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Clarke BR, Witt CL, Ilton M, Crosby AJ, Watkins JJ, Tew GN. Bottlebrush Networks: A Primer for Advanced Architectures. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2024; 63:e202318220. [PMID: 38588310 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202318220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/02/2024] [Indexed: 04/10/2024]
Abstract
Bottlebrush networks (BBNs) are an exciting new class of materials with interesting physical properties derived from their unique architecture. While great strides have been made in our fundamental understanding of bottlebrush polymers and networks, an interdisciplinary approach is necessary for the field to accelerate advancements. This review aims to act as a primer to BBN chemistry and physics for both new and current members of the community. In addition to providing an overview of contemporary BBN synthetic methods, we developed a workflow and desktop application (LengthScale), enabling bottlebrush physics to be more approachable. We conclude by addressing several topical issues and asking a series of pointed questions to stimulate conversation within the community.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon R Clarke
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Connor L Witt
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Mark Ilton
- Department of Physics, Harvey Mudd College, Claremont, CA 91711, United States
| | - Alfred J Crosby
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - James J Watkins
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
| | - Gregory N Tew
- University of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, Massachusetts, 01003, United States
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Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization and Related Olefin Metathesis Reactions in Benzotrifluoride as an Environmentally Advantageous Medium. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010671. [PMID: 36614111 PMCID: PMC9820898 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A tremendous number of solvents, either as liquids or vapors, contaminate the environment on a daily basis worldwide. Olefin metathesis, which has been widely used as high-yielding protocols for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP), ring-closing metathesis (RCM), and isomerization reactions, is typically performed in toxic and volatile solvents such as dichloromethane. In this study, the results of our systematic experiments with the Grubbs G1, G2, and Hoveyda-Grubbs HG2 catalysts proved that benzotrifluoride (BTF) can replace dichloromethane (DCM) in these reactions, providing high yields and similar or even higher reaction rates in certain cases. The ROMP of norbornene resulted not only in high yields but also in polynorbornenes with a high molecular weight at low catalyst loadings. Ring-closing metathesis (RCM) experiments proved that, with the exception of the G1 catalyst, RCM occurs with similar high efficiencies in BTF as in DCM. It was found that isomerization of (Z)-but-2-ene-1,4-diyl diacetate with the G2 and HG2 catalysts proceeds at significantly higher initial rates in BTF than in DCM, leading to rapid isomerization with high yields in a short time. Overall, BTF is a suitable solvent for olefin metathesis, such as polymer syntheses by ROMP and the ring-closing and isomerization reactions.
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Bichler KJ, Jakobi B, Klapproth A, Tominaga T, Mole RA, Schneider GJ. Side Chain Dynamics of Poly(norbornene)-g-Poly(propylene oxide) Bottlebrush Polymers. Macromol Rapid Commun 2022; 44:e2200902. [PMID: 36564928 DOI: 10.1002/marc.202200902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The segmental dynamics of the side chains of poly(norbornene)-g-poly(propylene oxide) (PNB-g-PPO) bottlebrush polymer in comparison to PPO is studied by quasi-elastic neutron scattering. Having experimental time and length scale information simultaneously allows to extract spatial information in addition to relaxation time. Tethering one end of the PPO side chain onto a stiff PNB backbone slows down the segmental relaxation, over the length and time scales investigated. The power law dependence of the relaxation time on the momentum transfer, Q, indicates a more heterogeneous relaxation pattern for the bottlebrush polymer, whereas the linear PPO has less deviations from a homogenous relaxation. Similar conclusions can be drawn from the time dependent mean square displacement, 〈r2 (t)〉, and the non-Gaussian parameter, α2 (t). Herein, the bottlebrush polymer shows a more restricted dynamics, whereas the linear PPO reaches 〈r2 (t)〉∝t0.5 at the highest temperature. The deviations from Gaussian behavior are evident at the α2 (t). Both samples show a decaying α2 (t). The non-Gaussian parameter supports the results from the power law dependence of the relaxation times, with lower α2 (t) values for PPO compared to those for PNB-g-PPO, pointing to less deviations from Gaussian behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin J Bichler
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Bruno Jakobi
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
| | - Alice Klapproth
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Taiki Tominaga
- Neutron Science and Technology Center, Comprehensive Research Organization for Science and Society (CROSS), Tokai, 319-1106, Japan
| | - Richard A Mole
- Australian Nuclear Science and Technology Organisation, New Illawarra Road, Lucas Heights, NSW, 2234, Australia
| | - Gerald J Schneider
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA.,Department of Physics & Astronomy, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, 70803, USA
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Gong H, Ji Q, Cheng Y, Xiong J, Zhang M, Zhang Z. Controllable synthesis and structural design of novel all-organic polymers toward high energy storage dielectrics. Front Chem 2022; 10:979926. [PMID: 36059883 PMCID: PMC9428677 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2022.979926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
As the core unit of energy storage equipment, high voltage pulse capacitor plays an indispensable role in the field of electric power system and electromagnetic energy related equipment. The mostly utilized polymer materials are metallized polymer thin films, which are represented by biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) films, possessing the advantages including low cost, high breakdown strength, excellent processing ability, and self-healing performance. However, the low dielectric constant (εr < 3) of traditional BOPP films makes it impossible to meet the demand for increased high energy density. Controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) and related techniques have become a powerful approach to tailor the chemical and physical properties of materials and have given rise to great advances in tuning the properties of polymer dielectrics. Although organic-inorganic composite dielectrics have received much attention in previous studies, all-organic polymer dielectrics have been proven to be the most promising choice because of its light weight and easy large-scale continuous processing. In this short review, we begin with some basic theory of polymer dielectrics and some theoretical considerations for the rational design of dielectric polymers with high performance. In the guidance of these theoretical considerations, we review recent progress toward all-organic polymer dielectrics based on two major approaches, one is to control the polymer chain structure, containing microscopic main-chain and side-chain structures, by the method of CRP and the other is macroscopic structure design of all-organic polymer dielectric films. And various chemistry and compositions are discussed within each approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghong Gong
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Qinglong Ji
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yipin Cheng
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- Xi’an Jiaotong University Suzhou Academy, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jie Xiong
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Meirong Zhang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
| | - Zhicheng Zhang
- Xi’an Key Laboratory of Sustainable Energy Materials Chemistry, Department of Applied Chemistry, School of Chemistry, Xi’an Jiaotong University, Xi’an, Shaanxi, China
- *Correspondence: Zhicheng Zhang,
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Blosch SE, Scannelli SJ, Alaboalirat M, Matson JB. Complex Polymer Architectures Using Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization: Synthesis, Applications, and Practical Considerations. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E. Blosch
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Samantha J. Scannelli
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - Mohammed Alaboalirat
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061, United States
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Alaboalirat M, Vu C, Matson JB. Radical–radical coupling effects in the direct-growth grafting-through synthesis of bottlebrush polymers using RAFT and ROMP. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py00794k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The direct-growth technique was used to synthesize macromonomers from four classes of vinyl monomers, and the influence of monomer type and conversion on coupling reactions was followed in grafting-through ring-opening metathesis polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alaboalirat
- Department of Chemistry and, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Clark Vu
- Department of Chemistry and, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - John B. Matson
- Department of Chemistry and, Macromolecules Innovation Institute, 1040 Drillfield Dr., Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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Archer WR, Dinges GE, MacNicol PL, Schulz MD. Synthesis of bottlebrush polymers based on poly( N-sulfonyl aziridine) macromonomers. Polym Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1039/d2py01125e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized bottlebrush polymers with polyaziridine brushes and a polynorbornene backbone by a grafting-through approach. The polyaziridine macromonomer aggregates in solution, but these aggregates disperse over the course of the polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. Archer
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Grace E. Dinges
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Piper L. MacNicol
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
| | - Michael D. Schulz
- Department of Chemistry and Macromolecules Innovation Institute, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA
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