved that the fitting accuracy can be achieved through the secondary optimization via the L-M algorithm. Since the H-N model involves fractional power functions, high-precision fitting by directly fitting the parameters to experimental data is challenging. This study proposes an improved semi-analytical method that first fits the Cole-Cole curve of the H-N model, followed by optimizing the parameters of the H-N model using the GA. The correlation coefficient of the fitting result can be improved to over 0.98. This study also reveals a close relationship between the optimization of the H-N model and the discreteness and overlap of experimental data, which may be attributed to the inclusion of fractional power functions in the H-N model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingzhu Qiu
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Liang Cao
- Faculty of Architecture, Civil and Transportation Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Zhifei Tan
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Chuantao Hou
- Science and Technology on Reliability and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Structure and Environment Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Long Wang
- Science and Technology on Reliability and Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Beijing Institute of Structure and Environment Engineering, Beijing 100076, China
| | - Jianru Wang
- The 41st Institute of the Fourth Research Academy of CASC, Xi'an 100124, China
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Li B, Cao PF, Saito T, Sokolov AP. Intrinsically Self-Healing Polymers: From Mechanistic Insight to Current Challenges. Chem Rev 2023; 123:701-735. [PMID: 36577085 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Self-healing materials open new prospects for more sustainable technologies with improved material performance and devices' longevity. We present an overview of the recent developments in the field of intrinsically self-healing polymers, the broad class of materials based mostly on polymers with dynamic covalent and noncovalent bonds. We describe the current models of self-healing mechanisms and discuss several examples of systems with different types of dynamic bonds, from various hydrogen bonds to dynamic covalent bonds. The recent advances indicate that the most intriguing results are obtained on the systems that have combined different types of dynamic bonds. These materials demonstrate high toughness along with a relatively fast self-healing rate. There is a clear trade-off relationship between the rate of self-healing and mechanical modulus of the materials, and we propose design principles of polymers toward surpassing this trade-off. We also discuss various applications of intrinsically self-healing polymers in different technologies and summarize the current challenges in the field. This review intends to provide guidance for the design of intrinsic self-healing polymers with required properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bingrui Li
- The Bredesen Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Graduate Education, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States.,Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Peng-Fei Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Organic-Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing100029, China
| | - Tomonori Saito
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States
| | - Alexei P Sokolov
- Chemical Sciences Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee37830, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee37996, United States
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Merrill JH, Li R, Roth CB. End-Tethered Chains Increase the Local Glass Transition Temperature of Matrix Chains by 45 K Next to Solid Substrates Independent of Chain Length. ACS Macro Lett 2023; 12:1-7. [PMID: 36516977 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The local glass transition temperature Tg of pyrene-labeled polystyrene (PS) chains intermixed with end-tethered PS chains grafted to a neutral silica substrate was measured by fluorescence spectroscopy. To isolate the impact of the grafted chains, the films were capped with bulk neat PS layers eliminating competing effects of the free surface. Results demonstrate that end-grafted chains strongly increase the local Tg of matrix chains by ≈45 K relative to bulk Tg, independent of grafted chain molecular weight from Mn = 8.6 to 212 kg/mol and chemical end-group, over a wide range of grafting densities σ = 0.003 to 0.33 chains/nm2 spanning the mushroom-to-brush transition regime. The tens-of-degree increase in local Tg resulting from immobilization of the chain ends by covalent bonding in this athermal system suggests a mechanism that substantially increases the local activation energy required for cooperative rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- James H Merrill
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Ruoyu Li
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
| | - Connie B Roth
- Department of Physics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia30322, United States
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Soman B, Schweizer KS, Evans CM. Fragile Glass Formation and Non-Arrhenius Upturns in Ethylene Vitrimers Revealed by Dielectric Spectroscopy. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bhaskar Soman
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Kenneth S. Schweizer
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Christopher M. Evans
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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Young WW, Shi R, Jia XM, Qian HJ, Katsumata R. Relating the Degree of Nanofiller Functionality to the Glass Transition Temperature and Structure in a Polymer–Polyhedral Oligomeric Silsesquioxane Nanocomposite. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00646] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Walter W. Young
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Rui Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiang-Meng Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Hu-Jun Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, College of Chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Reika Katsumata
- Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
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